Text in English / The aim of the research was to describe how Generation Y medical doctors working in the South African public health sector at a hospital in the Limpopo Province experienced a coaching intervention for burnout. Generally, there are limited empirically based coaching interventions for burnout, even for at-risk populations such as Generation Y medical doctors working in the South African public health sector. Burnout affects Generation Y medical doctors, the service they offer, private lives, and the recipients of their care. Most research focuses on identifying the risk factors for Generation Y medical doctors working in the debilitating South African public health sector, and rarely on potential intervention. This study offers findings from a coaching intervention that could be incorporated into a bigger burnout intervention strategy in the South African public health sector. This would involve all stakeholders at the different levels to ensure that burnout is combatted on a long-term basis. The study took a phenomenological approach using a collective case study method. The aim was to gather and analyse information to explore the experiences of a coaching intervention for burnout. The study was done in three phases, namely: Phase I – Pre-coaching intervention; Phase II – Coaching intervention; and Phase III – Post-coaching intervention. The study incorporated the Maslach Burnout Inventory to quantify the level of burnout before (Phase I) and after (Phase III) the coaching intervention. The findings emphasised certain structural issues, the impact that neglecting burnout has on medical doctors, including Generation Y medical doctors, and how burnout affects patient care. Certain recommendations were made for the public health sector, future research in the field of coaching psychology, and coaches/consultants working with burnout amongst Generation Y medical doctors. / Psychology / D. Phil. (Consulting Psychology)

In 2005, the House of Commons (HoC) Health Committee produced a report on The Influence of the Pharmaceutical Industry – the first of its kind since 1914. The inquiry concluded that there were ‘over-riding concerns about the volume, extent and intensity of the industry’s influence, not only on clinical medicine and research but also on patients, regulators, the media, civil servants and politicians’, and stressed the need ‘to examine critically the industry’s impact on health to guard against excessive and damaging dependencies’ (HoC 2005, p. 97). It also noted that it is important to comprehensively analyse pharmaceutical regulation in order to ascertain whether there are systemic problems: In some circumstances, one particular item of influence may be of relatively little importance. Only when it is viewed as part of a larger package of influences is the true effect of the company’s activity recognised and the potential for distortion seen. The possibility that certain components of any such campaign are covert and their source undeclared is particularly worrying. (HoC 2005, p. 97) This study addresses this recommendation and was primarily conducted to examine whether recognised concerns are merely ad hoc or as a result of systemic flaws in the current system of pharmaceutical regulation. The work addresses a gap in the academic literature by drawing on the fragmented criticisms of the pharmaceutical industry in order to produce a model to illustrate how various stakeholders collaborate with drug companies to promote licensed products, and to explore the nature of the relationships between these elite stakeholders. The thesis begins with a literature review which determines who is involved in pharmaceutical regulation; how the regulatory system works; and explores the key role of communication in this process (Chapters 1 to 3). The recurrent theme is the neglect or exclusion of the patient/consumer, which leads to the development a model of intra-elite communication in drug regulation called Pharmaffiliation (Chapter 3). The thesis then looks for evidence to support or refute this model, using multiple methods (Chapter 4). Four case studies (with specific selection criteria) are chosen to test the model’s constructs and indicators (Chapters 5 to 8). The research uncovers systemic problems in the current system of pharmaceutical regulation which can ultimately harm the patient/consumer, and the implications of these findings are discussed (Chapter 9). Solutions on a micro-level include consumer involvement in decision making processes, which can be enhanced through public education and awareness campaigns and the instigation of public inquiries whenever drugs are withdrawn from the market (HoC 2005, p. 105). On a macro-level, however, this will involve critically exploring neoliberal capitalism and the empowerment of the citizenry (Street 2001).

