Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SauloTPM_DISSERT.pdf: 1015052 bytes, checksum: 4cf34cf28dc5f2b2fd725df935cd0f04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The use of biofertilizers has increased in Brazil mainly due to the search for inputs that are less harmful to the environment and to enable the development of an agriculture less dependent on industrial products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of melon grown with the use of biofertilizers in area Mossoró / Açu. For this purpose, two experiments were conducted in the teaching garden of the Department of Plant Sciences UFERSA in Mossoró, RN, from May to December 2010. In the first experiment, the chemical composition of biofertilizers (animal manure and chicken) at different stages of decomposition, the experiment was randomized in a factorial 2 x 7 with three replications. Treatments consisted of a combination of two sources of manure (cattle and chicken) and seven days of decomposition (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days). In the second experiment, performance of melon with application of bio-fertilizers, fertigation, the experimental design was randomized complete blocks with four replications in a 2 x 5. The treatments were a combination of two sources of manure used in the preparation of biofertilizer (cattle manure and chicken) and five doses (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) applied by fertigation. The highest concentrations of nutrients, dry matter and electrical conductivity were obtained in biofertilizer produced with chicken manure. The order of nutrients was observed in biofertilizers K, N, P, Ca and Mg. The nutrients showed higher within 15 to 20 days of decomposition with the exception of nitrogen that was more concentrated on the preparation of biofertilizer. The highest yield of fruits was observed when we used 25% of potassium in the form of biofertilizer. The quality characteristics like acidity and bark thickness showed an effect to the use of biofertilizer doses. / The use of biofertilizers has increased in Brazil mainly due to the search for inputs that are less harmful to the environment and to enable the development of agriculture less dependent on industrial products. O uso de biofertilizante vem crescendo em todo o Brasil principalmente devido à busca por insumos menos agressivos ao ambiente e que possibilitem o desenvolvimento de uma agricultura menos dependente de produtos industrializados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho do meloeiro cultivado com a utilização de biofertilizantes, no Agropolo Mossoró/Açu. Para tanto foram conduzidos dois experimentos, na horta didática do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da UFERSA em Mossoró-RN, no período de Maio a Dezembro de 2010. No primeiro experimento, composição química dos biofertilizantes (esterco bovino e galinha) em diferentes épocas de decomposição, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 7, com três repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram da combinação de duas fontes de esterco (bovino e galinha) e sete tempos de decomposição (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 dias). No segundo experimento, desempenho do meloeiro com aplicação de biofertilizantes, via fertirrigação, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados completo, com quatro repetições em esquema fatorial 2 x 5. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de duas fontes de esterco utilizado no preparo do biofertilizante (esterco bovino e de galinha) e 5 doses (0; 25; 50; 75 e 100%) aplicados via fertirrigação. As maiores concentrações de nutrientes, massa seca e condutividade elétrica foram obtidas no biofertilizante produzido com esterco de galinha. A ordem decrescente dos nutrientes observados nos biofertilizantes foi K, N, P, Ca e Mg. Os nutrientes apresentaram maior concentração no período de 15 a 20 dias de decomposição com exceção ao do nitrogênio que apresentou maior concentração no dia do preparado do biofertilizante. A maior produtividade dos frutos foi observada quando utilizou 25% do potássio na forma de biofertilizante. As características de qualidade como acidez total e espessura de casca apresentaram efeito ao uso das doses de biofertilizante.

