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Student Number :0418716K - MA research report - School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies - Faculty of Humanities / As a continuously growing industry worldwide, tourism has often demonstrated its role as a vital tool in the advancement of economies through direct domestic and foreign exchange earnings and through the employment and investment opportunities it can generate. African countries, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, often over-reliant on one or two sectors for economic development, have recognised the potential of the tourism industry to diversify local economies and contribute to poverty alleviation, economic regeneration and stability, affording many Africans the opportunity to participate in and benefit from tourism. The participation of local populations in Africa’s tourism industries, however, is often limited to employment opportunities. Travel by local tourists is often overlooked by members of the tourism industry, and is often considered a luxury by many in the local population. The role of domestic tourism and its importance for the creation of a sustainable tourism industry has been widely acknowledged, but limited writings on the subject exist and few tourism policies include domestic tourism, neglecting its potential. The emergence of a new African middle-class, equipped with more of a disposable income and influenced by Western lifestyles, has proven that such potential does in fact exist. Those living in Africa as well as members of the Diaspora have shown more of an interest in leisure travel and represent a new tourism market. Globally, the impact of domestic tourism has been shown to have had a great impact on the tourism economies of several countries, demonstrating that African countries can only serve to benefit from participating in domestic tourism. This research report provides a case study of Rwanda, an African country emerging from war and devastation, aiming to rebuild itself economically, socially and politically. The country has chosen tourism as one of its main economic drivers for poverty reduction and economic development. While the industry is succeeding, an over-reliance on international visitors in such a volatile region threatens the sustainability of the industry. The development of a domestic tourism industry, as has been demonstrated in other countries, offers the opportunity to generate a more diverse and economically sustainable domestic tourism industry. This research focuses on the potential impact of such a domestic tourism industry on Rwanda’s tourism economy and as a result, on the country’s economy as a whole.

Saudi Arabia is the world's leading oil producer and exporter. The economy in the country is almost totally dependent on oil. Tourism is one of the sectors which received more attention in the last few years after the establishment of the High Commission for Tourism and Antiques in 2000. The Commission's main purpose is to develop, promote and enhance the tourism sector, particularly the domestic tourism sector, to be one of the important sectors in economy. The main purpose of this research is to identify motivations and values for Saudi citizens to travel domestically and to measure their satisfaction on the services they are provided with when they travel within the country. Maslow's Motives Modal (1998) and Rokeach Value Survey (1973) are applied in the study. Motivations are examined by understanding the 'push' and 'pull' factors and these concepts have been used in many studies. The idea behind these concepts is that people travel because they are pushed by their own internal forces and pulled by external forces of the destination attributes. The study was conducted in the city of Medina and Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and 140 questionnaires were obtained, 77 in Medina and 63 in Jeddah. Respondents were selected using a convenience sample through a snowball technique among females and families and a convenience and purposive sample among males at places such as coffee shops and restaurants. Obtained data were analyzed using SPSS. The findings indicated that there are eight push motivations for Saudi domestic tourists including (Relaxation, Spirituality, Family, Cultural, Activity, Knowledge, Loyalty and Economic) and five pull factors including (Religious, Safety, Entertainment, Luxury and Local culture). The study showed that the push factor of Relaxation and the pull factor of Religion are the most important factors as perceived by Saudis. It was also revealed that Saudi domestic tourists have high level of satisfaction on the services they are provided with when they travel domestically. The study suggested further research to be carried out across the Muslim and Arab world in order to explore more travel motivations and values dimensions for people in this region.

