This study in comparative public law analyses if the courts have decided in the best interest of the child when judging for immediate care due to domestic violence. Both Sweden and Norway have transformed the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) article 3 in parts of their national legislation. The difference between the countries is that Norway in 2003 incorporated CRC as a part of their legal policy, Sweden, on the other hand, has not integrated CRC in their national laws. There is a need for research if and how the local authorities and the courts in the two countries live up to the concept for the best interest of the child. Six court decisions from both countries as well as the development of the national legislation will be analyzed. To achieve our purpose, we will use the comparative and dogmatic legal method. The comparative method will be used when we compare the similarities and differences between their national legal system and the court's judgment for immediate care for the best interest of the child. The dogmatic legal method will be used for defining the current law. The results of this study indicate that Norway has more appropriate laws for the best interest of the child. The difference between the countries is that in Norway the court can decide based on their child specific law. While the courts in Sweden only can decide for the best interest of the child with the interpretation based on the two laws but the code is not just for the child. Despite the differences, both Sweden and Norway have appropriate laws for how the local authorities and the court should promote the best interest of the child. In the future, we hope that it would be easier for the Swedish courts to apply the best interest of the child when CRC has been incorporated into the national legislation.

This research contributes to existing knowledge of intimate partner violence (IPV) by highlighting the lived experiences of female adolescent survivors through the examination of the lived experiences of seventeen participants. Framed within an intersectional feminist epistemology and informed by psychoanalytical theories, a hybrid of the Free Association Narrative Interview method (Hollway and Jefferson, 2001) and the Biographical Interview Method (Wengraf, 2002) was applied, allowing an in-depth analysis of the young women's adolescent experiences of IPV. The female participants' narratives highlighted significant levels of psychological, sexual and physical violence by various male partners, suggesting that gender is indeed a mediating factor. These experiences reflect Johnson's Typologies of Domestic Violence (2008). In addition, consideration of other intersecting factors, such as age, socioeconomic demographic information, familial exposure to IPV and previous IPV victimisation, highlighted the necessity to consider all factors when determining risk and experience (Potter, 2015). This research adds to the debate regarding gender symmetry of IPV perpetration and victimisation, with analysis of participants' experiences suggesting gender symmetry is not experienced by all adolescents, thus further exploration of this phenomenon is required. Similarly, participants experienced severe forms of physical, sexual and psychological violence at each stage of adolescence (early 10 to 13 years; middle 14 to 16 years; late adolescence and young adulthood 17 to 25 years) contradicting the oft held assumption that more severe violence occurs solely in adulthood. Analysis of participants' experiences of informal and formal support, and an exploration of participants' ideal prevention intervention model argues for a public health approach to preventing AIPV, with resources focused on primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Ultimately the young women felt that with appropriate education, support and intervention they could have avoided, or at least reduced, their exposure to abuse. Hence in order to reduce and/or prevent adolescents from experiencing IPV resources should be aimed at giving young people the information, skills and abilities to resist gendered inequalities and unhealthy relationship behaviours, and promote healthy and happy romantic and sexual relationships.

This is a qualitative study exploring the needs of women when residing in a refuge. In the context of the United Kingdom, women's refuges are a specialist provision that provide temporary accommodation for women escaping domestic violence and abuse (DVA). Recent literature that looks at the needs of women who reside in refuges is limited. However, considering these needs is important at a time when austerity measures have resulted in funding cuts to the DVA sector, which have had a direct impact on refuge service provision. This study contributes to the literature on women's refuge services, as they are the most likely specialist DVA service to be accessed, and are consequently in high demand. In this study, 35 participants took part in total. Within two research phases 32 residents across 6 refuges and 3 focus groups answered the first research question: What are the self-articulated needs of women in a refuge? Within the first phase a thematic analysis of the data from the first two focus groups identified six key themes: Accessing a refuge, Loss, To feel safe, Support, To move on, and To feel valued. Within the second research phase, a further focus group was conducted, the analysis of which is presented without decontextualising the content into themes, as it was felt to be important to represent the narrative structure of the documented accounts. The analysis of the material is presented by providing summaries demonstrating examples of the physical and emotional journeys that three women took to get to a refuge, and their subsequent needs upon arrival. In the third phase of the study, three semi-structured interviews were conducted with refuge staff members to answer the second research question: What do workers in a refuge setting perceive to be the needs of the residents? Thematic analysis of each interview identified 11 main themes, of which two themes per staff member were discussed. The final phase of the analysis process involved comparing and contrasting the salient findings that appeared similar or dissimilar across the data. Key emerging issues related to research question one identified the unexpected outcome addressing the needs of children and the helplessness felt by the mothers. Other issues discussed were the emotional challenges that accessing a refuge brought in terms of preparation, isolation, and location along with the importance of relational support in service delivery. In relation to research question two, key issues highlighted include the engagement of residents in support interventions and the impact that financial cuts have had on refuges. From a counselling psychology perspective, implications are identified for research and professional practice across a range of roles, from refuge personnel and funding commissioners to services that work alongside refuges, such as housing associations, local governments, and mental health professionals.

