Smetanová, Kristina. Criminal aspects of domestic violence The topic of this thesis is the criminal aspects of domestic violence. The aim of the thesis is to describe this dangerous and complicated social problem and focus on outlining the possibilities of protection under Czech criminal law. The thesis consists of eight chapters. The first chapter explains what the domestic violence is and which sources, types and characters does it have.The second chapter shows who can be the violent person and this part is then divided into two sections according to the sex of the aggressor. Chapter number three illustrates possible victims of domestic violence. The next chapter deals with the types of legal protection that goes beyond criminal law and the chapter presents the Act against Domestic Violence, possibilities of civil court orders as well as it presents the orders issued by the police. Chapter number five points out the main criminal offences committed by aggressors most frequently in domestic violence situations. The sixth chapter shows the most important aspects of criminal proceedings in relation to victims of domestic violence and it especially describes their rights, possibilities and ways of protection during prosecution. The following chapter presents some of the foreign legislations which...

Cette recherche émane d’une réflexion sur la pratique clinique et institutionnelle et a trois objets d’étude ; la maltraitance familiale, le traumatisme et l’institution. Elle questionne leur articulation au regard d’un vecteur commun : la violence. Elle se situe dans le contexte institutionnel d’évaluation des situations de maltraitance familiale et cherche à appréhender les discours et les pratiques des institutions confrontées à la mise en scène de la violence dont un tiers se trouve victime. L’hypothèse générale soutient l’existence d’un lien entre maltraitance familiale et violence institutionnelle. Le dispositif de recherche est envisagé à partir de la prise en charge développée par les institutions du système de la protection de l’enfance. L’analyse qualitative des données est réalisée à partir de la méthode des cas et de l’observation systématique des événements et des individus en situation (Pedinielli et Fernandez, 2007 ; Marty, 2009). Cette recherche met en discussion la problématique de la violence dans l’institution, envisagée dans sa relation avec l’emprise (Ferrant, 2006). Elle articule sa réflexion sur les effets désubjectivants de la prise en charge des familles marquées par la violence du lien (Houssier, 2002). Elle questionne la place de l’agir envisagé comme une manifestation du vécu traumatique et les risques qu’il comporte dans l’inscription d’un processus de répétition et de destruction de sens (Penot, 2001 ; Bokanowski, 2005). Elle répond à la mise en évidence d’un impact traumatique sur les institutions et articule sa réflexion autour de son influence sur la qualité de la prise en charge. Parallèlement, elle discute de la fonction d’exclusivité du dispositif de la protection de l’enfance dans les pratiques institutionnelles, au détriment de la culture du réseau. / This research is based on a study on clinical and institutional practices and focuses on three points; domestic violence (family abuse), trauma, the institution; it is meant to analyse their common point: violence. It is part of the institutional context family abuse. It studies the discourse and practices of institutions confronted with violence. The general hypothesis supports the idea that there is a link between domestic violence and violence within the institution. There are two aspects in this research; one clear specific institution: “Centre Maternel” (Mother Care institution), responsible for the taking into charge of the family so to avoid a child placement procedure and institutions for the protection of children as part of a clinical process. The qualitative analysis of the data relies on the methodology of situations and systematical observation of events and individuals in situation. (Pedinielli, Fernandez, 2007; Marty, 2009). This research raises the questions of violence within the institution itself and its close relationship with the family situation (Ferrant, 2006). It links up with the effects of the de-subjectivation while taking in charge of the family (Houssier, 2006). It questions the place of action seen as a sign of the traumatic experience and the risks incurred in the process of repetition which leads to a gradual loss of significance (Penot, 2001; Bokanowski, 2005). It shows the obvious impact on institutions and its influence on the quality of the taking into charge of the institution. Broadly speaking, it raises the question of the child protection system, underlining its function of exclusivity as regards institutional to the detriment of the network.

