Text in Afrikaans / The research is aimed at the problems surrounding traffic violations and crimes. Firstly, attention is paid to the extent of the problem. Secondly, a theoretical explanation of the problem is offered. This is followed by an exposition of the empirical study which is focused on the perception of road users in the Pretoria municipal area relating to four aspects namely; traffic legislation and traffic law enforcement, traffic violations, adjudication of traffic offences and punishment of traffic offenders. Lastly, the prevention of traffic violations and crimes and specific prevention strategies are conducted and discussed. The research report is concluded with specific conclusions and certain recomendations are offered to deal with the problem. / Die navorsing is toegespits op die problematiek random verkeersoortredings en -misdade. Eerstens word aandag aan die omvang van die probleem geskenk. Tweedens word daar op die teoretiese verklaring van die probleem gekonsentreer. Hierna volg 'n uiteensetting van die empiriese studie wat toegespits is op die persepsie van padgebruikers in die Pretoria- munispale gebied betreffende 'n aantal aspekte ten opsigte van verkeerswetgewing en verkeerswettoepassing, verkeersoortredings, straf asook beregting van verkeersoortredings. Laastens word die voorkoming van verkeersoortredings en -misdade en bepaalde voorkomingstrategiee oorweeg en bespreek. Die navorsingsverslag word beeindig met bepaalde gevolgtrekkings en daar word ook sekere aanbevelings om die probleem te kan hanteer, aangebied. / Sociology / M.A. (Kriminologie)

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Fear appeals are commonly used in the advertising of social issues, such as drunken driving. In general, researchers believe that there is a positive relationship between fear and persuasion (to adapt misbehaviour). However, there are disputes amongst fear appeal researchers about the level of fear appeal to be used. Fear appeals, like other advertising appeals employed in advertising, is dependant on the traits of the target audience. The effect of fear appeals differ for different target audiences as different people fear different matters. This study tests one of the contemporary models on the working of fear appeals, namely activation theory. Young adults are the target audience of social marketing in South Africa for anti-alcohol abuse issues, such as drunken driving. The effect of fear appeals on the target audience has never been empirically investigated in South Africa although social marketers often employ fear appeals to bring about a change in behaviour. The responses of a sample of young adults in South Africa were tested by means of a quasi-experimental design based on Thayer’s activation deactivation checklist as implemented by previous fear appeal researchers. Three television advertisements that depict three levels of fear appeal (low, medium and high) were presented to three sample groups. Significant differences in the responses of the level of fear appeal were observed after statistical analyses in terms of tension arousal, energy arousal, attitude towards the advertisement and intention to engage in drunken driving. A difference in how genders react to fear appeals was also found. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die gebruik van vreesaanslae in die advertering van sosiale kwessies soos dronkbestuur is algemeen. Alhoewel navorsers glo dat ’n positiewe verhouding bestaan tussen vrees en oorreding (van ’n persoon om sy gedrag aan te pas), heers daar verskille oor die sterkte van die vreesaanslag wat gebruik moet word. Daar is bevind dat vreesaanslae, net soos ander aanslae wat deur die advertensiewese gebruik word, afhanklik is van die teikengehoor. Vreesaanslae se effek verskil, aangesien verskillende mense en gehore verskillende sake vrees. Hierdie studie toets een van die kontemporêre modelle van die werking van vreesaanslae. Jong volwassenes is die teikengehoor in die sosiale bemarking van anti-alkoholmisbruik kwessies soos dronkbestuur. Alhoewel sosiale bemarkers dikwels vrees aanwend om hierdie teiken gehoor se gedrag te verander, is dit nog nooit empiries in Suid-Afrika getoets nie. Die reaksies van ’n steekproef uit dié teikengehoor is getoets deur ‘n kwasieksperimentele ontwerp geskoei op Thayer se “aktivering deaktivering” kontrolelys, soos geïmplementeer deur vorige navorsing in vreesaanslae. Drie televisie advertensies wat drie vlakke van vrees (laag, medium en hoog) verteenwoordig is, aan drie eksperimentele steekproefgroepe getoon. Betekenisvolle verskille in die reaksie van die drie groepe is waargeneem ná statistiese ontledings. ’n Verskil in hoe geslagte reageer op vreesaanslae, is ook bevind.

