Orientador: Hélio José Montassier / Banca: Antônio Carlos Paulillo / Banca: Ricardo Luís Moro de Sousa / Resumo: Nesse estudo, um isolado de campo do vírus da bronquite infecciosa (VBI) no Brasil (IBVPR-12), previamente classificado como um genótipo variante, foi caracterizado de forma comparativa com a estirpe M41 do VBI, sendo levantadas as características de patogenicidade em diferentes órgãos como a traqueia, o pulmão, os rins, as gônadas e as tonsilas cecais (patotipo) e a imunidade cruzada com relação à estirpe vacinal H120 do VBI (protectotipo), incluindo as respostas imunes humorais sistêmicas e locais induzidas. Para tanto, foram utilizados grupos experimentais de galinhas "specific pathogen free" (SPF) previamente vacinadas ou não com a estirpe H120 do VBI e depois desafiados com essa variante viral, ou com a estirpe M41. Para essas duas estirpes virais foram avaliadas a capacidade de replicação e as lesões produzidas em diferentes órgãos, a atividade inibidora do movimento ciliar no epitélio traqueal e as respostas imunes humorais desenvolvidas no soro sanguíneo e na secreção lacrimal dessas aves. Foram observadas diferenças marcantes na patogenicidade e no tropismo tecidual desses vírus, sendo que a estirpe M41 apresentou replicação mais intensa e lesões mais pronunciadas no trato respiratório, especialmente na traqueia, enquanto que a estirpe variante foi encontrada de forma mais distribuída em vários dos órgãos analisados, tendo-se replicado e provocado menos lesões na traqueia, mas alcançando maior replicação e tendo causado lesões mais severas nos rins e nos testículos. Nas regiões teciduais mais afetadas por lesões, a presença do VBI foi detectada por marcação específica com anticorpos policlonais contra a nucleoproteína do VBI pela técnica de imuno-histoquímica. As aves vacinadas com a estirpe H120 do VBI, revelaram proteção parcial contra a estirpe variante em órgãos como traqueia e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this study a Brazilian field isolate of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), previously classified as variant genotype, was characterized comparatively with the M41 strain of IBV, by evaluating the pathogenicity in different organs (trachea, lung, kidney, gonads and caecal tonsil) and the cross-immunity with H120 vaccine strain, including the systemic and local humoral immune responses. Experimental groups of specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens were vaccinated or not with H120 strain of IBV and challenged with this variant isolate. The viral replication and histopathology in different tissues and organs, the ability to inhibit ciliar movement of tracheal epithelial cells, and local and systemic humoral immune responses were evaluated in these chickens. The pathogenicity and tissue tropism of these IBV strains showed marked differences, and while the M41 strain damaged more the respiratory tract, specially the trachea, the variant isolated has a wide tissue distribution, showing less replication and lesions in the trachea, but affecting more severely the kidney and the testicles. In the most affected tissue regions, the presence of IBV was detected by immunohistochemistry technique, using an anti-nucleoprotein polyclonal antibodies. The H120 vaccine induced against this variant isolate a partial protection with regard to the infection of trachea and kidney and no cross-protection to the infection of testicles. In conclusion, a new pathotype and a new protectotype of a variant genotype of a Brazilian IBV isolate were characterized in this study with regard to Massachusetts genotype and serotype strains of IBV, indicating the importance for... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Efficient disposal methods are needed to manage manure produced by industrial animal production. Saprophagous fly larvae could potentially convert manure into fertilizer and produce protein; however, the process is not well studied. Musca domestica, Hydrotaea aenescens, and Coproica hirtula were investigated to determine the most suitable species and conditions that facilitate efficient poultry manure conversion. The objectives were to (1) develop laboratory protocols and timelines for fly production; (2) identify environmental conditions that affect conversion; and (3) determine the ideal manure moisture content, depth, and fly egg-to-manure ratio for manure conversion and protein production. Mass-production was possible for every species and timelines were established for all species except C. hirtula. The most promising species for use in a conversion system was M. domestica and the presence of C. hirtula facilitated complete conversion. When using these species simultaneously the ideal initial conditions were: 77.5% moisture, 2.9cm deep and 0.82g eggs/kg manure. / OMAFRA/ University of Guelph partnership

