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This thesis explores the relationship of servants to the domestic spaces in which they lived and laboured. Although the place of servants within the 'household family' is well established, servants rarely feature as major characters in the literature on house, home, and domestic life. This thesis reintegrates servants into the contested narratives of the eighteenth-century space, and thinks-through the meaning of that space for the servants who lived and worked within it. The first two chapters offer an overtly bottom-up approach to the domestic space, which unapologetically shifts the focus from householder to servant, and from the much-examined world of parlour and drawing room to the neglected spaces of kitchen and garret. The first chapter, on the kitchen, outlines the significance of the kitchen and servants' work to the domestic project. Rather than a space of separation and segregation, this chapter suggests the kitchen space managed 'contact' between household members and between the household and the outside world. The second chapter, on the garret, sketches-out the material parameters of the spaces allocated for servants to sleep, and suggests they offer insight into the ways in which the domestic space shaped the identities of servants - not only as social subordinates, but as gendered members of the labouring poor. The third chapter, on servants' boxes considers the material items owned by servants in place, and the manner in which these items were accommodated within the domestic space. The focus on the box allows servants' life histories to be written into the domestic space; items stored in boxes served as reminders of the past, and 'imaginaries' for the future. The fourth and final chapter thinks more explicitly about the material world inhabited by servants, demonstrates the significance of servants' interaction with objects typically conceived as props of genteel domesticity, and reintegrates these objects into narratives of work, labour and industry.

This thesis is based on oral histories with Dora Cuidad, a paid domestic worker in Lima, Peru. Dora Cuidad's stories are a window into how relationships permeated with racial and class differences, may be negotiated by paid domestic workers and the families that employ them. Dora depicts a life in the Zwinkel household, filled with intimate moments and acts that create emotional bonds that extend across generations as well as over distance and time. Dora's vibrant narrative also reflects how a working-class individual in Lima, Peru imbues meaning to her life experiences, how such an individual engages with the world as she attempts to further the well-being of her children and fulfill her own dreams.

Submitted by Caroline Falcao (caroline.rfalcao@ufpe.br) on 2017-06-19T16:00:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) 2012-dissertacao-VirginiaPereira.pdf: 1650942 bytes, checksum: c5f6db4982d141a18463723d62769ab3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-19T16:00:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) 2012-dissertacao-VirginiaPereira.pdf: 1650942 bytes, checksum: c5f6db4982d141a18463723d62769ab3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / Nesta dissertação reunimos contribuições sócio-antropológicas para refletir sobre o serviço doméstico remunerado a partir de uma perspectiva histórico-cultural. O conceito de emprego doméstico e as noções de servilismo indecentee de autoridade, defendidas por Sennett, são tomadas como referências para a análise dos dados empíricos. Além da revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, abordamos o imaginário social -alimentado por longos anos de escravidão -, para pensar sobre as sutilezas ideológicas que dão sentido e “forma” à atividade hoje. O trabalho de campo foi realizado na cidade do Recife no ano de 2011, quando foram ouvidas quinze empregadas domésticas. Os achados empíricos revelaram diferenças de percepções e vivências particularmente assinaladas pelas representações geracionais. Grosso modo, o emprego doméstico adquiriu significações de fatalidade (consequências “naturais” das relações de gênero e de classe) para as mulheres mais velhas enquanto as mais jovens perceberam a ocupação como secundária e transitória. A atividade é fortemente marcada por ambivalências evidenciadas no dia-a-dia, mas as afetividades desenvolvidas não dissolvemas “distâncias sociais” entre os sujeitos da relação. Os depoimentos colhidos revelaram que a regulamentação plena da profissão no Brasil tem efeito positivo na autoestimadas trabalhadoras, por outro lado, vantagens típicas do “mundo informal”, como as trocas de “agrados”, são apontadas pelas profissionais como aspectos positivos relevantes no serviço doméstico remunerado. O sentimento de exploração demasiada e do servilismo