Women's vulnerability to domestic violence is a widespread social problem that causes problematic consequences for society and to the individual. I wondered what significance the professionals' knowledge has to help abused women, how professionals and abused women describe abused womens needs, and how the professionals work with and consider important in meeting with and helping abused women. Six qualitative interviews with a social worker who were working as a therapist in the social services, as councilors and in women's shelter were performed. The results showed that the professionals regarded specific knowledge of domestic violence as a prerequisite for being able to help the woman adequately. Furthermore, it appeared that the woman's needs could be psychological need of support and processing, but also help with practical issues to sort out their situation. The social workers were mapping the violence and the situation of the abused women. The mapping could determine the woman's needs and potential contributions. / Kvinnors utsatthet för våld i nära relationer är ett omfattande samhällsproblem som får problematiska följder både för samhället och individen. Jag ställde mig frågan vilken betydelse de professionellas kunskap har för att hjälpa våldsutsatta kvinnor, hur de professionella och kvinnorna ser på kvinnans behov, samt hur de professionella arbetar med och anser är viktigt i mötet med våldsutsatta kvinnor. Sex intervjuer med socialarbetare som jobbade som behandlare inom socialtjänst, kuratorer och kvinnojour genomfördes. Resultatet visade att de professionella såg särskild kunskap om våld i nära relationer som en förutsättning för att kunna hjälpa kvinnan på ett adekvat sätt. Vidare framgick att kvinnans behov kunde utgöras av psykiskt behov av stöd och bearbetning, men också praktisk hjälp för att få ordning på sin situation. För att hjälpa kvinnan kartlade man våldet och kvinnans situation. Genom kartläggningen kunde man utröna kvinnans behov och bedöma insatser.

The importance of women’s status for child nutrition has recently been recognized. However, pathways through which women’s status can affect their caretaking practices and child nutrition have not been fully determined. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate associations between aspects of women’s status – including exposure to domestic violence and level of autonomy and social support – with their level of stress, feeding practices and child nutritional status in two different cultural settings: Bangladesh and Nicaragua. Data were acquired from population-based studies. For Study I we used data from the Bangladesh 2007 Demographic and Health Survey, and Study II was embedded in the 2009 Health and Demographic Surveillance System conducted in Los Cuatro Santos, rural Nicaragua. Studies III and IV were part of the MINIMat study, conducted in rural Bangladesh. In-person interviews were conducted and validated questionnaires were used in each of the studies. Anthropometric characteristics of the children were recorded based on standardized World Health Organization techniques. In Bangladesh, we found women with lifetime experience of domestic violence to be more likely to report emotional distress during pregnancy, cease exclusive breastfeeding before 6 months and have a stunted child. Further, we found a negative association between experience of domestic violence and duration of excusive breastfeeding to be mitigated with breastfeeding counseling. In Nicaragua, a lower level of maternal autonomy was associated with more appropriate breastfeeding practices such as higher odds of exclusive breastfeeding and longer continuation of breastfeeding. Further, a maternal lower level of social support was associated with better child nutritional status. In conclusion, this investigation showed that different dimensions of women’s status were associated with their feeding practices and child nutritional status and also revealed that the strength and direction of these associations may vary by the child’s age, setting and other contextual factors. These findings suggest that women’s status might have an important public health impact on child health and its role should be considered in programs and policies aiming to improve child health and nutrition.

The diploma thesis follow up the possibilities of social work with survivor of domestic violence having mental illness. The theoretical part summarizes the current form of social work with the target group of clients by survivor of domestic violence and the target group of clients with mental illness. In the practical part is described the investigation of this issue, analyzed interviews with social workers and proposal of work methodology. In the final discussion, the results of the survey and the success of the proposed methodology are controversial.

Domestic violence is a public health and international problem. Previous research outlined the extensivity of the problem internationally and the missing approaches of professionals who work with young children. The study aims to explore the methods and routines used by preschool teachers in approaching suspected cases of domestic violence among preschool children in Sweden. The results show that there are only a few available methods and routines given by governmental agencies in guiding the preschool teachers to approach such cases. As an alternative, the preschool teachers themselves develop individual approaches like observation, documentation, and collaboration with different actors involved. The interviews were conducted with semi-structured interviews with four preschool teachers to give a deeper understanding of their knowledge about the topic and experiences with suspected cases of domestic violence and methods and routines. The normalization process theory (NPT) was used to highlight the complexity of modifying methods and routines for complex problems e.g. domestic violence. The method of deductive thematic analysis provided pre-determined themes connected to the theory and new themes emerged from the data during the analysis process.