Sorbitol, the primary photosynthate and translocated carbohydrate in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.), is converted to fructose by SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE (SDH; EC 1.1.1.14) which is active in apple fruit throughout fruit development. Apple fruit set and early development is very sensitive to carbohydrate availability, but details on carbohydrate metabolism during this phase are limited. The first objective of this work was to determine if SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE, the primary enzyme responsible for metabolism of the major phloem-transported carbohydrate sorbitol, is present and active during apple fruit set and early development. The second objective of this work was to determine if SDH genes are differentially expressed and how their patterns of expression may relate to SDH activity in apple seed and cortex during early fruit development. Nine different genes encoding SDH were determined from analysis of a cDNA library and genomic-clones. Northern, Western and ELISA analyses showed that SDH transcripts and SDH protein were present in the fruit during the first 5 weeks after bloom and comprised 7 to 8 % of the total extractable protein. Whole fruit SDH activity was highest at 2 to 3 weeks after bloom in each of three cultivars, Lodi, Redchief Delicious and Fuji. Seed SDH activity was found to be much higher than cortex SDH activity per mg and g FW, and seed SDH activity contributed significantly to whole fruit SDH activity during the first five weeks of development after bloom. Five of the nine SDH genes present in apple genome were expressed in apple fruit (SDH1, SDH2, SDH3, SDH6, SDH9). Expression of SDH6 and SDH9 was seed-specific and expression of SDH2 was cortex-specific. Using 2D SDS-PAGE and Western analyses, SDH isomers with pI values 4.2, 4.8, 5.5 and 6.3 were found in seeds, and SDH isomers with pI values 5.5, 6.3, 7.3 and 8.3 were found in cortex. The present work is the first to show that SDH is differentially expressed and highly active in seed and cortex during early development. Thus, SDH during apple fruit set and early development may play a primary role in defining fruit sink activity.

The effects of AVG, an inhibitor of ethylene synthesis, in combination with MCP or heat treatment (HT) on quality traits of several apple cultivars after harvest (AH) or cold storage (ACS), and the involvement of ethylene in the regulation of SDH activity during the last weeks of fruit development were studied. AVG was applied to Royal Gala, Lodi, Senshu, Redchief Delicious and Red Fuji trees 4 weeks before normal harvest (H1). Control and AVG-treated (AVG) fruit were harvested at H1 and treated with MCP or air-heated. Fruit were ripened at room temperature (RT) AH or ACS. Some AVG fruit were harvested at H1 and 1 to 2 weeks after H1 (H2), or at H2 only. Ethylene production (EP), respiration rate (RR), firmness, starch index (SI), titratable acidity (TA), volatile production (VP) and AAT activity, among others, were measured AH and ACS. Peel and cortex of Gala were alcohol-fed and ester production quantified. EP and SDH presence and activity were measured at various harvest dates on control and AVG Lodi, Red Delicious and Fuji apples. AVG plus MCP was more effective in reducing HEP, RR, firmness and TA loss than either treatment alone; it did not provide further control on SI and did not repress Gala red skin color development more than AVG alone, though it consistently repressed VP. AVG plus HT was generally more effective than single treatments in reducing HEP, RR and firmness loss during storage. It was not different than the single treatments on TA, SI, and VP. The effect of AVG plus HT on fruit quality ACS was cultivar-dependent. AVG plus HT was not enough to maintain the quality of the earlyharvest cultivars, and it did not improve fruit quality of late-harvest cultivars. The effects of AVG plus MCP but not of AVG plus HT were evident at H2. Precursor availability was the major factor limiting VP, suggested by the low VP when RR was low, the increase in ester production in alcohol-fed samples, and the lack of correlation between AAT and ester production. SDH activity or expression was not affected by a reduction in ethylene production.

