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Performance anxiety is a challenge most individuals in a sport face. From experts to novices in dressage, various individuals attempt to find harmony between horse and rider. Performance is a large part of dressage sport riding. This thesis will examine the following topics: the differences in expert and amateurs’ performance anxiety; the anxiety level of an expert or amateur who has been involved in a sport related injury; if the individual has a neurotic personality, whether more performance anxiety may occur while riding. A Mini IPIP five-factor personality test, Sports anxiety scale, Sports injury anxiety scales, and dressage questionnaires will be used to obtain the data to support or disprove these hypotheses. The results showed significance for hypothesis one, differences between experts and amateurs experiencing performance anxiety. Hypothesis two was not supported for people who had an injury related to dressage; However, hypothesis two did demonstrate that the individuals who have not or had a neutral sport-related injury showed significance in somatic trait anxiety scores, which are the human body’s physiological responses to stress. The third hypothesis yielded significance in those with a neurotic personality who experience heightened performance anxiety.

Introduktion: Ridsporten är Sveriges näst största ungdomsidrott och totalt Sveriges åttonde största sport. Ridsport som helhet innefattar en hög skaderisk och är den sport med tredje högsta antal rapporterade skador efter fotboll och ishockey. Inom ridsport är de olympiska grenarna hoppning, dressyr och fälttävlan. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att kartlägga skadeprevalensen hos ryttare på elit- och nationell nivå inom hoppning, dressyr och fälttävlan. Metod: För att kunna besvara syftet genomfördes en kartläggning i egenskap av en retrospektiv kvantitativ observationsstudie. Studien baserades på en enkät som bestod av två delar, Oslo Sport Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire samt egenkonstruerade följdfrågor med inriktning ridsport, sysselsättning, annan sport samt träning. Resultat: Enkäten besvarades av 123 ryttare. Totalt rapporterade 101 ryttare (82 %) en/ flera skador. Det vanligaste skadeområdet var ländryggen för både akuta- och långvariga skador, med 59 ryttare (33 %) och 36 ryttare (24 %). Det noterades en högre risk att drabbas av långvariga skador om ryttaren tävlade inom hoppning (p=0,033) samt det noterades även en högre risk att drabbas av ländryggssmärta om ryttaren tävlade inom dressyr (p=0,034). Det fanns inga signifikanta skillnader mellan skadeprevalensen och träning eller annan sysselsättning utöver ridsporten. Slutsats: Sammanfattningsvis är det vanligt med skador bland ryttare på elit- och nationell nivå och skadeprevalensen skiljer sig inte i en mätbar grad mellan tävlingsnivåerna. / Introduction: Equestrianism is Sweden’s second largest sport in youths and Sweden's eighth largest sport overall. Equestrianism involves a high risk of injury and is the sport with the third highest number of reported injuries after football and ice hockey. In equestrian sports, the Olympic disciplines are show jumping, dressage and eventing. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to map the injury prevalence of riders at elite and national level in show jumping, dressage, and eventing. Method: To answer the purpose, a survey was conducted as a retrospective quantitative observational study. The study was based on a questionnaire that consisted of two parts, the Oslo Sport Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire and self-constructed follow-up questions focusing on equestrian sports, employment, other sports, and exercise. Results: The survey was answered by 123 riders. A total of 101 equestrians (82 %) reported one/more injuries. The most common injury area was the lumbar spine in both acute and long-term injuries, with 59 riders (33 %) and 36 riders (24 %). A higher risk of long-term injury was noted if the rider competed in show jumping (p=0,033). A higher risk of low back pain was also noted if the rider competed in dressage (p=0,034). No correlation was noted between the prevalence of injury and training or other employment in addition to equestrian sport. Conclusion: In conclusion, injuries are common among elite and national level riders and the prevalence of injuries does not differ to a measurable degree between competition levels.