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The use of a beam quality correction factor,kQ, is needed in dosimetry of radiotherapy beams for correcting differences between chamber responses at the calibration beam quality, Q0 and at the quality beam of the user, Q. The purpose of this study is to determine the beam quality correction factor for the NE2571 ionization chamber widely used in radiotherapy and its dependence with the stopping-power and the chamber perturbation factors. In addition, an investigation of the use of parallel plate chambers for determining surface doses in photon beams is also performed using the EGSrnc Monte Carlo code system. Results obtained with PENELOPE show that simulations with phase-space files appropriately scored can be up to ten times shorter than using a full spectrum in the input-file. Values of kQ, and its components show good agreement with published values in the literature and are provided with typical statistical uncertainties of 0.2%. Values of kQ and absorbed dose to water conversion factors obtained with egs_chamber user code for parallel plate chambers are also provided with maximum statistical uncertainty of 0.7%. Therefore, the results obtained are expected to contribute with improving dosimetry protocols and the quality of life of radiotherapy patients. / O uso de uma fator de correção para a qualidade do feixe, kQ, é necessário em dosimetria de feixes radioterápicos para a correçãoo das diferenças entre a resposta de câmaras de ionização nas qualidades do feixe de calibração, Q0 e do usuário Q. O propósito deste trabalho consiste em determinar o fator de correção da qualidade de feixe para a câmara de ionização NE2571 amplamente utilizada em radioterapia e sua dependência com o stopping-power e os fatores de perturbação da câmara. Além disso, uma investigação do uso de câmaras de placas paralelas para determinar doses na superfície em feixes de fótons é também realizada usando o sistem de códigos em Monte Carlo EGSnrc. Resultados obtidos com o PENELOPE mostram que simulações usando phase-space, podem ser cerca de dez vezes menos longa do que simula ções usando um espectro completo no arquivo de entrada. Valores de kQ e suas componentes mostraram boa concordncia com dados publicados na literatura e são fornecidos com incertezas estatísticas típicas de 0.2%. Valores de kQ e fatores de conversão pra dose absorvida na água obtidos para as câmaras de placas paralelas com o código de usuário egs_chamber são também fornecidos com incerteza estatística máxima de 0.7%. Deste modo, espera-se que os resultados obtidos possam contribuir com o aperfeiçoamento de protocolos de dosimetria e com a qualidade de vida de pacientes radioterpicos.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Detectores de sulfato de cálcio ativado com cério IV e európio III utilizando o politetrafluoretileno (PTFE, Teflon®) free-flow como aglutinante (CaSO4:Ce,Eu + Teflon®) foram produzidos pelo método da estampagem, desenvolvido em colaboração com a empresa Tecnoflon, a partir de cristais crescidos de acordo com uma nova variação da rota da evaporação lenta, também apresentada nesse trabalho, com as concentrações de 0,16 mol% de Eu3+ e de 0,15 mol% de Ce4+ na solução ácida precursora. O modelo de dosímetro pessoal desenvolvido consiste em cinco detectores aderidos a um cartão de 30 x 48 mm de cloreto de polivinila (PVC) 95% opaco à luz na faixa do espectro eletromagnético que vai do infravermelho ao ultravioleta, idêntico aos cartões de identificação utilizados no IPEN, por uma tira de 10 x 35 mm de filme adesivo do mesmo material e foi submetido aos testes de aceitação descritos no regulamento técnico IRD-RT Nº 002.01/95, Desempenho de Sistemas de Monitoração Individual Critérios e Condições, sendo aprovado em todos os testes. Para a dosimetria clínica, os próprios detectores foram considerados dosímetros termoluminescentes e submetidos aos testes de aceitação descritos no código de práticas da Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica Technical Report Series Nº 398, Absorbed Dose Determination in External Beam Radiotherapy: An International Code of Practice for Dosimetry based on Standards of Absorbed Dose to Water, [TRS-398, IAEA, 2000] adotado como protocolo de dosimetria pela maioria dos hospitais, sendo igualmente aprovados nesses testes. Os dosímetros desenvolvidos podem ser utilizados para a monitoração individual externa e para dosimetria clínica, apresentando a diferenciação do tipo e da energia da radiação com que foram irradiados e a redução de custos como as principais vantagens em relação aos dosímetros termoluminescentes atualmente utilizados nessas aplicações. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-01-05T13:10:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) tese_fabio_schaun_harter.pdf: 3557391 bytes, checksum: 5b6d3757e05c02956957ee671553ba7f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-01-09T11:55:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 tese_fabio_schaun_harter.pdf: 3557391 bytes, checksum: 5b6d3757e05c02956957ee671553ba7f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-01-09T11:56:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 tese_fabio_schaun_harter.pdf: 3557391 bytes, checksum: 5b6d3757e05c02956957ee671553ba7f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-09T11:57:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 tese_fabio_schaun_harter.pdf: 3557391 bytes, checksum: 5b6d3757e05c02956957ee671553ba7f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Sem bolsa / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produção de sementes de arroz de diferentes cultivares, sob estresse salino. O experimento foi realizado em duas safras agrícolas; no primeiro ano foram avaliados cinco genótipos (IRGA 417, Avaxi CL, SCSBRS Tio Taka, Inov CL e IAS 12-9 - Formosa) submetidos a doses de 0, 12,5; 25; 37,5; 50; 75 e 100 mM. No segundo ano utilizou-se quatro genótipos (IRGA 417, Epagri 109, BRS Querência e IAS 12-9 - Formosa) nas doses 0, 4, 8, 12 e 16 mM. Avaliou-se a qualidade fisiológica das sementes sob estresse salino pelos testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, teste frio, envelhecimento acelerado, índice de velocidade de emergência, emergência, área foliar, comprimento de parte aérea e sistema radicular, fitomassa seca parte aérea e sistema radicular. Os genótipos foram cultivados sob as mesmas condições de salinidade, avaliando-se no final do ciclo as características agronômicas e a qualidade da semente produzida da seguinte forma: número de panículas, peso total, peso de sementes cheias, peso de sementes chochas, porcentagem de sementes cheias e chochas, e peso de mil sementes; e qualidade fisiológica pelos teste de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação e teste de frio. Conclui-se que a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de arroz apresenta redução com o aumento dos níveis de estresse salino; cultivares de arroz mostram respostas diferenciadas sob condições de estresse salino; as cultivares de arroz IRGA 417, Epagri 109, BRS Querência e IAS 12-9 (Formosa) apresentam redução da produção de sementes sob condições de estresse salino; a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de arroz das cultivares IRGA 417, Epagri 109, BRS Querência e IAS 12-9 (Formosa), não são afetadas negativamente em concentrações salinas até 16 mM. / The objective of this work was to evaluate the production of rice seeds of different cultivars under salt stress. The experiment was conducted in two growing seasons, in the first year, the following five rice genotypes (IRGA 417, Avaxi CL, SCSBRS Tio Taka, Inov CL e IAS 12-9 - Formosa) were evaluated to salt tolerance and they were submitted to doses of 0; 12.5; 25; 37.5; 50; 75 and 100 mM. In the second year, four genotypes (IRGA 417, Epagri 109, BRS Querência e IAS 12-9 - Formosa) were used at dosages of 0; 4; 8; 12 and 16 mM. The following tests were performed to evaluate seed quality under stress: germination, first count, cold test, accelerated aging, emergence speed index, emergence, leaf area, shoot and root length, stem and root dry biomass. All genotypes were grown under the same salinity conditions and the agronomic characteristics and quality of seed produced were evaluated at the end of the cycle as follows: number of panicles, total weight, weight of full seeds, weight of empty seeds, percentage of full and empty seeds and thousand seed weight. Physiological seed quality was evaluated by tests of germination, first count and cold test. It can be concluded that physiological quality of rice seeds showed a decrease with the increase in salt stress levels. Rice cultivars show different responses under salt stress; salt stress reduce the production of seed of the cultivars IRGA 417, Epagri 109, BRS Querência and IAS 12-9 (Formosa) and the physiological quality of rice seeds of the cultivars IRGA 417, Epagri 109, BRS Querência and IAS 12-9 (Formosa), are not affected in salt concentrations up to 16 mM .