L’objet de ce mémoire est de s’interroger sur la co-construction et la négociation de l’identité organisationnelle par la parole dans les interactions quotidiennes. Cette étude a été menée sur une organisation du monde de l’humanitaire, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) et plus précisément sur une mission réalisée dans la région du Nord- Kivu en République Démocratique du Congo. Les données ont été collectées en employant la méthode du vidéo shadowing, encore appelée vidéo filature, une approche consistant à suivre et filmer des acteurs dans leurs interactions du quotidien, et particulièrement, dans notre cas, le chef de mission. La méthodologie utilisée pour analyser les enregistrements vidéo a, par la suite, été inspirée de l’analyse de conversation et de l’ethnométhodologie. Les concepts phares sur lesquels se base cette recherche sont la « ventriloquie » et la « présentification », deux concepts en communication organisationnelle développés par François Cooren de l’École de Montréal. Plus précisément, nous nous sommes attachés à montrer comment les acteurs de MSF cultivent l’identité et l’image de leur organisation à travers des « conversations identitaires». Nous avons ainsi pu observer et analyser comment les acteurs de l’organisation agissent par le biais de la parole pour construire et établir l’identité de leur organisation, et à travers cela, leur propre identité. / The purpose of this thesis is to examine the co-construction and the negotiation of organizational identity through speech in everyday interactions. This study focused on a humanitarian organization, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), and more specifically on a mission carried out in the North-Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Data were collected by using shadowing, that is, by filming MSF actors in their daily interactions, particularly in our case, a head of mission. These data were analyzed, in turn, by using conversation analysis. The methodology used to analyze the video recordings was inspired by conversation analysis and ethnomethodology. The key concepts of this research are « ventriloquism » and « presentification », both developed by François Cooren of the Montreal School of Organizational Communication. Specifically, our analyses show how MSF actors cultivate the identity and image of their organization through « identity conversations ». In other words, it is through these conversations that MSF actors construct and establish the identity of their organization, as well as their own identity.

This study used narrative inquiry to answer the question “What are the stories of older adults who choose not to share information with health care professionals?” The study explored the experiences of older adults who did not share information with health care professionals (HCPs), who they defined as doctors. A thematic analysis of five participants’ stories revealed three themes: Illusions of Care, describing the participants’ experiences with doctors before they chose not to share information; The Last Straw, revealing the final incident that caused participants to choose not to share information; and The Mask of the Non-sharing Older Adult, describing how participants interacted with their doctors after they decided not to share information. Relationship development between older adults and their doctors, sensitive topics, issues and perceptions of ageing, and structure of the health care system contribute to the complex issue of older adults not sharing information. The decision not to share information with health care professionals may adversely affect the health and health care of older adults.

The widely acknowledged doctor shortage in Canada has recently motivated a more critical look at the licensure rates of International Medical Doctors (IMDs), also known as International Medical Graduates (IMGs). However, very little research has been conducted on the experiences of IMDs before they enter the Canadian medical system. This qualitative study collected interview data from 15 diverse IMDs seeking licensure in Ontario, Canada. The participants varied with respect to age, country of origin, English language proficiency on arrival, and time in Canada. In addition, two bridging support programs were observed, and interviews were conducted with three educators from the programs. The interviews were analysed using thematic content analysis (Boyatzis, 1998; Miles & Huberman, 1994). An analysis of metaphors used by the IMDs to describe their experiences during the licensing process supported the use of poetic representation for key findings, resulting in three poems that are interspersed in the body of the thesis (Ellingson, 2011; Glesne, 1997; Richardson, 2002; Richardson & Adams St. Pierre, 2005). The theoretical framework of the research was informed by Vygotskian Sociocultural Theory, which views learning as inseparable from social interaction and context (Vygotsky, 1987). Third-generation Activity Theory (AT), which has descended from Vygotsky’s work, was applied to highlight the higher-level systemic issues related to medical licensing. Results of this study indicate that IMDs with lower English proficiency face substantial difficulties on arrival, with limited access to the type of medically-relevant language instruction needed to support them. In fact, all pre-licensure IMDs struggle to access the interactional learning opportunities (i.e., Vygotskian “mediational means”) to support their entry into the system. Licensing challenges include limited exam preparation resources that support acquisition of Canadian cultural content; unequal access to clinical observerships; and a selection process which lacks transparency and emphasizes a screening tool unfamiliar to IMDs, the residency interview. Implications of this study include the revisiting of immigration policy; increasing the transparency and effectiveness of the selection process/residency interview; reviewing the role of clinical observerships in the selection process and exploring the potential of observerships to function as a licensure portfolio assessment.