<p>Varje år dör 125 människor i Sverige i alkoholrelaterade trafikolyckor och ännu fler skadas. Detta medför stora kostnader för samhället och lidande för de som drabbas. Unga vuxna är överrepresenterade i olycksstatistiken för alkoholrelaterade olyckor. Syftet med studien var att undersöka unga vuxna högskolestuderandes (mellan 18-24 år) vanor och attityder till alkohol och bilkörning. Vi gjorde en enkätstudie på en högskola. Antalet informanter uppgick till 269 stycken. De valdes ut genom ett bekvämlighetsurval. Resultatet av studien visade att<strong> </strong>fanns skillnader mellan män och kvinnors vanor och attityder. Männen var mer riskbenägna än kvinnorna. Det gick att se tendenser att de unga vuxna på högskolan hade negativt avvikande vanor i jämförelse med unga vuxna i övriga landet. För att det ska vara möjligt att göra en jämförelse med andra studier, bör det göras en ny studie på högskolan med ett slumpmässigt urval och ett större antal informanter.</p> / <p>Each year 125 people die in Sweden in alcohol related traffic accidents and even more get injured. This cause major financial costs for the society and suffering among those who get affected. Young adults are overrepresented in the statistics over alcohol related accidents. The aim of the study was to examine young adult college students’ (age 18-24) experience and attitudes towards drinking and driving. A questionnaire study was made with 269 participants on the college. The participants were chosen from a convenience sample. The results of the study showed that there were differences between men and women’s experience and attitudes. The men had a greater tendency to take risks than the women. You could see tendencies that the adolescents in the college were negatively deviant in comparison to the young adults in the country. A new study on the college with a larger, random selection ought to be done for it to be possible to make a comparison with other studies.</p>

Varje år dör 125 människor i Sverige i alkoholrelaterade trafikolyckor och ännu fler skadas. Detta medför stora kostnader för samhället och lidande för de som drabbas. Unga vuxna är överrepresenterade i olycksstatistiken för alkoholrelaterade olyckor. Syftet med studien var att undersöka unga vuxna högskolestuderandes (mellan 18-24 år) vanor och attityder till alkohol och bilkörning. Vi gjorde en enkätstudie på en högskola. Antalet informanter uppgick till 269 stycken. De valdes ut genom ett bekvämlighetsurval. Resultatet av studien visade att fanns skillnader mellan män och kvinnors vanor och attityder. Männen var mer riskbenägna än kvinnorna. Det gick att se tendenser att de unga vuxna på högskolan hade negativt avvikande vanor i jämförelse med unga vuxna i övriga landet. För att det ska vara möjligt att göra en jämförelse med andra studier, bör det göras en ny studie på högskolan med ett slumpmässigt urval och ett större antal informanter. / Each year 125 people die in Sweden in alcohol related traffic accidents and even more get injured. This cause major financial costs for the society and suffering among those who get affected. Young adults are overrepresented in the statistics over alcohol related accidents. The aim of the study was to examine young adult college students’ (age 18-24) experience and attitudes towards drinking and driving. A questionnaire study was made with 269 participants on the college. The participants were chosen from a convenience sample. The results of the study showed that there were differences between men and women’s experience and attitudes. The men had a greater tendency to take risks than the women. You could see tendencies that the adolescents in the college were negatively deviant in comparison to the young adults in the country. A new study on the college with a larger, random selection ought to be done for it to be possible to make a comparison with other studies.

Text in Afrikaans / The research is aimed at the problems surrounding traffic violations and crimes. Firstly, attention is paid to the extent of the problem. Secondly, a theoretical explanation of the problem is offered. This is followed by an exposition of the empirical study which is focused on the perception of road users in the Pretoria municipal area relating to four aspects namely; traffic legislation and traffic law enforcement, traffic violations, adjudication of traffic offences and punishment of traffic offenders. Lastly, the prevention of traffic violations and crimes and specific prevention strategies are conducted and discussed. The research report is concluded with specific conclusions and certain recomendations are offered to deal with the problem. / Die navorsing is toegespits op die problematiek random verkeersoortredings en -misdade. Eerstens word aandag aan die omvang van die probleem geskenk. Tweedens word daar op die teoretiese verklaring van die probleem gekonsentreer. Hierna volg 'n uiteensetting van die empiriese studie wat toegespits is op die persepsie van padgebruikers in die Pretoria- munispale gebied betreffende 'n aantal aspekte ten opsigte van verkeerswetgewing en verkeerswettoepassing, verkeersoortredings, straf asook beregting van verkeersoortredings. Laastens word die voorkoming van verkeersoortredings en -misdade en bepaalde voorkomingstrategiee oorweeg en bespreek. Die navorsingsverslag word beeindig met bepaalde gevolgtrekkings en daar word ook sekere aanbevelings om die probleem te kan hanteer, aangebied. / Sociology / M.A. (Kriminologie)

No description available.

No description available.