Pesticide use reduction is one of the alternatives usedin organic agriculture. Pesticides may bereplaced by biological agents, which are less harmful to the environment. SomeTrichoderma isolates are considered to be important and efficient biological agents. They protect plants from plant diseases when used at optimal doses and have mechanisms to enable seed germination and vegetable development. Few studies evaluate seed germination and plant development interaction with vermicomposting at highTrichoderma doses. Thus, the current study aims to test higher doses of the ICB Nutrisolo Trichoderma (ICB) biological commercial product than the recommended ones. It was done by evaluating, Eisenia andrei multiplication and development, the changes in the substrate s chemical features as well as the emergence and the initial development of lettuce seedlings in vermicompost. Regarding experiment 1, E. andrei multiplication and development, the experimental unit consisted of 6 kg of cattle manure in boxes containing 48 E. andrei earthworms. ICB commercial product doses of 0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 and 8,0 were used at the concentration of 1011 CFU kg-1 in the substrate. The treatment without earthworms was also conducted to evaluate the vermicompost chemical features. The number of adult and young earthworms and of earthworm cocoons was counted, and the total dry weight was evaluated. As for experiment 2, which was conducted in greenhouse, the substrate was a mixture of vermicompost and commercial substrate at the ratio 1:1 (v/v). ICB doses of 0,0; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 8,0 and 16,0 were used at concentration of 1011 UFC kg-1 in the substrate. The inoculated substrate was placed in germination trays. Each experimental unit was composed of 10 cells, and each cell received five Regina cultivar lettuce seeds. After the seedlings emerged, a thinning was conducted by leaving one seedling per cell. The evaluated variables were germination percentage, seedling emergence speed index, height, shoot fresh and dry weight, leaf area, root volume and surface area, and P, K, Ca and Mg percentages in the leaves. The experimental designs were randomized with four replications. There was decrease in the number of earthworms when ICB doses equal to or above 4,0 were used. Doses up to 1,0 did not change the number of adult E.andrei earthworms and cocoons. However, the multiplication index was lower in all ICB treatments and doses above 2,0 decreased the total dry weight. The pH was higher in ICB treatments, and there was increased P, K and Mg percentage in the presence of earthworms. The doses studied in experiment 2 negatively influenced the plants shoot and root development. The germination percentage and the seedling emergence speed index were negatively influenced when doses above 4,0 were used. The leaf chemical analysis showed that all doses increased the percentage of analyzed nutrients. / A diminuição do uso de agrotóxicos é uma das alternativas utilizadas na agricultura orgânica, podendo estes serem substituídos por agentes biológicos menos agressivos ao ambiente. Alguns isolados de trichoderma são considerados importantes e eficientes agentes biológicos que, em doses ótimas, protegem as plantas contra doenças de plantas e possuem mecanismos que promovem tanto a germinação de sementes como o desenvolvimento de hortaliças. São raros os estudos que avaliam a germinação de sementes e o desenvolvimento de plantas em interação com a vermicompostagem em altas doses de trichoderma. Baseado nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi testar doses superiores às recomendas do produto comercial biológico ICB Nutrisolo Trichoderma (ICB), avaliando-se a multiplicação e o desenvolvimento de Eisenia andrei, as alterações nas características químicas do substrato, bem como a emergência e o desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de alface em vermicomposto. Para o experimento 1, multiplicação e desenvolvimento de E. andrei, a unidade experimental constituiu-se de 6 kg de esterco bovino em caixas com 48 minhocas da espécie E. andrei. Utilizou-se o produto comercial ICB nas doses 0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 e 8,0; todas na concentração 1011 UFC kg-1 em substrato. Para avaliação das características químicas do vermicomposto foi utilizado também o tratamento sem minhocas. Foi feita a contagem do número de minhocas adultas, jovens e casulos, e avaliou-se o peso seco total. No experimento 2, conduzido em casa de vegetação, o substrato foi uma mistura de vermicomposto e substrato comercial na relação 1:1 (v/v). Foram utilizadas as doses 0,0; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 8,0 e 16,0 de ICB, todas na concentração 1011 UFC kg-1 em substrato. O substrato inoculado foi colocado em bandejas de germinação, sendo cada unidade experimental composta por 10 células, cada uma com cinco sementes de alface cv. Regina. Após a emergência fez-se um desbaste, permanecendo uma plântula por célula. As variáveis avaliadas foram porcentagem de germinação de sementes, índice de velocidade de emergência de plântulas, altura, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, área foliar, volume e área superficial de raiz, e porcentagens de P, K, Ca e Mg nas folhas. Os delineamentos experimentais foram ao acaso com quatro repetições. A partir da dose 4,0 de ICB, há decréscimo do número de minhocas. Doses altas até 1,0 não alteram o número de minhocas adultas e de casulos de E. andrei, entretanto, o índice de multiplicação foi inferior em todos os tratamentos ICB e doses acima de 2,0 diminuíram o peso seco total. O pH foi superior nos tratamentos com ICB, e houve aumento na porcentagem de P, K e Mg em presença de minhocas. As doses estudadas no experimento 2 influenciaram negativamente o desenvolvimento aéreo e radicular das plantas. As variáveis porcentagem de germinação e índice de velocidade de emergência foram influenciadas negativamente quando em doses acima de 4,0. A análise química foliar demonstrou que todas as doses aumentaram a porcentagem dos nutrientes analisados.