Mestre -- Universidade de Sao Paulo. Faculdade de Saude Publica. Departamento de Pratica de Saude Publica, Sao Paulo, 2000.

Doutor -- Escola Nacional de Saude Publica, Rio de Janeiro, 2003.

Orientador: Angelo Berchieri Junior / Banca: Nilce Maria Soares Queiroz Gama / Banca: Manoel Victor Franco Lemos / Resumo: Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) causa o Tifo Aviário, uma doença caracterizada por alta mortalidade e morbidade em aves. Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) é uma salmonela paratífica, capaz de acometer aves e mamíferos. Carne de aves e ovos são as principais fontes de transmissão de SE, causando doença transmitida por alimentos em humanos. O controle destas bactérias nas criações avícolas é feito através da combinação de medidas sanitárias e a vacinação das aves. As vacinas vivas mostram-se melhores do que as inativadas para combater esses sorotipos, no entanto, a proteção contra SE, é parcial. A cepa SG cobS cbiA é incapaz de sintetizar vitamina B12. A ausência dessa substância prejudicou a sobrevivência da bactéria no organismo parasitado, causando atenuação na virulência. Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas a mortalidade e a infecção sistêmica causadas por SG cobS cbiA em comparação com uma cepa selvagem de SG. Também foi avaliado seu potencial vacinal contra SG e SE em aves de postura e sua utilização para impedir a colonização cecal por SE em pintinhos de corte de um dia. As aves de postura foram vacinadas com uma dose aos cinco dias, ou com duas doses aos cinco e vinte e cinco dias de vida e foram desafiadas com as respectivas cepas de SG e SE aos 45 dias de vida. As aves que receberam tanto uma quanto duas doses da cepa vacinal foram parcialmente protegidas contra SG. A proteção contra SE foi significativa no grupo de aves que recebeu duas doses de SG cobS cbiA. Porém, a inoculação de SG cobS cbiA em pintinhos com um dia de vida não impediu a colonização do ceco por SE. A cepa SG cobS cbiA demonstrou ter potencial vacinal contra SG e SE. / Abstract: Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) causes Fowl Typhoid, a disease caracterized by high mortality and morbidity rates in poultry. Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is a paratyphoid salmonelae that infects birds and mammals. Poultry meat and eggs are the main sources of transmission of SE, causing foodborne disease in humans. The control of these bacterias inside the avian breeding sites is done by the combination of sanitary measures and poultry vaccination. Live vaccines have demonstrated greater efficacy on the protection of poultry against these serovars than the killed vaccines, though, protection against SE is still partial. The strain SG cobS cbiA is uncapable to synthesize vitamin B12. The absence of this substance harmed the bacterial survival in the infected organism, causing attenuation of the virulence. On this work, the mortality and the sistemic infection by SG cobS cbiA were measured and compared with a wild strain of SG. It was also evaluated the potential use of the attenuated strain as a vaccine against SG and SE in laying hens and its utilization to prevent the colonization of the ceca by SE on 1-day-old chickens. The laying hens were vaccinated with one dose at 5- day-old, or with two doses at 5 and 25-day-old and were challenged at 45-day-old with the respective strain of SG or SE. The vaccination either with one or two doses was able to protect the birds against challenge with SG. The administration of two doses of SG cobS cbiA protected the laying hens against SE. Although, the inoculation of SG cobS cbiA by oral gavage on newly hatched chicks was unable to prevent the colonization of the ceca by SE. The protection confered by the strain SG cobS cbiA demonstrated its potential to be used as a vaccine. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T16:51:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-08-31. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-05-17T16:55:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000864203.pdf: 1440896 bytes, checksum: 5f504b1cd2419b7601fde59b319f55d4 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / In tropical climates, heat is one of the most important limiting factor for the production of broiler chickens, being responsible for high mortality, especially in the final period of the raising. This study evaluated the effects of thermoconditioning (TC) and feed considering electrolyte balance (EE) as a way to reduce this effect. 