The widely acknowledged doctor shortage in Canada has recently motivated a more critical look at the licensure rates of International Medical Doctors (IMDs), also known as International Medical Graduates (IMGs). However, very little research has been conducted on the experiences of IMDs before they enter the Canadian medical system. This qualitative study collected interview data from 15 diverse IMDs seeking licensure in Ontario, Canada. The participants varied with respect to age, country of origin, English language proficiency on arrival, and time in Canada. In addition, two bridging support programs were observed, and interviews were conducted with three educators from the programs. The interviews were analysed using thematic content analysis (Boyatzis, 1998; Miles & Huberman, 1994). An analysis of metaphors used by the IMDs to describe their experiences during the licensing process supported the use of poetic representation for key findings, resulting in three poems that are interspersed in the body of the thesis (Ellingson, 2011; Glesne, 1997; Richardson, 2002; Richardson & Adams St. Pierre, 2005). The theoretical framework of the research was informed by Vygotskian Sociocultural Theory, which views learning as inseparable from social interaction and context (Vygotsky, 1987). Third-generation Activity Theory (AT), which has descended from Vygotsky’s work, was applied to highlight the higher-level systemic issues related to medical licensing. Results of this study indicate that IMDs with lower English proficiency face substantial difficulties on arrival, with limited access to the type of medically-relevant language instruction needed to support them. In fact, all pre-licensure IMDs struggle to access the interactional learning opportunities (i.e., Vygotskian “mediational means”) to support their entry into the system. Licensing challenges include limited exam preparation resources that support acquisition of Canadian cultural content; unequal access to clinical observerships; and a selection process which lacks transparency and emphasizes a screening tool unfamiliar to IMDs, the residency interview. Implications of this study include the revisiting of immigration policy; increasing the transparency and effectiveness of the selection process/residency interview; reviewing the role of clinical observerships in the selection process and exploring the potential of observerships to function as a licensure portfolio assessment.

This study used narrative inquiry to answer the question “What are the stories of older adults who choose not to share information with health care professionals?” The study explored the experiences of older adults who did not share information with health care professionals (HCPs), who they defined as doctors. A thematic analysis of five participants’ stories revealed three themes: Illusions of Care, describing the participants’ experiences with doctors before they chose not to share information; The Last Straw, revealing the final incident that caused participants to choose not to share information; and The Mask of the Non-sharing Older Adult, describing how participants interacted with their doctors after they decided not to share information. Relationship development between older adults and their doctors, sensitive topics, issues and perceptions of ageing, and structure of the health care system contribute to the complex issue of older adults not sharing information. The decision not to share information with health care professionals may adversely affect the health and health care of older adults.

This research work is set out to investigate healing practised in Africa today. There are many ways of healing in African; others are classified as foreign because they came out of Africa especially from European influence while others are considered local or traditional. The research shall dig out the influence of what is known as foreign methods or approaches of healing in Africa today and what African healing can learn from other methods of healing practised today. There shall be contemporary stories and facts about the situation of healing today and relevant statistics where necessary. The research also comes out with appropriate suggestions on how to combat contemporary illnesses of today. This includes what should be improved and how. This work covers the whole of Africa. / Philosophy and Systematic Theology / M.Th. (Systematic Theology)