Les composés organiques semi volatils (COSV) sont largement présents dans les environnements intérieurs et sont suspectés d’être repro- ou neurotoxiques, mais peu de données sont disponibles quant à leur toxicité en mélanges. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des indicateurs de toxicité cumulés pour les COSV détectés dans les logements français, dans un cadre d’évaluation des risques sanitaires cumulés. Les COSV ont été regroupés en fonction de leurs modes d’action communs, en lien avec les effets reprotoxiques (diminution de la concentration de testostérone sérique) et neurotoxiques (diminution de la viabilité neuronale). Des benchmark doses (BMD) ont ensuite été estimées par modélisation (modèle de Hill, PROAST, RIVM) des relations dose-réponse de la littérature décrivant la réponse d’intérêt. Des BMD comparables ont pu être estimées seulement pour 6 des 19 COSV reprotoxiques induisant une diminution de testostérone de 10 ou 50 % chez le rat adulte exposé par voie orale. Les facteurs de toxicité relatifs (RPF) estimés à partir des BMD sont sensiblement les mêmes en fonction du niveau de réponse (de 1600 pour le B(a)P à 0,1 pour le BBP), excepté pour le biphénol A qui passe de 7E+6 à 180. Considérant la mort neuronale in vitro, des BMD ont pu être estimées pour 13 COSV neurotoxiques, à partir de données provenant de différentes lignées et espèces. Les BMD équivalent à un niveau de réponse de 10 % s’échelonnent de 0,07 (PCB-153) à 95 µM (diazinon). L’originalité de ce travail repose sur le regroupement de composés de familles chimiques différentes qui constituent des contaminations réelles de notre environnement. Si l’estimation des quelques BMD a été possible à partir des données de la littérature, de nombreuses limites méthodologiques conduisent à émettre des recommandations en particulier sur la standardisation des protocoles expérimentaux et la disponibilité des résultats sous une forme adaptée à la modélisation de la relation dose-réponse. / Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are widely present in indoor environments and are suspected to be repro- or neurotoxic but little is known on the health impact on SVOC mixtures. The objective of this work is to derive cumulative toxicity indicators for SVOCs detected in French dwellings in carrying forward a cumulative health risk assessment. SVOCs were grouped according to their repro- and neurotoxic common modes of action (i.e. decrease in serum testosterone concentrations, decrease in neuronal viability). Benchmark doses (BMDs) were then estimated by modeling dose-response relationships from scientific literature (Hill models, PROAST, RIVM). Comparable BMDs were estimated only for 6 of the 19 reprotoxic SVOCs which are responsible to 10 or 50% decrease in testosterone in adult male rats orally exposed. Estimated relative potency factors (RPFs) from BMDs are similar according to the response level (from 1600 for the B(a)P to 0.1 for the BBP), excepted for bisphenol A moving from 7E+6 to 180. For in vitro neuronal death, BMDs were estimated for 13 neurotoxic SVOCs using data from different cell lines and species. BMDs equivalent to a 10% of response range from 0.07 (PCB-153) to 95 µM (diazinon). The originality of this work is the grouping of compounds from different chemical families which we are really exposed to. BMDs estimation from published data was possible but many methodological limitations lead us to put forward recommendations especially on the standardization of experimental protocols and the availability of results in adapted format for dose-response relationship modeling.