This thesis deals with crime of dangerous harassement (stalking) in Czech Republic. It focuses on current legislation and possible future legislation changes. It deals with the most common types of harassement and its specific relationship to domestic violence. It focuses not just on the personality of offender but also on status of the victims and its possibilities of protection against stalking. It also deals with the penalties imposed for this crime under Czech law and performs comparative study of Czech and international regulations, especially of Austria, German and the United States of America.

A violência doméstica contra mulher foi considerada em 1993, pelas Nações Unidas como um problema de saúde pública, com uma freqüência elevada, com repercussões na mulher, sua família, na economia, na justiça e nos serviços de saúde. A mulher submetida à violência doméstica, seja violência física, mental ou sexual, tem sérias repercussões em sua saúde, principalmente na saúde mental e reprodutiva. Essas seqüelas da violência provocam sintomas que fazem com que a mulher procure auxílio reiteradas vezes nos serviços de atenção primária à saúde. Entretanto, o profissional não sente-se apto a tratar desta questão e os serviços de saúde não estão preparados para atender, diagnosticar e conduzir esses casos que freqüentemente chegam aos serviços. O estudo avalia a freqüência da violência doméstica contra a mulher, através da revisão de prontuários das mulheres atendidas no ano 2000 em dois serviços de atenção primária à saúde, um seguindo o modelo de assistência tradicional e o outro adotando a estratégia do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF). A prevalência de violência doméstica nos dois serviços é de 3,8%, não existindo diferenças no diagnóstico da violência. A partir desses casos, descreve-se o seu seguimento e daqueles que possuem sinais/sintomas ou situações de alerta para violência oculta, e pesquisa-se a presença de associações entre o seguimento e o local de atendimento e entre os sinais/sintomas, situações de alerta para violência de gênero e o registro de violência nos prontuários. O estudo demonstrou que existe associação entre o seguimento registrado e o local de atendimento, assim como a associação entre situações de alerta e presença de algum sinal/ sintoma de alerta para violência oculta. Discute-se a necessidade de realização de treinamento para as equipes, assim como a aplicação de 'screening' em mulheres com algum sintoma ou situação de alerta de violência no domicílio. / In 1993, the United Nations considered domestic violence against women as a public health problem of high incidence that has adverse impact on women, their families, economy, justice, and social services. Domestic violence against women, whether physical, psychological, or sexual, cause severe effects on their health, particularly on their mental and reproductive health. The consequences of violence cause symptoms that make women repeatedly seek help in primary healthcare facilities. However, professionals do not feel apt to deal with these issues and healthcare facilities are not prepared to provide care, diagnose, and handle these cases they often receive. This study assesses the frequency of domestic violence against women, by reviewing the records of women seen in the year 2000 in two primary health care facilities, one that follows a traditional model of care and another one that adopts the Family Health Program (PSF). The prevalence of domestic violence was 3.8%, in both facilities, and no differences were found in the diagnosis of violence. This study describes the follow-up of those cases, as well as of those which presented alarm signs/symptoms for hidden violence; it also investigated the presence of associations between follow-up and the site of care, and between signs/symptoms, alarm situations for hidden violence and the recording of violence in the records. The study showed that there is an association between the recorded follow-up and the site of care, as well as between alarm situations and the presence of some alarm sign/symptom for hidden violence. It discusses the need to provide training to staff, as well as screening women with some symptom or alarm for domestic violence.

O problema da violência contra a mulher é um fenômeno mundial. O movimento feminista, no final dos anos 60, se fortaleça e começa a denunciar alguns casos, dando corpo e visibilidade a esta questão, que até então permanecia no campo do privado. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi identificar situações de violência doméstica entre as usuárias das várias clínicas do Centro de Referência da Saúde da Mulher e de Nutrição, Alimentação e Desenvolvimento Infantil (CRSMNADI) do Hospital Pérola Byington. Os dados coletados foram obtidos por meio da utilização de Metodologia Qualitativa, denominada grupo focal, onde 164 mulheres reunidas em 12 grupos falaram sobre as formas e conseqüências da violência doméstica em suas vidas. O estudo permitiu compreender os significados e o sentido que as mulheres em situação de violência atribuíram as suas experiências. As informações foram organizadas em categorias construídas durante o próprio processo de análise, procurando assim contextualizar as multifaces e multicausas da violência doméstica vivenciada pelas usuárias do serviço. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que a maioria das usuárias vivem em situação de violência doméstica, tendo como conseqüência agravos de saúde e, portanto necessitam de atendimento em serviços de saúde / Violence against women is a global phenomenon. The Feminist Movement has strengthened in the late sixties and since then it has began to report some facts that so far we did not know. The aim of this research was identify the violence at home. This research was made at Nutricional Health Women Reference Center and Food Children Development at Pérola Byington Hospital. Data was collected through qualitative methodology called focal group, where 164 women were gathered in twelve groups in order to talk about different form and consequences of domestic violence in their lives. This survey allowed us to understand the meanings that women suffering from domestic violence attributed to their experiences. The information was organized into categories constructed during the process of analysis, aiming to contextualize the multi faceted of domestic violence experienced by the women users of this service. This results revealed that most women live in a situation of domestic violence which compromise their health and, therefore, in need of attending specialized health services.