300 male chicks Cobb 500 were randomly assigned for six repetitions of four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme: (T1) feed without EE without TC, (2) feed without EE with TC, (3) feed with EE without TC and (4) feed with EE with TC. The thermoconditioning was held on the 5th day totaling 24 hours at 36 oC. After this period, the birds were transferred to boxes with wood shavings bed, where they remained until the end of the experiment. Acute thermal stress was applied at the 36º day, for 6 hours, in all treatments. Feed and water were provided ad libitum during the full experiment period, even during the thermal stress. The performance parameters investigated were weight gain (WG), feed conversion (FC), body weight (BW), guts weight (GW) and mortality (%M). The results showed that both TC and EE were effective in reducing the mortality without altering the performance of the birds and suggested a potentiation effect when they were used simultaneously. At the treatment in which none of these strategies was adopted, the mortality rate was 83% higher, compared to the treatment in which both were applied. Therefore, both techniques were considered suitable for reducing the damage caused by heat in the raising of broiler chicken

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-10-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:44:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carneiro_mif_dr_jabo.pdf: 429525 bytes, checksum: 2115c02c747cd29361b4f8606fb755c0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O Estado do Maranhão com sua diversidade de relevo e clima possui alimentos alternativos de origem vegetal, com destaque aqueles procedentes da palmeira do babaçu. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o valor nutricional e utilização do farelo e mesocarpo de babaçu na alimentação das aves. Foram conduzidas análises da composição química e dois ensaios de metabolismo, para determinar a energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida (EMAn) e a digestibilidade verdadeira dos aminoácidos. Em seguida foram conduzidos dois ensaios de desempenho. No primeiro 360 pintainhas Dekalb com seis semanas de idade foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (0, 7,5 e 15,0% de farelo de babaçu em substituição ao farelo de trigo) e cinco repetições cada, nas fases de cria e recria. No segundo, 500 pintos de corte Ross com um dia de idade foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (0, 3, 6 e 9% de inclusão do mesocarpo de babaçu na ração) e cinco repetições. O experimento teve duração de 21 dias. Em ambos os ensaios foram avaliados consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. O farelo de babaçu apresentou 18,21% de proteína bruta, 27,33% de fibra bruta, 1549 kcal/kg de energia metabolizável e a digestibilidade dos aminoácidos variando entre 42 e 87%. O mesocarpo de babaçu apresentou 3,43% de proteína bruta, 2,66% de fibra bruta, 2669 kcal/kg de EMA e 65,43% de digestibilidade do amido. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos aminoácidos para o farelo de babaçu variaram entre 42 e 87%. Recomenda-se a inclusão do farelo de babaçu no nível de 15% em substituição ao farelo de trigo na ração de frangas de postura. A avaliação do mesocarpo de babaçu na alimentação de frangos de corte não promoveu desempenho favorável na fase inicial de criação / The State of Maranhão with its diversity of topography and climate have alternative foods of plant origin, especially those coming from the babassu palm. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value and use of babassu mesocarp meal and feeding the birds. We conducted analysis of chemical composition and metabolism of two tests to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and corrected apparent (AME n) and true digestibility of amino acids. They were then conducted two performance tests. 360 Dekalb chicks in the first six weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments (0, 7.5 and 15.0% of babassu meal in replacement of wheat bran) and five replicates each in stages of rearing. In the second, Ross 500 broiler chicks with one day of age were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 3, 6 and 9% inclusion of babassu mesocarp in the feed) and five replications. The experiment lasted 21 days. In both trials were evaluated feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion. The babassu bran showed 18.21% crude protein, crude fiber 27.33%, 1549 kcal / kg metabolizable energy and digestibility of amino acids ranging from 42 to 87%. The babassu mesocarp had 3.43% crude protein, crude fiber 2.66%, 2669 kcal / kg AME and 65.43% of starch digestibility. The digestibility of amino acids for babassu bran ranged between 42 and 87%. It is recommended the inclusion of babassu meal in the level of 15% in replacement of wheat bran in the diet of pullets. The evaluation of babassu mesocarp in the feed of broilers did not promote a favorable performance in the initial creation