Hospital admissions for patients close to the end of life are considered ‘inappropriate’ in contemporary English health policy. Hospitals are supposedly unable to offer a ‘good’ death for patients, and dying there is thought to contradict patient choice, since patients are assumed to want to die at home. However, almost half of all deaths in England in 2015 occurred in hospital, and of these, nearly a third died within three days of admission. This thesis seeks to explore why these admissions are considered to be a problem and how they occur. Through a systematic review of UK literature I found that it cannot be stated that most patients want to die at home, because of the extent of missing data (preferences not asked, expressed, reported or absent). This finding challenges the justification that admissions are inappropriate because they contravene patient choice. Similarly inconclusive evidence about the undesirability, cost, and lack of need for patients to be in hospital were also found in a review of policy. Together with analysis of historical trends in hospital and hospice provision, it is apparent that attitudes towards end-of-life admissions reflect existing tensions about the role of hospital as an acute provider, and as a place of death. An analysis of interviews conducted with healthcare staff and next-of-kin involved in the admission of patients (case-patients) who died shortly after being admitted to Meadowbridge, a large English hospital explored these tensions further. I found that whilst hospital was not recognised as a place where ‘good’ deaths typically occurred, it was acknowledged as an emergency place of care. In this context, patients without obvious need for hospital care were nevertheless admitted to the hospital and the environment was subsequently recognised to offer distinct benefits. The need for emergency care reflected the difficulties of providing end-of-life care in the community. For dying to occur appropriately, home had to be adapted and care organised by healthcare staff. Both tasks were complicated by the unpredictability of dying, and family carers helped to absorb much of the uncertainty and support patients to die at home. Ambulance staff became involved when patients had care needs that exceeded care quickly and easily available in the community. When called to the case-patients, ambulance staff instituted familiar practices in transferring them to hospital. Hospital was recognised as a default place of care because ambulance staff struggled to facilitate alternative care and lacked sufficient professional authority to keep patients at home. The admissions of the case-patients represent the best attempts of staff to navigate the tangled practices of end-of-life care. These practices are the result of the actions of the staff, which in turn both constrained and enabled their action in providing care to patients. The term ‘inappropriate’ to describe admissions does not encompass these attempts, and moreover, devalued the significant care provided by healthcare staff in the community and hospital.