indecentefoi manifestado em diferentes níveis por quase todas as entrevistadas, mas sofreu variações de acordo o vínculo contratual: mensalista ou diarista. / In this dissertation we put together socio anthropological contributions to think about the gainful domestic service from a historical cultural perspective. The concept of domestic job and the notions of indecentsycophancyand authority, defended by Sennett, are taken as references for the empiric data analysis. Besides the bibliography review on the theme, we will approach the social imaginary –fed by long years of slavery -, to think about the ideological subtleties which give meaning and “shape” to the activity nowadays. The fieldwork was done inthe city of Recife, in the year of 2011, when fifteen maids were heard. The empiric data revealed differences on the perception and existence, particularly pointed by the generational representations. Roughly, the domestic job has acquired meanings of fatality (“natural” consequences of gender and class relations) to the older women while the younger ones noticed the occupation as secondary and temporary. The activityis strongly marked by ambivalences which are substantiated from day to day, but the affectivities developed do not sweeten the “social distances”between the subjects in the relationship. The obtained testimonies revealed that the full regulation of the profession in Brazil has a positive effect in the self-esteem of the maids. On the other hand, typical advantages from the “informal world”, like the “gift” exchange, are pointed by the professionals as relevant and positive aspects from what is worth at the domestic service. The feeling of excessive exploitation and the indecent sycophancywas revealed in different levels by almost all the interviewed, but it suffered variations according to the employment link: monthly or daily workers.

Over the last several decades, economic and cultural shifts in the United States have created an increasing demand for domestic labor, and data shows that these jobs have largely been filled by women of color, many of whom are immigrants who may or may not have documented legal status. Despite the growing importance of this industry, domestic workers have historically and intentionally been excluded from most federal and state labor rights and regulation, which has resulted in substandard working conditions, exploitation, and abuse for workers in this industry. This research traces the gendered and racialized legislative exclusion, and analyzes recent state efforts to enact policies extending labor rights to domestic workers. It concludes with recommendations for the role of advocacy in pushing for legislative change, and for bridging the gap between policy and enforcement.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The James Whitcomb Riley Museum Home (JWRMH), located in Indianapolis, Indiana, is best known for interpreting the life of the famous Hoosier poet who resided at the home for the latter part of his life. The JWRMH has the opportunity to more fully incorporate the domestic staff – Katie Kindell, Dennis Ewing, and Nannie Ewing – who worked at 528 Lockerbie Street during Riley’s residence, into the story told today at the home. The JWRMH has preserved Katie Kindell’s room on the second floor of the home and the butler’s pantry next to the kitchen, places in which interpretation about the domestic staff have long been presented to visitors. Yet archival research shows that there is much more to the lives of the domestic staff than what is currently presented at the house. While Katie Kindell, the only white domestic staff member at the home, has been fairly well documented, much less was known about the home’s two Black domestic staff, Dennis Ewing and Nannie Ewing. Since Dennis Ewing and Nannie Ewing were married, a story about them being married to each other while they worked at the home has long been perpetuated. This study of the documentary record, however, has revealed that their marriage to each other occurred long after they left their employment at 528 Lockerbie Street. This study explores where this myth might have originated, why it has been perpetuated, and how Dennis Ewing and Nannie Ewing’s work and marriage history situates them into the larger story of Black Indianapolis in the early twentieth century. Additionally, exploring the ways in which architecture during the nineteenth and twentieth century isolated the domestic staff and the ways in which this has been reproduced in the site’s interpretive strategies reveals how the lives and stories of the domestic staff have been devalued. This study demonstrates that there is a great opportunity for historic institutions to expand their interpretive narratives and hopes to inspire them to be curious about all the people whose lives shaped their sites.