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de um estudo sobre o comportamento agressivo humano, enfatizando as diversas implicações das marcas de mordidas produzidas por agressores e vítimas, notadamente quando se trata de estupro ou violência sexual, violência doméstica e abuso sexual. Essas ocorrências costumam acontecer em espaços domésticos/privados, pressupondo, portanto, um contato direto, físico, entre agressores e vítimas, que se situam em posições assimétricas, pois os primeiros, em geral homens adultos, ameaçam e brutalizam mulheres e crianças, frequentemente mais fracas e vulneráveis, física e socialmente. A violência produz impactos incomensuráveis no sistema público de saúde e na sociedade em geral, mas primordialmente em suas incontáveis vítimas. Entretanto, os crimes tidos como mais sérios e ameaçadores são aqueles cometidos mediante o uso de armas de fogo ou armas brancas, entre pessoas simétricas (homens adultos) e mais comuns em ambientes públicos. As ocorrências que têm lugar no cenário doméstico, quando as vítimas são mulheres e crianças, não são levadas tão a sério (e, por isso, mais toleradas e negligenciadas), o que acarreta a subnotificação desses crimes e um subcomparecimento das vítimas aos órgãos jurídicos e policiais, entre os quais se encontram os IMLs, que se ocupam dos exames de corpo de delito. Os dados avaliados neste estudo procedem de múltiplas fontes: literatura acadêmica especializada, matérias jornalísticas, notícias compiladas no Arquivo Digital da Folha de S. Paulo, informações registradas em Relatórios elaborados pelo IML/Sede do município de São Paulo e imagens disponíveis no Google imagens / This paper presents the results of a study on human aggressive behavior, emphasizing the various implications of bite marks produced by aggressors and victims, especially when it comes to rape or sexual assault, domestic violence and sexual abuse. These events usually take place in domestic spaces / private, assuming, therefore, a direct, physical, between aggressors and victims, which are located in asymmetric positions, because the former generally adult men, threaten and brutalize women and children, often more weak and vulnerable, physically and socially. Violence produces immeasurable impact on the public health system and society in general, but primarily in its countless victims. However, the crimes considered most serious and threatening are those committed by the use of firearms or knives, among people symmetric (adult men) and more common in public places. The events that take place in the domestic arena, where the victims are women and children, are not taken as seriously (and therefore more tolerated and neglected), which leads to underreporting of these crimes and a sub-attendance of the victims to legal and law enforcement agencies, among which are the IMLS, dealing with a forensic examination. The data evaluated in this study come from multiple sources: specialized academic literature, journalistic articles, reports compiled in the Digital Archive of the Folha de S. Paul, information recorded in reports prepared by the IML / Headquarters in São Paulo and images available on Google images