Saudi Arabia is the world's leading oil producer and exporter. The economy in the country is almost totally dependent on oil. Tourism is one of the sectors which received more attention in the last few years after the establishment of the High Commission for Tourism and Antiques in 2000. The Commission's main purpose is to develop, promote and enhance the tourism sector, particularly the domestic tourism sector, to be one of the important sectors in economy. The main purpose of this research is to identify motivations and values for Saudi citizens to travel domestically and to measure their satisfaction on the services they are provided with when they travel within the country. Maslow's Motives Modal (1998) and Rokeach Value Survey (1973) are applied in the study. Motivations are examined by understanding the 'push' and 'pull' factors and these concepts have been used in many studies. The idea behind these concepts is that people travel because they are pushed by their own internal forces and pulled by external forces of the destination attributes. The study was conducted in the city of Medina and Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and 140 questionnaires were obtained, 77 in Medina and 63 in Jeddah. Respondents were selected using a convenience sample through a snowball technique among females and families and a convenience and purposive sample among males at places such as coffee shops and restaurants. Obtained data were analyzed using SPSS. The findings indicated that there are eight push motivations for Saudi domestic tourists including (Relaxation, Spirituality, Family, Cultural, Activity, Knowledge, Loyalty and Economic) and five pull factors including (Religious, Safety, Entertainment, Luxury and Local culture). The study showed that the push factor of Relaxation and the pull factor of Religion are the most important factors as perceived by Saudis. It was also revealed that Saudi domestic tourists have high level of satisfaction on the services they are provided with when they travel domestically. The study suggested further research to be carried out across the Muslim and Arab world in order to explore more travel motivations and values dimensions for people in this region.

The primary goal of this study was to determine the factors that have an influence on the development and expansion of domestic tourism in South Africa. Three objectives were derived from the primary research goal. In the first instance, domestic tourism and the role it plays was analysed by conducting a literature study on all the available constructs as well as the concept of domestic tourism. The second objective was to analyse domestic tourism in the different provinces (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, since after all, it is the function of the provinces to promote domestic tourism). The third objective focused on the results of an empirical study. In July 2003 two hundred questionnaires were e-mailed and faxed. 108 replies were received. Aspects covered by the questionnaire included obstacles to tourism, opportunities, tendencies, trends, growth and the key success factors of domestic tourism. The survey was directed at all involved in tourism planning and management: in the public and private sector, as well as specialists from the national, provincial and local authorities. As far as the private sector is concerned, specialists from hotel groups, like Sun International and Southern Sun, as well as tour operators, such as Springbok, Atlas and Welcome Tours, and organisations, like The South African Tourism Service Association (SATSA), Federated Hospitality Association of South Africa (FEDHASA) and Association of South African Travels Agents (ASATA), were approached. The purpose of the research was to shed light on what South Africa can do to advance domestic tourism. It also attempted to elucidate the role the government and product owners should play on various levels. From responses to the questionnaire it became clear that domestic products are offered at competitive prices. Product owners, however, have to guard against too high prices. Product owners are to know their markets and understand current industry needs to market products more effectively. / Thesis (M.A. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

The primary goal of this study was to determine the factors that have an influence on the development and expansion of domestic tourism in South Africa. Three objectives were derived from the primary research goal. In the first instance, domestic tourism and the role it plays was analysed by conducting a literature study on all the available constructs as well as the concept of domestic tourism. The second objective was to analyse domestic tourism in the different provinces (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, since after all, it is the function of the provinces to promote domestic tourism). The third objective focused on the results of an empirical study. In July 2003 two hundred questionnaires were e-mailed and faxed. 108 replies were received. Aspects covered by the questionnaire included obstacles to tourism, opportunities, tendencies, trends, growth and the key success factors of domestic tourism. The survey was directed at all involved in tourism planning and management: in the public and private sector, as well as specialists from the national, provincial and local authorities. As far as the private sector is concerned, specialists from hotel groups, like Sun International and Southern Sun, as well as tour operators, such as Springbok, Atlas and Welcome Tours, and organisations, like The South African Tourism Service Association (SATSA), Federated Hospitality Association of South Africa (FEDHASA) and Association of South African Travels Agents (ASATA), were approached. The purpose of the research was to shed light on what South Africa can do to advance domestic tourism. It also attempted to elucidate the role the government and product owners should play on various levels. From responses to the questionnaire it became clear that domestic products are offered at competitive prices. Product owners, however, have to guard against too high prices. Product owners are to know their markets and understand current industry needs to market products more effectively. / Thesis (M.A. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