This thesis explores why shaʿbī (roughly, ‘ordinary’) Moroccans so often talk about their domestic workers as daughters, what this means for workers and employers, and how this is changing as community gives way to market. It brings together ethnographic study of urban shaʿbī society, of unmarried rural women who work as domestics, and of the communities from which the latter migrate. Drawing on anthropological discussions of kinship and fosterage, the thesis examines the fading tradition of ‘bringing up’ in which, according to a moral economy, a ‘known’ rural girl could properly be placed in the homes of wealthier Moroccans until marriage. This is giving way to new arrangements in which ‘unknown’ workers are paid a wage and may not stay long, but in which the ethics of charity, religious reward and gratitude still inform expectations from both sides. Geared to play out among neighbours, or at least well-known clients, over a lifetime, these ethics are being disrupted by the easy-come-easy-go of strangers. The thesis contributes to some fundamental concerns of economic anthropology: the atomisation of market exchange, the growing importance of physical marketplaces, and the meanings encoded in a monetary wage versus payment in kind. By putting together perspectives from domestics’ leisure time and life back home, it also questions the relationship between the commodification of labour and individualism. Finally, the thesis discusses a draft law which, if enforced, would mean employing domestics no longer made sense for shaʿbī Moroccans, state intervention respresenting a move away from local forms of empowerment and community. At a broader level, the thesis is concerned with households as internally hierarchical units linked together through exchange to make up society and explores the gendered dimension of household economy in a wider world. This, of course, reaches beyond Morocco, and parallels are suggested with English domestic service.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:27:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Neville Julio de Vilasboas.pdf: 874150 bytes, checksum: 676fb2c4ff649ceb1abfb3fdc1489093 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-17 / This study aims to examine the identities constructed in the relations between domestic workers and employers from an empirical study in the city of Goiania. The research is justified by the historical importance that domestic work takes in Brazil and the weight of this occupation in the female labor force. The perspective used was that of intersectionality in an attempt to articulate the identity studies from the perspectives of symbolic interactionism, cultural studies and black feminism theory. This goal is guided by the assumption that domestic service is based on relationships that involve a complex connection between differences and inequalities of class, race and gender, which, according to the context, forge identities more or less stable. It was fundamental for this work using the concept of difference, as an analytical category, which increased the relational aspect and non-essentialism of the identities, allowing a glimpse not only the oppression and subordination, but also possibilities for changes, even between the clouds of inequalities. We interviewed 14 women, seven domestic workers and seven mistresses, with the aid of a semi-structured guide. The results revealed the connection between class, race and gender in domestic work, with particular emphasis on large class inequality. / Este estudo tem o objetivo de analisar as identidades construídas nas relações entre trabalhadoras domésticas e patroas a partir de um estudo empírico realizado na cidade de Goiânia. A pesquisa se justifica pela importância histórica que o trabalho doméstico assume no Brasil e pelo peso dessa ocupação na força de trabalho feminina. A perspectiva utilizada foi a da interseccionalidade, numa tentativa de articulação dos estudos sobre identidade a partir das perspectivas do interacionismo simbólico, dos estudos culturais e do feminismo negro. Tal objetivo se pautou pela hipótese de que o serviço doméstico se baseia em relações que envolvem uma conexão complexa entre diferenças e desigualdades de classe, raça e gênero, que, de acordo com o contexto, forjam identidades mais ou menos estáveis. Foi fundamental para esse trabalho o uso do conceito de diferença, enquanto categoria analítica, o que reforçou o aspecto relacional e não-essencialista das identidades, permitindo entrever não apenas a opressão e a subalternidade, mas também possibilidades de mudanças, ainda que entre as nuvens das desigualdades. Foram entrevistadas 14 mulheres, sete trabalhadoras domésticas e sete patroas, com o auxílio de um roteiro semi-esturuturado. Os resultados revelaram a conexão entre classe, raça e gênero no trabalho doméstico, com especial ênfase na enorme desigualdade de classe.