O problema da violência contra a mulher é um fenômeno mundial. O movimento feminista, no final dos anos 60, se fortaleça e começa a denunciar alguns casos, dando corpo e visibilidade a esta questão, que até então permanecia no campo do privado. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi identificar situações de violência doméstica entre as usuárias das várias clínicas do Centro de Referência da Saúde da Mulher e de Nutrição, Alimentação e Desenvolvimento Infantil (CRSMNADI) do Hospital Pérola Byington. Os dados coletados foram obtidos por meio da utilização de Metodologia Qualitativa, denominada grupo focal, onde 164 mulheres reunidas em 12 grupos falaram sobre as formas e conseqüências da violência doméstica em suas vidas. O estudo permitiu compreender os significados e o sentido que as mulheres em situação de violência atribuíram as suas experiências. As informações foram organizadas em categorias construídas durante o próprio processo de análise, procurando assim contextualizar as multifaces e multicausas da violência doméstica vivenciada pelas usuárias do serviço. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que a maioria das usuárias vivem em situação de violência doméstica, tendo como conseqüência agravos de saúde e, portanto necessitam de atendimento em serviços de saúde / Violence against women is a global phenomenon. The Feminist Movement has strengthened in the late sixties and since then it has began to report some facts that so far we did not know. The aim of this research was identify the violence at home. This research was made at Nutricional Health Women Reference Center and Food Children Development at Pérola Byington Hospital. Data was collected through qualitative methodology called focal group, where 164 women were gathered in twelve groups in order to talk about different form and consequences of domestic violence in their lives. This survey allowed us to understand the meanings that women suffering from domestic violence attributed to their experiences. The information was organized into categories constructed during the process of analysis, aiming to contextualize the multi faceted of domestic violence experienced by the women users of this service. This results revealed that most women live in a situation of domestic violence which compromise their health and, therefore, in need of attending specialized health services.

A violência contra mulher, cometida por parceiro íntimo, constitui grave problema de saúde pública, entretanto, a maioria das produções acadêmicas contam somente com a participação de vítimas mulheres, ignorando importantes informações que deveriam ser obtidas a partir de agressores. Em âmbito internacional tem-se investigado a relação entre violência por parceiro íntimo e aspectos cognitivos de agressores. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo incluiu a participação dos dois parceiros com o objetivo de investigar quais seriam as táticas de resolução de conflitos empregadas por ambos; quais as diferenças entre as táticas utilizadas por homens e mulheres; e quais as diferenças entre as táticas utilizadas por casais em que se observa violência quando comparados a casais que possuem uma relação harmoniosa. Para tanto, utilizou-se do instrumento Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2). Em relação aos aspectos cognitivos dos parceiros masculinos, investigou-se, por meio do instrumento Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III), determinados fatores como, por exemplo, as funções verbal e executiva. Foram comparados os resultados do teste cognitivo de homens que cometeram violência contra suas parceiras com os resultados daqueles que não cometeram. Foram obtidas também informações referentes às características sociodemográficas dos casais. A amostra foi composta por 31 casais cuja esposa constava em registro policial como vítima de violência cometida pelo parceiro (grupo 1); e 31 casais que, de acordo com suas próprias percepções, afirmavam manter relação conjugal harmoniosa (grupo 2). A análise dos dados se deu de duas formas: Na primeira efetuou-se comparações entre os grupos 1 e 2, referentes às variáveis coletadas. Esta análise se deu de forma meramente descritiva e permitiu observar que, mesmo entre casais que julgam viver uma relação pacífica, são detectados comportamentos violentos. Já a segunda forma de análise desconsiderou a divisão por grupos, e utilizou para efeitos de comparação, o fato de o indivíduo ter ou não adotado condutas violentas, apuradas pelo instrumento CTS2. Esta etapa da análise dos dados empregou métodos estatísticos com a finalidade de verificar associações e correlações entre violência e determinadas variáveis. Em relação às variáveis contínuas, como por exemplo os escores obtidos no teste cognitivo, buscou-se apurar diferenças entre médias daqueles que cometeram ou não atos agressivos contra suas parceiras. Além disso por meio da análise de regressão logística, objetivou-se explorar fatores de risco e proteção à violência contra mulher por parceiro íntimo. Entre os resultados, o principal achado sugere que aspectos cognitivos, especialmente aqueles ligados às habilidades verbais e de controle dos impulsos, possivelmente exerceriam alguma influência para um desfecho violento ou não entre parceiros íntimos. Por fim, ao considerar a possível influência de aspectos cognitivos do agressor para que ocorra ou não a violência contra a mulher, o estudo conclui principalmente, que a redução dos índices de agressões contra mulheres, cometidas por seus parceiros, só poderiam reduzir de forma consistente, por meio de ações de longo prazo, especialmente aquelas dirigidas à educação inicial, uma vez que, esta constitui o caminho adequado para mudanças culturais e também para o desenvolvimento de habilidades sociais e cognitivas satisfatórias do sujeito / Violence against women, committed by an intimate partner, is a serious public health problem, however, most academic productions rely solely on the participation of women victims, ignoring important information that should be obtained from aggressors. On a international scope it has been researched the relation between intimate partner violence and cognitive aspects of aggressors. In that sense, this study included the participation of both partners in order to investigate what are the tactics of conflict resolution employed by both; what are the differences between the tactics used by couples where there is violence when compared to couples who have a harmonious relationship. Therefore, we used the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2). About the cognitive aspects of male partners, was investigated by Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, (WAIS-III), certain factors such as, verbal and executive functions. We compared the results of cognitive testing of men who have committed violence against their partners with the results of those who did not commit. It were also obtained information about the sociodemographic characteristics of couples. The sample consisted of 31 couples whose wife contained in police reports as a victim of violence committed by her partner (group 1); and 31 couples who, according to their own perceptions, said to maintain harmonious marital relationship (group 2). The analysis of data was done in two ways: At first it performed comparisons between groups 1 and 2, referring to the collected variables. This analysis was merely descriptive and it allowed us to observe that even among couples who judge to be in a peaceful relationship, violent behaviors are detected. The second form of analysis disregarded the division by groups, and used for comparison purposes, the fact that the individual has or has not adopted violent behaviors, determined by CTS2. This step of data analysis used statistical methods in order to verify associations and correlations between violence and certain variables. About the continuous variables, such as the scores on cognitive testing, we sought to determine differences between average scores of those who committed or not aggressive acts against their partners. Moreover by logistic regression analysis aimed to explore risk and protection factors against violence to women by intimate partner. Among the results, the main finding suggests that cognitive aspects, especially those related to verbal skills and impulse control, possibly exert some influence to violent or not outcome among intimate partner. Finally, when considering the possible influence of cognitive aspects of the perpetrator to occur or not violence against women, the study concludes primarily that reducing levels of aggression against women committed by their partners, could only reduce consistently through long-term actions, especially those aimed at early education, since this is the appropriate way to culturaly change and to develop satisfactory social and cognitive skills of the individual