The thesis deals with the promotion of domestic tourism in the Czech Republic, which gains its importance at the time when the world is facing challenges of globalization, such as the recent economic crisis was, that greatly hampered international tourist arrivals. Its promotion has been neglected for long time in the CZ and its development started practically in the new millennium. The goal of the thesis is to analyze the current promotion of domestic tourism, particularly activities of the CzechTourism office which is the main institution promoting tourism in the Czech Republic. The practical part presents marketing and commercial communications, their tools, features and new trends, continuing with the promotion of tourism destination, its marketing mix and the role of destination management. The theoretical part introduces the Czech Republic as a tourist destination, maps coordinating tourism authorities and mainly analyzes the current communications of the CzechTourism agency, with special emphasis on domestic tourism. In the end it presents some recommendations for promotion in the future.

The subject matter of this diploma thesis is to analyze the products of selected travel agencies in domestic tourism in relation to Slovakia. The aim of this thesis is to analyze their offer in terms of depth and width, and also find out how travel agencies are involved in this type of tourism. The first part of the thesis defines the theoretical basis and terms used in the following sections. The second chapter describes the Slovak Republic as a destination of domestic tourism, discusses the current state of domestic tourism, but also the attractiveness and preconditions for its development. The third chapter presents the specific characteristics of selected travel agencies and analysis of their product portfolios. The final section is devoted to the comparison of offers, evaluation of analysis and drawing conclusions and recommendations.

Ethnicity and culture are increasingly considered in the study of travel behaviour given the global movement of people. Historically during apartheid in South Africa, there was not much leisure travel amongst the Black, Coloured and Indian population groups. This discrepancy became a focus of the National Department of Tourism’s (NDT) domestic policy after 1994 to encourage all South Africans to travel, explore and experience all facets of our beautiful rainbow country in real time. This study focuses on South African Indians (SAI) as there is limited knowledge of the drivers of travel behaviour amongst such minority populations. Pragmatic mixed methods are used to collect qualitative (focus groups) and quantitative (survey) data amongst SAI living in KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng provinces. Findings suggest that there is already established domestic travel amongst the population. SAI have strong ethnic and cultural (Indian) identities that form a significant part of their decision-making; though not specifically having bearing on inter-provincial travel decisions. Of note is strong familial bonds extending beyond the nuclear family to their extended family members, influencing their travel behaviour. Other aspects include value for money, cuisine, safety and service. The study provides layered information presenting opportunities for future research. It also presents a profile of the market’s travel behaviour that can be useful for destination marketing authorities and travel trade in efforts to attract the SAI market. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Tourism Management / MSc / Unrestricted

A contagious virus appeared in late 2019 and later led to the COVID-19 pandemic being declared in March 2020. The pandemic has since seen detrimental socioeconomic effects worldwide which led to a halt in the global tourism industries. Sweden has used a different and criticized approach to combating the pandemic compared to other countries. The country has relied on the individual responsibility and the civic liability of its population.Meanwhile, the biggest island in the country, Gotland, has recovered itsvisitation figures during the pandemic and has been voted the most popular destination in Sweden in 2021. This recovery was, however, not without consequences. Residents of the island have voiced their opinions on the topic of the pandemic and tourism online and in newspapers. Residents have expressed fear of the virus spreading further, imposing health risks as restrictions on social distancing have not been kept by tourists. Tourismrelated research on Swedish island destinations to this end is scarce in addition to there being limited research on residents’ attitudes during a pandemic and limited qualitative research on residents’ attitudes in general.This is a qualitative case study that studies the islanders’ perceptions of tourism impacts with the help of semi-structured interviews and letters to the editors. The study uses Social Exchange Theory as the conceptual framework,a theory described as the most logical framework to explain residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts. The results from this study show that the residents perceive more negative impacts than positive impacts. Perceptions of positive impacts are mainly related to the contributions to rural areas. Negative impacts related to water scarcity, littering, the disappearance of natural areas, over-crowding, gentrification, seasonality, the economic interest of the tourism industry during the pandemic, and more.