La recherche se focalise sur l’étude d’un corpus composé d’œuvres littéraires françaises et de la région du Río de la Plata (Amérique du Sud), qui vont de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle jusqu’à 2015. L’étude s’appuie aussi sur l’analyse d’images iconographiques, pour analyser l’image du personnage de l’employée domestique qui se dégage dans la convergence entre la littérature et les arts plastiques. Dans une perspective comparatiste, le travail explore les formes de la représentation de cette figure d’un point de vue stylistique, thématique et politique. Les contiguïtés entre les deux corpus nationaux montrent non seulement l’existence d’une dynamique d’échanges entre le Río de la Plata et la France en ce qui concerne les débats esthétiques et politiques, mais aussi l’existence d’un partage du sensible commun. L’étude établit une périodisation des modes de représentation du personnage, depuis son accès au rôle principal, à travers l’analyse de la construction littéraire de sa voix, de son parcours de vie, de son intimité et du regard qu’il porte sur le monde. Cette recherche se fonde sur la conviction que la domesticité est un fait social total, dont l’analyse mène à une radicale interrogation ontologique. Cela marque de son empreinte le personnage et les rapports qui se tissent autour de lui et résulte dans sa puissance politique, dont les auteurs se sont emparés. Finalement, et suivant une tradition d’études qui se font sur la longue durée et en prenant compte d’une certaine « transnationalisation » de la figure, nous entendons encourager l’étude de la domestique dans le domaine de la littérature comparée. / This research focuses on the study of a corpus composed of French literary works, as well as those from the Latin American region of Río de la Plata, ranging from the mid-nineteenth century to the year 2015. The study is also based on the analysis of some iconographic images, in order to analyse the image of the housemaid’s character that emerges in the convergence between literature and visual arts. From a comparative perspective, the work explores the forms which represent this figure from a stylistic, thematic and political point of view. Adjacencies between the two national corpora show not only the existence of exchanges between the Río de la Plata and France regarding the aesthetic and political debate, but also the existence of a common distribution of the sensible. The study establishes a periodization of the character representation modes, from the character’s access to the main role, through to the analysis of the literary construction of her voice, her course of life, her intimacy and the view she has of the world. This research is based on the belief that domestic service is a total social fact, whose analysis leads to “a radical ontological questioning”. This leaves a mark on the character and on the plot that develops around her. As a result, the authors capture an image of political power. Following on from a tradition of studies that are made in the long term and also taking into account a certain "trans-nationalisation" of the character, we intend to promote the study of housemaids and domestic service in the field of comparative literature.

O presente estudo tem por escopo analisar o caso da jovem Siwa-Akofa Siliadin, aliciada no Togo, em 1994, para prestar serviços na França como doméstica. Ao chegar no país foi submetida à servidão, impedida de completar os seus estudos e sem receber qualquer remuneração pelos serviços prestados, tampouco direitos laborais mínimos como o limite da jornada de trabalho diária, o descanso semanal remunerado e a habitação adequada lhe foram fornecidos. Trata-se de um leading case que aborda as práticas de tráfico humano, de trabalho forçado e de servidão doméstica. A escravidão contemporânea ocorre através do trabalho forçado, este se dividindo em espécies dentre as quais estão o trabalho escravo, a servidão e a servidão por dívida. Com quaisquer destas práticas pode ocorrer simultaneamente o tráfico de pessoas. A prática da escravidão doméstica, também chamada de servidão doméstica, inclui-se no rol de trabalhos forçados, verificando-se no caso concreto a qual das espécies de servidão pertence. Ocorre tanto em países ricos quanto em países emergentes e tem como grupo de pessoas mais vulnerável aos aliciadores as mulheres, os menores de idade, os migrantes, os pobres, os de baixa escolaridade. Normas internacionais laborais proíbem a escravidão contemporânea em todas as suas formas e obrigam os Estados a legislar a fim de coibir tenazmente em seu território tais condutas. Quando um Estado falha em prestar a necessária proteção ao trabalhador, não sendo possível a este se socorrer sequer no Poder Judiciário, pode a vítima pleitear alguma reparação nas Cortes Internacionais de Direitos Humanos. No caso ora analisado, as decisões das cortes nacionais francesas poderiam ter sido proferidas com base em normas da Organização Internacional do Trabalho internalizadas pela França, bem como normas não ratificadas poderiam ter sido utilizadas em caráter interpretativo da vaga e escassa