A violência doméstica é uma realidade evidenciada com grande frequência e apontada como um grave problema de saúde pública em nosso país. Ela se concretiza, sobretudo contra pessoas em fase de desenvolvimento como crianças e adolescentes. Nosso estudo teve como objetivo conhecer e descrever as ações na Atenção Primária à Saúde prestadas pelo(a) enfermeiro(a) às crianças e aos adolescentes vítimas de violência doméstica em Unidades de Saúde da Família localizadas no Distrito Oeste do Município de Ribeirão Preto - SP. Trata-se de um estudo com abordagem qualitativa, se delineando como pesquisa social estratégica, com modalidade de estudo de caso. Para a coleta de dados, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, diário de campo e uma visita na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto, especificamente a Divisão de Vigilância Epidemiológica no Núcleo de Violência e Acidentes. Participaram do estudo 05 enfermeiras que atuam nos 05 Núcleos de Saúde da Família no Distrito Oeste da cidade de Ribeirão Preto. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio da análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática. Emergiram dois núcleos temáticos principais: Ações Municipais na Atenção à Criança e ao Adolescente Vítima de Violência Doméstica e Enfermagem na Atenção Primária à Saúde: barreiras no combate à violência doméstica. No primeiro núcleo foi abordado as ações no Município de Ribeirão Preto para o combate à violência doméstica em crianças e adolescentes. Embora os esforços da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde promovendo eventos com o objetivo de promover à capacitação e educação permanente dos profissionais de saúde, muitas vezes, há dificuldade destes eventos serem inseridos nas agendas dos enfermeiros atuantes no Núcleo de Saúde da Família. Como rede de apoio social à criança e adolescente vitimizadas foram ressaltadas pelas entrevistadas à comunidade, os vizinhos e a escola. Encontramos em uma entrevista o tráfico de drogas atuando na proteção das vítimas de violência doméstica, o que nos evidenciou certa falência da atuação dos meios de proteção. No segundo núcleo foram apontados alguns fatores que dificultam a ação dos(as) enfermeiros(as) no combate à violência doméstica tal como a falta de capacitação dos conselheiros tutelares, que dificultam a articulação e o estabelecimento de vínculo com os profissionais de saúde. O medo dos(as) enfermeiros(as) em relação ao agressor, a falta de capacitação dos(as) enfermeiros(as) para executar ações contra a violência doméstica, tais como a prevenção, a notificação, o encaminhamento e acompanhamento das vítimas são fatores que dificultam o combate à violência contra crianças e adolescentes. Entendemos que estas considerações acerca das ações no combate à violência doméstica devem ser valorizadas não só pelos(as) enfermeiros(as), mas também por todos os profissionais que atuam nos serviços de atenção à infância e adolescência. / Domestic violence is a reality very common manifested and indicated as serious problem of health public in our country. It happens, mostly, against people in developing as children and adolescents. The aim of our study is to know and to describe the actions in primary health care accomplished by the nurses to children and adolescents victims of domestic violence in Family Health Center in the West District of the municipality of Ribeirão Preto - SP. In this study is used a qualitative approach, in which is considerate a strategy of social research, a modality of case study. For data collection, it was used semi structured interviews, field diary and one visit to Health Municipal Department in Ribeirão Preto, especially the Division of Epidemiological Surveillance in the Violence and Accident Center. The study included 5 nurses which work in 5 family health centers in west district of Ribeirão Preto. The analysis of data was made through the content analysis, thematic modality. Two main theme centers appeared: \"Municipal Actions in Attention to Child and Adolescent Victims of Domestic Violence\" and \"Nursing in Primary Health Care: limits in the domestic violence combat\". On the first center was discussed the actions in the city of Ribeirão Preto to combat the domestic violence against children and adolescents. Although the Municipal Department of Health`s effort to realize events to promote the permanent professional training and education of health professionals, often, there is a difficult to the nurses of Family`s Health Center to include in their agenda. The interviewed emphasized as social support network the community, the neighbor and school. The drug traffic was cited in the interview as protection of domestic violence\'s victims, what reveal failures in actions of protection. On the second center was pointed out some factors which difficult the action of nurses in the combat domestic violence such as lack of professional training of tutelaries, what make difficult the articulation and the establishment of the bond with health professionals. The fear of nurses in relation of aggressor, the lack of professional training of nurses to execute actions against domestic violence, such as prevention, notification, routing and follow up victims are factors which make difficult the combat violence in child and adolescent. Such considerations in relation the actions against domestic violence must be valued not only by the nurses, but also by all the professionals which deal in the attention services to children and adolescents.