The aim of this diploma work was to specify the requirements for the front limb of a horse suitable for dressage competitions. The observed factors were individual parts of the front legs. Specifically, it was the shoulder angle, shoulder length, humerus length, shoulder joint angle, forearm length, carpal bones lenght, pastern lenght, horse height centimeters, and dimension from the shoulder joint to the hip. In total, 103 horses of eight different breeds used in dressage competitions were measured. The forearms of the horses were rated at performance levels L (58 horse), S (24 horses) and ST (21 horses). All measured horses did participate in dressage competitions in the past two years (2016 and 2017). From the dressage protocols belonging to the dressage racers, there were overall signs of walking, extended trot, extended canter, half-pass step and walk. For objective assessment, measurements were evaluated by Statistica program and by one-factor anova, Turkey's HSD test and Spearman correlations. The results of this work show that the most important dimension was the shoulder angle (ST 48 °). Furthermore, the horse height, where it turned out that the higher the horse (the ST 180 cm), the higher the performance and the better marks in dressage competitions. The length of the shoulder bone (about 44 cm) affects the marks for trot, canter and walk, but it does not affect whole performance too much. The pastern length (ST performance 18 cm) affects the grades behind the walk and the canter. On average, the shoulder length is about 61 cm, the size between the shoulder joint and the hip of the horse is 122 cm, the length of the forearm 46 47 cm, the length of the carpal bones 31 cm and the angle of the shoulder joint 99 °. Furthermore, the work shows that the higher the horse's performance, the less the dimensions were different, and thus the front legs were more similar. And the biggest differences are between performance horses L and ST or L and S, while the performance class horses at S and ST level are not so striking.

Title:Preparation of rider on horse from performance level Z to S in dressage Objectives: Compilation of helpful methodologic material, awareness of fundamental value, correct position of the riders sed, choice of good horse, gaits of horses, characteristic performance levels, characteristics and preparation for the degree Z, characterization and preparation for the degree L, characterization and preparation for the degree S. Methods: Analysis of the literature, comparing information targeted in the content of the work of literature, analysis of my own experiences from my riding praxis, analysis of independent observations of horse riders, analysis of experiences from lessons with my riding students, compilation of information into a complete whole and methodological manual. Results: Preparation of methodological material, which may a rider or trainer of horse riding (dressage) use in their training hours. Keywords: dressage, rider, performance stage, horse, gaits of horses, walk, trot, canter, scale of training, exercises in dressage

Hästar och ridsport är en av de största sporterna i Sverige, och dressyr är en stor gren. Den ses som klassisk där det sällan sker några stora förändringar. Samtidigt har nya lösningar för bedömning av sport utvecklats. En av dessa är AI-bedömningsteknik som har implementerats i exempelvis artistisk gymnastik (Mazurova, Standaert, Penttinen & Ter Chian Tan 2021). Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka ifall ett liknande system skulle kunna användas för att bedöma ridsportgrenen dressyr.  En kvalitativ studie genomfördes där tretton dressyrdomare intervjuades för att förklara sin syn på domarrollen. De fick även beskriva hur de ser på att ett AI-bedömningssystem skulle kunna implementeras inom dressyr och hur ett optimalt sådant skulle fungera. Deras information analyserades genom en tematisk analys och resulterade i flera viktiga huvudteman.  Studien visar att domarna ser positivt på att använda AI-bedömningssystem inom dressyren. De tror att ett system kan bedöma mer noggrant än människan kan och det skulle därmed ge ett mer korrekt och rättvist resultat. De allra flesta tror dock att man i dagsläget inte ska använda endast AI-bedömning eftersom dressyr inte enbart innebär ett tekniskt genomförande av svåra rörelser utan även inkluderar känsla och estetik. Ett tekniskt system kan i dagsläget inte gradera detta på samma sätt som en människa kan. / Horses and equestrian sports are one of the biggest sports in Sweden, and dressage is a big part of the sport. It is considered as a classic branch where no major changes have taken place. At the same time new solutions for assessing sports have been developed. One of these solutions is AI judging systems which have been implemented in artistic gymnastics (Mazurova, Standaert, Penttinen & Ter Chian Tan 2021). The purpose of this study is to investigate whether a similar system could be used to assess the equestrian sport of dressage.                                                             A qualitative study was carried out where 13 judges in dressage were interviewed and asked to explain their views on the judging role. They also explained their opinion about an AI assessment system to be implemented in dressage and how such a system should work. In order to analyze the data that the judges contributed, a thematic analysis was made and several important main themes were presented.  The study shows that the judges are positively on using AI assessment systems in dressage. They believe a system could be more accurate than a human and thus give a more accurate result. However, the vast majority believe that at present one should not use only AI assessment since dressage not only means a technical athletic performance but also includes aesthetics and feelings. Todays technical solutions cannot grade that in the same way as a human can.