legislação pátria. Em âmbito internacional, o Tribunal Europeu de Direitos Humanos não é o único órgão dotado de capacidade punitiva, a própria Organização Internacional do Trabalho pode ser acionada por meio de reclamação ou queixa contra Estados Membros que ratificam normas e as descumprem ou negligenciam sua efetividade, podendo esta punição ser aplicada concomitantemente à proferida pela supracitada Corte. O estudo é dividido em três partes: a primeira aborda as especificidades do caso Siliadin, conceitos pertinentes aos fatos narrados, estudo do processo judicial em âmbito francês e análise da decisão do Tribunal Europeu de Direitos Humanos; a segunda analisa as normas da Organização Internacional do Trabalho como normas de jus cogens laboral e núcleo duro de direito laboral, ressaltando como consequências à violação das referidas normas as reclamações e as queixas à Organização Internacional do Trabalho; a terceira analisa a incorporação e aplicação do direito internacional no âmbito interno dos Estados, frisando a possibilidade do emprego de normas da Organização Internacional do Trabalho na solução do litígio entre Siliadin e os empregadores.O método utilizado no presente trabalho é o indutivo, bem como se valeu da análise de caso com base em normas específicas da Organização Internacional do Trabalho sobre trabalho forçado (nº 29 e nº 105), discriminação (nº 100 e nº 111), trabalho doméstico (nº 189), trabalho infantojuvenil (nº 138 e nº 182) e trabalho do migrante (nº 143). Por fim, conclui-se pela necessária aplicação do direito internacional laboral na esfera processual interna dos Estados e a maior ingerência dos organismos internacionais trabalhistas a fim de garantir a efetividade das normas internacionais laborais. / This study aims to analyze the case of Siwa-Akofa Siliadin, a teenager enticed in the Togo, in 1994, into providing services as a domestic servant in France. Upon arriving in the country she was subjected to bondage, could not go to school and received neither payment for her services nor the minimum labor rights, such as limit to daily working hours, weekly paid rest and an adequate housing. It is a leading case which deals with human trafficking practices, forced labor and domestic servitude. Contemporary slavery takes place through forced labor, comprised into species among which are slave labor, servitude and debt bondage. With any of these practices trafficking of persons can occur simultaneously. The practice of domestic slavery, also called domestic servitude, is included in the list of forced labor, verifying to which species of bondage each case belongs. It occurs both in rich countries and emerging countries and the most vulnerable persons are women, minors, migrants, the poor, and the less educated. International labor standards prohibit contemporary slavery in all its forms and require states to legislate to curb such conduct tenaciously in their territory. When a state fails to provide the necessary protection to workers, not making possible for them even to seek help from the judiciary power, the victim can claim some compensation in the international human rights courts. In the case under analysis, the decisions of the French national courts could have been rendered based on standards of the International Labour Organization internalized by France, and unratified standards could have been used to interpret vague and scarce national legislation. Internationally, the European Court of Human Rights is not the only body with punitive capacity, the International Labour Organization itself can be activated by means of complaint or claim against member states that ratify standards and then violate or neglect their effectiveness, and this punishment may be applied simultaneously to that decided by the above cited court. The study is divided into three parts: the first one dealing with the specificities of the Siliadin case, concepts related to the facts narrated, the study of the judicial process in French courts and analysis of the decision of the European Court of Human Rights; the second examining the norms of the International Labor Organization as labor jus cogens and labor law hard core, highlighting as consequences to the violation of these rules complaints and claims to the International Labor Organization; the third analyzing the incorporation and application of international law in the domestic sphere of the States, emphasizing the possibility of the use of International Labor Organization rules in resolving the dispute between Siliadin and the employers. The method used in this work is the inductive, and also the case analysis based on specific standards of the International Labour Organization on forced labor (no. 29 and no. 105), discrimination (no. 100 and no. 111), domestic service (no. 189), child labor (no. 138 and no. 182) and migrant labor (no. 143). Finally, it is concluded by the necessary application of international labor law in the domestic procedures of the States and the greater interference of international labor organizations in order to ensure the effectiveness of international labor standards.