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de um estudo sobre o comportamento agressivo humano, enfatizando as diversas implicações das marcas de mordidas produzidas por agressores e vítimas, notadamente quando se trata de estupro ou violência sexual, violência doméstica e abuso sexual. Essas ocorrências costumam acontecer em espaços domésticos/privados, pressupondo, portanto, um contato direto, físico, entre agressores e vítimas, que se situam em posições assimétricas, pois os primeiros, em geral homens adultos, ameaçam e brutalizam mulheres e crianças, frequentemente mais fracas e vulneráveis, física e socialmente. A violência produz impactos incomensuráveis no sistema público de saúde e na sociedade em geral, mas primordialmente em suas incontáveis vítimas. Entretanto, os crimes tidos como mais sérios e ameaçadores são aqueles cometidos mediante o uso de armas de fogo ou armas brancas, entre pessoas simétricas (homens adultos) e mais comuns em ambientes públicos. As ocorrências que têm lugar no cenário doméstico, quando as vítimas são mulheres e crianças, não são levadas tão a sério (e, por isso, mais toleradas e negligenciadas), o que acarreta a subnotificação desses crimes e um subcomparecimento das vítimas aos órgãos jurídicos e policiais, entre os quais se encontram os IMLs, que se ocupam dos exames de corpo de delito. Os dados avaliados neste estudo procedem de múltiplas fontes: literatura acadêmica especializada, matérias jornalísticas, notícias compiladas no Arquivo Digital da Folha de S. Paulo, informações registradas em Relatórios elaborados pelo IML/Sede do município de São Paulo e imagens disponíveis no Google imagens / This paper presents the results of a study on human aggressive behavior, emphasizing the various implications of bite marks produced by aggressors and victims, especially when it comes to rape or sexual assault, domestic violence and sexual abuse. These events usually take place in domestic spaces / private, assuming, therefore, a direct, physical, between aggressors and victims, which are located in asymmetric positions, because the former generally adult men, threaten and brutalize women and children, often more weak and vulnerable, physically and socially. Violence produces immeasurable impact on the public health system and society in general, but primarily in its countless victims. However, the crimes considered most serious and threatening are those committed by the use of firearms or knives, among people symmetric (adult men) and more common in public places. The events that take place in the domestic arena, where the victims are women and children, are not taken as seriously (and therefore more tolerated and neglected), which leads to underreporting of these crimes and a sub-attendance of the victims to legal and law enforcement agencies, among which are the IMLS, dealing with a forensic examination. The data evaluated in this study come from multiple sources: specialized academic literature, journalistic articles, reports compiled in the Digital Archive of the Folha de S. Paul, information recorded in reports prepared by the IML / Headquarters in São Paulo and images available on Google images