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-01-30Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:07:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000814306.pdf: 874561 bytes, checksum: 0a39749bc3622a788ad6be809f880ab3 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Estudos recentes têm mostrado que a inclusão de antioxidantes naturais pode melhorar a qualidade da carne e a estabilidade oxidativa in vivo por ser um potente sequestrador de radicais livres, lipossolúvel, com funções antioxidantes, o que favorece a estabilidade oxidativa dos tecidos musculares e os processos de oxidação no organismo. Este estudo investigou a influência de uma mistura de aditivos fitogênicos (AF) composta por alecrim do campo, alho, boldo do Chile e erva mate sobre o desempenho zootécnico, metabolizabilidade da dieta, estabilidade oxidativa da carne de frango armazenados sob congelamento, propriedades oxidantes enzimáticas do sangue e metabólitos do soro de frangos de corte. Foram realizados dois experimentos utilizando-se 1320 aves, machos e fêmeas da linhagem Cobb® com um dia de idade, distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e oito repetições, com 30 aves por unidade experimental para o experimento I (galpão) e 3 aves por unidade experimental para o experimento II (gaiolas metabólicas). Para ambos os experimentos os tratamentos foram DC - dieta controle; AMD – dieta controle suplementada com antibiótico melhorador de desempenho; AF5 - DC + 0,05% de aditivos fitogênicos/kg de dieta; AF10 - DC + 0,10% de aditivos fitogênicos/kg e AF15 - DC + 0,15% de aditivos fitogênicos/kg. A suplementação de 0,05 e 0,10% de AF reduziu (P=0,001) a força de cisalhamento (FC) da carne de peito de frangos em relação as aves com dieta AMD. A capacidade antioxidante no sangue (CAT) para o tratamento com 100 mg de AF foi menor (P=0,034) em relação aos outros tratamentos. A inclusão de 0,05% de AF melhorou a EMAn (P<0,001), e o coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da energia bruta (P=0,015), em relação aos outros tratamentos. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da suplementação com fitogênicos sobre ... / Recent studies have shown that the addition of natural antioxidants can improve meat quality and oxidative stability in vivo for being a potent free radical sequestrator, liposoluble with antioxidative functions, which favors oxidative stability in muscular tissues and oxidative processes in the organism overall. The present study investigated the influence of a phytogenic additive (PA) mixture composed of field rosemary, Chile Boldo and mate herb on zootechnic performance, diet metabolizability and oxidative stability of poultry meat stored in frozen state; blood enzymatic oxidative properties and serum metabolites. The experiment used 1320 poultry, males and females, of the Cobb® lineage, starting from 1 day of age, distributed in a completely randomized experimental outline with five treatments and eight repetitions, with 30 poultry per experimental unit for experiment I (warehouse) and 3 poultry per experimental unit for experiment II (metabolic cages). For both experiments, diet treatments followed: control diet (CD); control diet supplemented with performance enhancement antibiotic (PEA); PA5 – CD + 0.05% of phytogenic additives/ kg of diet; PA10 – CD + 0.10% of phytogenic additives/ kg of diet and PA15 – CD + 0.15% of phytogenic additives/ kg of diet. Supplementation of .05 and .10% of PA reduced (P=.001) shear force (SF) of breast meat in comparison with poultry fed with PEA supplemented diet. Antioxidant blood capacity (TAC) for the 100mg treatment with PA was smaller (P=0.034) in relation to other treatments. Addition of .05% of PA improved EMAn (P<0.001), and metabolizability of gross energy (P=.015) in comparison with other treatments. Effects of phytogenic supplementation have not been observed (P>.05) on performance, carcass and parts yield, oxidative stability of meat and blood, and metabolites of blood serum of poultry. Intake of phytogenic additive composed of Chile ... / FAPESP: 2013/13589-2