Incluir como ag?ncias financiadoras: Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), Funda??o Diamantinense de Apoio ao Ensino, Pesquisa e Extens?o (FUNDAEPE). / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-01-09T21:32:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) elizeu_castro_pereira.pdf: 2314835 bytes, checksum: 338417e044a8319ff002f1ba8f047555 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-01-19T17:09:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) elizeu_castro_pereira.pdf: 2314835 bytes, checksum: 338417e044a8319ff002f1ba8f047555 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-19T17:09:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) elizeu_castro_pereira.pdf: 2314835 bytes, checksum: 338417e044a8319ff002f1ba8f047555 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) / Funda??o Diamantinense de Apoio ao Ensino, Pesquisa e Extens?o (FUNDAEPE) / O Programa Mais M?dicos para o Brasil foi implementado pelo Governo Federal nos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri de 2013 a 2016. V?rios fatores influenciam na satisfa??o dos profissionais m?dicos na presta??o de servi?o. A avalia??o desses fatores ? importante, pois pode trazer alternativas para a amplia??o da perman?ncia desses profissionais nas Unidades B?sicas de Sa?de, apontar lacunas importantes nas Estrat?gias Sa?de da Fam?lia e no Programa Mais M?dicos e, assim, subsidiar a??es efetivas no ?mbito da Aten??o Prim?ria em Sa?de, direcionadas ?s equipes de sa?de da fam?lia e equacionar as dificuldades apresentadas nas Unidades B?sicas de Sa?de do munic?pio de Diamantina, bem como dos demais munic?pios dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri. O objetivo do presente projeto foi avaliar a satisfa??o dos m?dicos do Programa Mais M?dicos para o Brasil nos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri. Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo, o qual foi realizado por meio de uma estrat?gia de combina??o de abordagens quantitativas, denominada triangula??o de m?todos. A popula??o de estudo foi constitu?da por 90 m?dicos, distribu?dos nos 82 munic?pios dos Vales em quest?o. Dos 82 munic?pios investigados foi constatado que apenas 23, at? o momento, n?o fizeram ades?o ao Programa Mais M?dicos para o Brasil. Em rela??o ? satisfa??o dos profissionais m?dicos foi verificado, atrav?s da escala de Likert, que 63% (n=90) dos que responderam as perguntas relacionadas ? satisfa??o se encontram totalmente satisfeitos. Esses dados foram corroborados com outras an?lises estat?sticas como o dendograma e an?lise multicrit?rios. Foi observada a correla??o entre a satisfa??o dos m?dicos e o maior grau de escolaridade. Os resultados alcan?ados nessa pesquisa permitem visualizar quest?es importantes do Programa Mais M?dicos para o Brasil e, desta forma, subsidiar a??es efetivas no ?mbito da Aten??o Prim?ria ? Sa?de. / Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Sa?de, Sociedade e Ambiente, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / More Doctors Program for Brazil was implemented by the Federal Government in the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys from 2013 to 2016. Several factors influence the satisfaction of medical professionals in the provision of services. The evaluation of these factors is important, since it can provide alternatives for the expansion of the permanence of these professionals in the Basic Health Units. It is believed that the results achieved so far may point to important shortcomings in the Family Health Strategies and the Medical Program and thus, subsidize effective actions in the scope of Primary Health Care directed to the family health teams and equate the difficulties presented in the Basic Health Units of the municipality of Diamantina and also of other municipalities of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys. The objective of the present project was to evaluate More Doctors Program for the Brazilians in the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys. This was a descriptive study, which was carried out through a combination strategy of quantitative approaches, called method triangulation. The study population consisted of 90 physicians, divided among the 82 municipalities of the concerned Valleys. Of the 82 municipalities investigated, it was verified that only 23, untill now, they did not join More Doctor Program for Brazilians. Related to the satisfaction of medical professionals, 63% (n = 90) of those who answered the questions related to satisfaction they were found fully satisfied with the Likert scale. These data were corroborated with other statistical analyzes such as dendrogram and multicriteria analysis. Correlation between physician satisfaction and educational level was observed. The results obtained in this research allow to visualize important issues of More Doctor Program for Brazilians and thus subsidize effective actions in the ambit of the Primary Healthy Care. / El Programa M?s M?dicos para Brasil (PMMB) fue implementado por el Gobierno Federal en los Valles del Jequitinhonha y Mucuri de 2013 a 2016. Varios factores influencian en la satisfacci?n de los profesionales m?dicos en la prestaci?n de servicio. La evaluaci?n de estos factores es importante, pues puede traer alternativas para la ampliaci?n de la permanencia de esos profesionales en las Unidades B?sicas de Salud, se?alar lagunas importantes en las Estrategias Salud de la Familia y en el Programa M?s M?dicos y, as?, subsidiar acciones efectivas en el ?mbito de la Atenci?n Primaria en De la Salud, dirigidas a los equipos de salud de la familia y abordar las dificultades presentadas en las Unidades B?sicas de Salud del municipio de Diamantina, as? como de los dem?s municipios de los Valles del Jequitinhonha y Mucuri. El objetivo del presente proyecto fue evaluar la satisfacci?n de los m?dicos del Programa M?s M?dicos para Brasil en los Valles del Jequitinhonha y Mucuri. Se trat? de un estudio descriptivo, el cual fue realizado por medio de una estrategia de combinaci?n de abordajes cuantitativos, denominada triangulaci?n de m?todos. La poblaci?n de estudio fue constituida por 90 m?dicos, distribuidos en los 82 municipios de los Valles en cuesti?n. De los 82 municipios investigados se constat? que s?lo 23, hasta el momento, no hicieron adhesi?n al PMMB. En cuanto a la satisfacci?n de los profesionales m?dicos se verific?, a trav?s de la escala de Likert, que el 63% (n = 90) de los que respondieron las preguntas relacionadas a la satisfacci?n se encuentran totalmente satisfechos. Estos datos fueron corroborados con otros an?lisis estad?sticos como el dendograma y an?lisis multicriterios. Se observ? la correlaci?n entre la satisfacci?n de los m?dicos y el mayor grado de escolaridad. Los resultados alcanzados en esta investigaci?n permiten visualizar cuestiones importantes del PMMB y, de esta forma, subsidiar acciones efectivas en el ?mbito de la APS.