Drinking and driving has always been a problem amongst university students. As Rocha-Silva (1981:1) states, drinking and driving accidents are one of the biggest problems that many universities internationally and locally have to deal with. The high level of drinking and driving among students in South African universities has prompted many universities to implement strategies to address the problem, such as the "Buddy Bus" campaign. The Department of Transport (DoT) has also implemented strategies such as the Arrive Alive campaign and Asiphephe to try and reduce the problem of drinking and driving in the country at large. However, studies on drinking and driving behaviour according to Nuntsu (2004) still point to an increase in the number of young people who engage in drinking and driving despite the number of diversified initiatives that have been implemented by educational institutions, communities and by various government bodies to counteract it. This has prompted this study in identifying the implementation approaches used by certain universities in South Africa in addressing drinking and driving among university students and the marketing strategies used to promote the drinking and driving policies. These universities included; the University of Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University and the University of Pretoria (Gauteng Province), University of KwaZulu-Natal campuses (Howard College, Westville campus and Pietermaritzburg campus), and the University of Zululand (KwaZulu-Natal province), the University of Cape Town, Stellenbosch University and the University of Western Cape (Western Cape province). The method used for this study was qualitative method and the data was collected using face to face in-depth interviews. Both purposive and quota sampling was used to select the sample for the study. The findings showed that all the institutions under investigation had anti-drinking and driving programmes and campaigns such as "Buddy Bus" campaign and utilised music concerts with young famous musicians promoting anti-drinking and driving messages to students. However, they did not have formal, codified drinking and driving policies. Both the "top-down and the "bottom-up" approaches to policy implementation were identified in the institutions investigated. The "top-down" approach is implemented by the people at the top level, for example, in universities the management set the rules and the students have to abide by them. The "bottom-down" approaches are managed by students. The students decide on how the policies should be implemented. This approach is more flexible as it allows negotiation between students and management. The "bottom-up" approach appeared to be more "popular" than the "top-down" approach as it was adopted by seventy percent of the institutions. These institutions saw the "bottom-up" approach as appropriate in implementing the drinking and driving programmes as it allowed the student organisations (street-level bureaucrats) to have input on the policy implementation process. Indeed it also allows for negotiation and consensus building. The sociological theories, e.g. social learning theory, used in the study to explain students drinking were also evident in the findings with some universities adopting some of their suggested preventative measures which include the emphasis on negative social consequences of alcohol use and employment of popular peer role models to discourage alcohol use. However, the availability theory appeared to be more relevant in addressing drinking and driving behaviour, because for students to stop drinking and driving, alcohol should not be available to them - the premise of the theory. It was also evident from the findings that although there are programmes/strategies being implemented by the universities and DoT to address students drinking and driving, this deviant behaviour is still rife amongst the students. There is a need for more interventions from the universities, communities and DoT, all working together in developing and implementing drinking and driving strategies. There is also a need for theory-driven research on this "deviant behaviour", especially studies that use sociological theories to explain this "deviant behaviour" and the factors contributing to it. This will assist in providing important information and an understanding of why students engage in drinking and driving and also help to explain this deviant behaviour using sociological theories. The results of this theory-driven research will aid in highlighting important issues that need to be taken into consideration when designing drinking and driving programmes/policies at universities. The findings show that there is a need for approaches that will equip young people with life skills such as decision-making and peer pressure resistance skills which will allow them to resist the temptation of drinking and driving. Future investigations should thus focus on an evaluation of the drinking and driving strategies and the approaches used to implement them so that new and improved strategies can be developed. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, [2008]

The MA thesis "Minimum Legal Drinking Age in the U.S.: A Reasonable Exception to Age of Majority?" examines the U.S. legal limit for consumption of alcohol from the perspective of policies aimed at controlling drunk driving because the minimum drinking age was set to twenty-one - higher than the age of majority - in order to reduce drunk-driving fatalities. The thesis analyzes different aspects of this issue and concludes that the high minimum legal drinking, which constitutes a severe limitation of personal freedom of those aged eighteen to twenty, did not fulfill the expectations with which it was introduced in 1984. The thesis suggests alternatives to the high age limit, and examines how and if they are implemented or what prevents their frequent use. The thesis has four parts: one provides basic facts about drinking, driving, and drunk driving in the U.S. society including the attitudes of the public toward the issue. The following part looks into the legal developments of the drinking age limits and legal challenges to the law arranging the age limit for its supposed unconstitutionality. The third chapter looks at the results of scientific research and suggests ways to deal with drunk driving more efficiently. The last part examines what prevents these more effective measures from being widely...

Ireland is a country with a rich and unique cultural heritage. It is difficult to imagine that certain facets of Irish culture (e.g. Saint Patrick's Day, the Blarney Stone, or the Ring of Kerry) can ever be taken for granted since they are so widely recognized internationally. One common feature of Irish life that possibly warrants more scholarly attention is the public house or pub. Much has been written about pubs as quaint institutions in popular literature and fiction. Curiously, they remain largely overlooked as vital aspects of Irish culture by anthropologists and others in the social sciences. In many ways, socio-cultural research on pub life in Ireland is woefully under examined. In an effort to better evaluate the significance of traditional pub life to Irish culture, my thesis seeks to integrate and critically assess the existing socio-cultural literature on Irish pub life. Such work will not only help highlight both the commonalities and discrepancies within this area of study, it will more significantly identify those areas of Irish pub life that can benefit from further academic investigation. Two recent trips to Ireland in September 2004 and May 2006, allowed me to observe important aspects of pub life first hand. It became apparent from these encounters that, like the history of Ireland itself, local pubs have a rich historical foundation. Many of the pubs that I visited have been in existence or operational since the Middle Ages. Based on this longevity, one can reasonably argue that pubs in Ireland function largely as locales of social significance and cultural reproduction, not just centers of recreational drinking. Using my travel experience as a starting point for the critical analysis phase of this thesis project, I have developed three general research questions that I will explore to varying degrees in the context of this work. These are: (1) what are the origins of pubs in Ireland?; (2) what explicit and implicit functions do pubs serve in Irish communities?; and (3) what possible developments are likely to affect Irish pubs in the near and distant future?