Les techniques modernes de radiothérapie externe permettent de délivrer précisément la dose à la tumeur. Ce gain en précision se fait cependant au prix de l’irradiation d’un volume plus important de tissus sains alors susceptibles de développer des lésions radio-induites. Aujourd’hui, les risques de complications représentent un enjeu sociétal important, car l’efficacité des traitements permet aux patients une espérance de vie plus longue, augmentant ainsi la probabilité d’effets secondaires à moyen et à long terme. Cependant, l’estimation des risques est conditionnée par une connaissance précise des doses délivrées aux organes sains, directement corrélées aux risques de complications. Ces doses restent encore méconnues, car renseignées de manière incomplète et imprécise par les systèmes de planification de traitement (TPS). Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de la thèse est d’évaluer avec précision les doses délivrées aux tissus sains par les techniques avancées de radiothérapie. D’une part, une étude comparative des doses délivrées aux tissus sains par différentes techniques avancées a été réalisée et, d’autre part, les performances, en termes d’évaluation des doses aux tissus sains des algorithmes des TPS ont été évaluées. Des méthodes numériques et expérimentales ont donc été développées. Tout d’abord, un modèle Monte-Carlo PENELOPE de l’accélérateur Cyberknife a été étendu et validé en 1D et 2D pour l’évaluation des doses hors champ. Ce modèle a ensuite été utilisé pour déterminer les doses délivrées aux tissus sains lors d’un traitement de la région pulmonaire. Cette étude a ainsi permis de fournir des données d’entrée pour les modèles de risque et enfin, de mettre en évidence l’apport en précision de la simulation Monte-Carlo détaillée par rapport au TPS. De plus, un outil expérimental de reconstruction de la dose en 3D à partir de mesures par films radiochromiques a été développé. Un protocole de dosimétrie par gel dosimétrique a également été mis en place. Après validation en 2D et en 3D, l’outil de reconstruction a été mis en œuvre pour comparer les doses délivrées aux tissus sains par trois techniques de radiothérapie (conformationnelle, VMAT et tomothérapie) pour un traitement rénal pédiatrique. Bien que les techniques avancées offrent une excellente conformation, les tissus sains reçoivent des doses jusqu’à 3 fois plus élevées en comparaison avec la radiothérapie conformationnelle. La tomothérapie, disposant d’un blindage supplémentaire, épargne mieux les tissus que le VMAT. Finalement, contrairement à Eclipse™, le TPS de la tomothérapie détermine précisément des doses délivrées jusqu’à 30 cm du champ. / Advanced radiotherapy techniques enable highly conformal dose distribution to the tumor. This higher precision is made at the cost of an increased tissue volume receiving low doses. The exposed organs are then susceptible to develop radio-induced lesions. Nowadays, risks of complications represent an important societal challenge as survival rates are increasing due to treatment efficacy and therefore the risk for a subsequent effect also increases. However, risk assessment requires a precise knowledge of the doses delivered to healthy organs, directly correlated to the risk of complications. Those doses are still unknown as calculated incorrectly by the treatment planning systems (TPS). Within this context, this thesis aims at precisely determining the doses delivered to normal tissues by advanced radiotherapy techniques. On the one hand, a comparative study of the doses delivered by different modern techniques was performed and on the other hand, the performance of the TPS dose computation algorithms was evaluated in terms of healthy tissue doses. Thus, numerical and experimental tools have been developed in this work. First, a PENELOPE Monte-Carlo model of a CyberKnife system has been extended and validated in 1-D and 2-D to determine out-of-field doses. This model was then used to evaluate the doses delivered to healthy tissue by a pulmonary treatment. This study provides requisite dosimetric data to evaluate the risks associated to the treatment and finally, it highlights the important precision of detailed Monte-Carlo simulation in comparison with the TPS. Moreover, an experimental 3-D reconstruction tool was developed thanks to radiochromic film measurements. A protocol of gel dosimetry was also established. After 2-D and 3-D validation, the 3-D tool was applied to compare the doses delivered by three radiotherapy techniques (conformational, VMAT and tomotherapy) in a pediatric renal treatment. While advanced techniques deliver highly conformal dose distribution, the doses to organs located at distance of the target are considerably increased up to a factor 3 in comparison with conformal radiotherapy. The tomotherapy spares the healthy tissues compared to VMAT due to its additional shielding. Finally, unlike Eclipse™, the TPS Tomotherapy enables a precise dose evaluation up to 30 cm from the field edge.