Base teórica: A violência contra crianças e adolescentes é um problema que está assumindo proporções epidêmicas, manifestando-se em todas as culturas, classes, níveis de escolaridade, faixas de renda e origens étnicas. Tal fenômeno, que contradiz obrigações de respeito aos direitos humanos e às necessidades de desenvolvimento da criança, é frequentemente aprovado e autorizado pela sociedade e pelo Estado. Diante do problema apresentado, a legislação brasileira determina, ao Sistema de Saúde, diferentes obrigações, objetivando restabelecer os direitos violados de crianças e adolescentes vítimas de violência. Tais obrigações envolvem o atendimento integral da saúde da criança e do adolescente, incluindo, como obrigação, a notificação dos casos de suspeita ou confirmação de violência. Apesar das determinações legais, o atendimento às crianças e aos adolescentes vítimas de maus-tratos se encontra pouco estruturado em muitos locais do país, sendo insuficiente para a demanda que chega aos serviços de saúde. Objetivo:Avaliar o atendimento hospitalar de crianças e adolescentes em situações de violência.Método:Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 28 profissionais que atuam no atendimento de crianças e adolescentes vítimas de violência. Foram incluídas perguntas sobre a percepção de violência, o entendimento sobre proteção à criança e interdisciplinaridade, além da percepção sobre os diferentes recursos intra e extra-hospitalares de proteção.A avaliação dos dados foi realizada com o programa QSR NVivo ®, versão 11, utilizando como referência a Análise de Conteúdo. Conclusão:A partir do presente trabalho, pode-se constatar que o atendimento hospitalar de crianças e adolescentes em situação de violência, por vezes, se apresenta de modo precário. Tal precariedade surge da limitação e fragmentação que os profissionais de saúde demonstram em relação à percepção e à compreensão da violência e proteção sobre crianças e adolescentes. / Background: Violence against children is a problem that is assuming epidemic proportions, manifesting itself in all cultures, social classes, schooling levels, income brackets and ethnic origins. Such a phenomenon, which contradicts obligations to respect human rights and the child's developmental needs, is often approved and authorized by society and the State. In view of the problem presented, the Brazilian legislation determines, to the Health System, different obligations, aiming at restoring the violated rights of children and adolescents victims of violence. These obligations involve the integral care of the children's health, including, as an obligation, the notification of cases of suspected or confirmed violence. Despite the legal provisions, the care of children and adolescents victims of abuse is poorly structured in many places througout country, being insufficient for the demand that reaches the health services. Aim: To evaluate the hospital care of children in situations of violence. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 professionals who work in the care of children victims of violence. Questions about perceptions of violence, understanding about child protection and interdisciplinarity, and perceptions about the different intra- and extra-hospital protection resources were included. The data evaluation was performed with the QSR NVivo ® program, version 11, using as a reference the Content Analysis. Conclusion: Based on the present study, it can be observed that the hospital attendance of children in a situation of violence sometimes presents in a precarious way. Such precariousness arises from the limitation and fragmentation that health professionals demonstrate regarding the perception and understanding of violence and protection of children.

A violência doméstica contra mulher foi considerada em 1993, pelas Nações Unidas como um problema de saúde pública, com uma freqüência elevada, com repercussões na mulher, sua família, na economia, na justiça e nos serviços de saúde. A mulher submetida à violência doméstica, seja violência física, mental ou sexual, tem sérias repercussões em sua saúde, principalmente na saúde mental e reprodutiva. Essas seqüelas da violência provocam sintomas que fazem com que a mulher procure auxílio reiteradas vezes nos serviços de atenção primária à saúde. Entretanto, o profissional não sente-se apto a tratar desta questão e os serviços de saúde não estão preparados para atender, diagnosticar e conduzir esses casos que freqüentemente chegam aos serviços. O estudo avalia a freqüência da violência doméstica contra a mulher, através da revisão de prontuários das mulheres atendidas no ano 2000 em dois serviços de atenção primária à saúde, um seguindo o modelo de assistência tradicional e o outro adotando a estratégia do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF). A prevalência de violência doméstica nos dois serviços é de 3,8%, não existindo diferenças no diagnóstico da violência. A partir desses casos, descreve-se o seu seguimento e daqueles que possuem sinais/sintomas ou situações de alerta para violência oculta, e pesquisa-se a presença de associações entre o seguimento e o local de atendimento e entre os sinais/sintomas, situações de alerta para violência de gênero e o registro de violência nos prontuários. O estudo demonstrou que existe associação entre o seguimento registrado e o local de atendimento, assim como a associação entre situações de alerta e presença de algum sinal/ sintoma de alerta para violência oculta. Discute-se a necessidade de realização de treinamento para as equipes, assim como a aplicação de 'screening' em mulheres com algum sintoma ou situação de alerta de violência no domicílio. / In 1993, the United Nations considered domestic violence against women as a public health problem of high incidence that has adverse impact on women, their families, economy, justice, and social services. Domestic violence against women, whether physical, psychological, or sexual, cause severe effects on their health, particularly on their mental and reproductive health. The consequences of violence cause symptoms that make women repeatedly seek help in primary healthcare facilities. However, professionals do not feel apt to deal with these issues and healthcare facilities are not prepared to provide care, diagnose, and handle these cases they often receive. This study assesses the frequency of domestic violence against women, by reviewing the records of women seen in the year 2000 in two primary health care facilities, one that follows a traditional model of care and another one that adopts the Family Health Program (PSF). The prevalence of domestic violence was 3.8%, in both facilities, and no differences were found in the diagnosis of violence. This study describes the follow-up of those cases, as well as of those which presented alarm signs/symptoms for hidden violence; it also investigated the presence of associations between follow-up and the site of care, and between signs/symptoms, alarm situations for hidden violence and the recording of violence in the records. The study showed that there is an association between the recorded follow-up and the site of care, as well as between alarm situations and the presence of some alarm sign/symptom for hidden violence. It discusses the need to provide training to staff, as well as screening women with some symptom or alarm for domestic violence.

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