<p>Blakeslee och Goff (2007) föreslår att dressyrryttares visualiseringsfärdigheter bör skilja sig från andra sporter som inte involverar ett djur. Enligt Murphy, Nordin och Cumming, (2008) finns det ett behov av ett instrument som tar hänsyn till visualiseringstyp, funktion och dess utgång. The survey of imagery experiences in sport (SIES; Weibull & Wallsbeck, 2009; Wallsbeck & Weibull, 2009) är ett relativt nytt instrument som mäter dessa variabler. Syftena i denna studie var därför att: (1) studera elitdressyrryttares visualiseringsupplevelser, (2) studera elitdressyrryttares förståelse och (3) upplevelse av instrumentet SIES. En kombination av kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod användes i studien. Dressyrryttarnas visualiseringsupplevelser skiljde sig till viss del från tidigare forskning. Till exempel användes flest visualiseringsmönster för syftet <em>hitta rätt känsla </em>och<em> hörselsinnet </em>inkluderades i många visualiseringsmönster<em>. </em>Deltagarnas förståelse och upplevelse av SIES var god med endast några få oklarheter gällande bland annat effekt och frekvens.</p> / <p>Blakeslee and Goff (2007) suggest that dressage riders’ imagery experience should be different from other sports that do not involve an animal. According to Murphy, Nordin and Cumming (2008), there is a need for an assessment instrument assessing the imagery type, function and outcome. The Survey of imagery experiences in sports (SIES, Weibull & Wallsbeck, 2009; Wallsbeck & Weibull, 2009) is a relatively new instrument that measures these variables. The objectives of this study was therefore to: (1) study the elite dressage riders’ imagery experiences, (2) study the elite dressage riders’ understanding and (3) experiences of the instrument SIES. A combination of qualitative and quantitative method was used in the study. The elite dressage riders’ imagery experiences partly differed from previous research. Most imagery patterns were for example used for the purpose <em>find the right feeling</em> and the <em>auditory</em> <em>sense</em> was included in many imagery patterns. The participants’ understanding and experience of SIES were good, with only a few ambiguities regarding for example effect and frequency.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p>

Blakeslee och Goff (2007) föreslår att dressyrryttares visualiseringsfärdigheter bör skilja sig från andra sporter som inte involverar ett djur. Enligt Murphy, Nordin och Cumming, (2008) finns det ett behov av ett instrument som tar hänsyn till visualiseringstyp, funktion och dess utgång. The survey of imagery experiences in sport (SIES; Weibull &amp; Wallsbeck, 2009; Wallsbeck &amp; Weibull, 2009) är ett relativt nytt instrument som mäter dessa variabler. Syftena i denna studie var därför att: (1) studera elitdressyrryttares visualiseringsupplevelser, (2) studera elitdressyrryttares förståelse och (3) upplevelse av instrumentet SIES. En kombination av kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod användes i studien. Dressyrryttarnas visualiseringsupplevelser skiljde sig till viss del från tidigare forskning. Till exempel användes flest visualiseringsmönster för syftet hitta rätt känsla och hörselsinnet inkluderades i många visualiseringsmönster. Deltagarnas förståelse och upplevelse av SIES var god med endast några få oklarheter gällande bland annat effekt och frekvens. / Blakeslee and Goff (2007) suggest that dressage riders’ imagery experience should be different from other sports that do not involve an animal. According to Murphy, Nordin and Cumming (2008), there is a need for an assessment instrument assessing the imagery type, function and outcome. The Survey of imagery experiences in sports (SIES, Weibull &amp; Wallsbeck, 2009; Wallsbeck &amp; Weibull, 2009) is a relatively new instrument that measures these variables. The objectives of this study was therefore to: (1) study the elite dressage riders’ imagery experiences, (2) study the elite dressage riders’ understanding and (3) experiences of the instrument SIES. A combination of qualitative and quantitative method was used in the study. The elite dressage riders’ imagery experiences partly differed from previous research. Most imagery patterns were for example used for the purpose find the right feeling and the auditory sense was included in many imagery patterns. The participants’ understanding and experience of SIES were good, with only a few ambiguities regarding for example effect and frequency.