When it comes to dry powder inhalation (DPI), adhesive mixtures are the most widely used formulation type. Various techniques have been developed to generate inhaled drug particles and improve the delivery efficiency of DPI formulations. For dry powder inhaler formulations (DPIs), micronized drug powders are usually mixed with lactose carriers to improve powder handling during manufacturing and powder aerosol delivery during patient use. The performance of DPI systems is strongly dependent on several formulation factors, the construction of the delivery device and the inhalation technique. There is a growing interest in DPI in new medical areas such as vaccines and antibiotics which requires further development and challenges to ensure physical and aerosolization stability of DPI.  This project aims to discuss the development of inhalation therapy, the challenges during formulation processes, the mixing process and the use of excipients in pulmonary drug delivery in DPIs. Further, the project is covered by experiments based on the literature overview and performed at the Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences at Uppsala University. Bulk density was measured on three series of adhesive mixtures with increasing amounts of fine particles. In two series, small amounts of Magnesium Stearate, 0,1% and 0,01% were added.

Currently available dry powder inhalers (DPIs) for drug delivery to the lungs require turbulent energy to generate and disperse aerosol particles in the respirable range ¿5¿m during inhalation. The patient's inspiratory effort together with the resistance inside the device creates this energy. Different inhalers provide varying degrees of resistance to inhalation flow and require different inhalation techniques for the generation and delivery of drug fine particles in respirable size range to the lungs. The aim of this research programme was to identify the influence of inhalation flow, inhalation volume and the number of inhalations per dose on the ex-vivo dose emission and the in-vitro aerodynamic dose emission characteristics of the salbutamol Accuhaler®, Easyhaler®, and Clickhaler® and the terbutaline Turbuhaler® DPIs. A high-performance liquid chromatography method for the assay of salbutamol sulphate and terbutaline sulphate in aqueous samples was modified and accordingly validated. In-vitro dose emission of the four different DPIs was measured using the pharmacopoeia method with modifications to simulate varying inhalation flows within patient and between patients. The ranges of the total emitted dose (% nominal dose) at the inhalation flow range of 10 - 60 Lmin-1, following one and two inhalations per metered dose for 2L and 4L inhaled volumes were as follows: the Accuhaler (52.64- 85.11; 61.88-85.11 and 59.23-85.11; 62.81-85.11); the Easyhaler (68.35-91.99; 79.94-91.99 and 73.83-92.51; 80.40-92.51); the Clickhaler (46.55-96.49; 51.12-96.49 and 51.18-101.39; 59.71-101.39) as well as the Turbuhaler (46.08-88.13; 51.95-88.13 and 48.05-89.22; 48.64-89.22). The results highlight that the four inhalers have flow-dependent dose emission property to a varying degree using 2L and 4 L inhaled volumes. There was no significant difference in the total emitted dose between a 2L inhaled volume and a 4L inhaled volume at each inhalation flow. Furthermore, the total emitted dose from the Easyhaler®, Clickhaler®, and Turbuhaler® was significantly (p¿0.001) greater with two inhalations than one inhalation per metered dose across the range of inhalation flow (10 ¿ 60) Lmin-1. This effect was only observed at inhalation flow less than 30 Lmin-1 with the Accuhaler®. Overall there is a significant difference in the total emitted dose. The ex-vivo dose emission of the four different DPIs has been determined using the In- Check Dial device to train twelve non-smoking healthy adult volunteers to inhale at slow (30 Lmin-1) and fast (60 L min-1) inhalation flows through the device with its dial set corresponding to each inhaler. Subsequently each volunteer inhaled at the trained inhalation flows through each active inhaler. The local ethics committee approval was obtained prior to the study and all volunteers gave signed informed consent. The results obtained demonstrate that the studied inhalers have flow-dependent dose emission, thereby enhancing confidence in the use of the In-Check Dial® to identify a patient¿s inhalation flows through a variety of DPIs. Also the total emitted dose determined by ex-vivo methodology was significantly (p¿0.05) greater with two inhalations than one inhalation per metered dose. The results of the in-vitro aerodynamic dose emission characteristics highlight that the fine particle dose (FPD) from the four studied inhalers is flow dependent. Also the minimum inhalation flow to generate the (FPD) with the appropriate characteristics for lung deposition has been identified to be 20 L min-1 for the Accuhaler®, Easyhaler® and Clickhaler®, while that for the Turbuhaler® is about 30 L min-1. Also the inhalation volume above 2L and the number of inhalations for each dose have respectively no significant (p¿0.05) influence on the FPD emitted from the four studied inhalers. The results support the present instructions to patients using these inhalers to inhale once for each dose as fast as they can.

This study provides, for the first time, an ex vivo comparative evaluation of formulations of budesonide with crystallised β-form mannitol, commercial DPI grade mannitol and lactose. The lactose-budesonide was the marketed Easyhaler® 200 g formulation. Ex vivo assessment of deposition using the Easyhaler® multi-dose high resistance inhaler with reservoir was compared with the RS01® single dose capsule low resistance inhaler at two different inhalation rates. Aerodynamic characteristics, flow and surface energies were investigated together with in vitro and ex vivo assessment of drug deposition. Dose emission was greater for all formulations with higher inhalation flow, indicating greater detachment of drug from carrier, and greater with the Easyhaler®, highlighting the importance of correct device for formulation. Emission was lowest at both inhalation rates for crystallised mannitol due to poor flowability associated with elongated particle shape which resulted in interception deposition. Surface energies were also implicated; closely matched polar surface energy of carrier and drug may be an important inhibiting factor. The promising aerodynamic characteristics of crystallised mannitol with the RS01® inhaler and lactose-budesonide from in vitro assessment were not supported by ex vivo results, highlighting the need for careful selection of device.

No description available.

Curcuminoids have strong anticancer activities but have low bioavailability. The highest rate of cancer deaths comes from lung tumours; therefore, inhaled curcuminoids could treat lung cancer locally. To date, there are no nebulised formulations of curcuminoids, and there are no inhalable curcuminoids particles without excipients using air jet mill and sonocrystallisation methods for DPI formulations. It is the first time; the aerodynamic parameters of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin were measured individually using NGI. The size, shape, free surface energy, and the crystal polymorphism of the produced inhalable curcuminoid particles were characterised using laser diffraction, SEM, IGC, DSC and XRPD, respectively. Several DPI formulations with a variable particle size of curcuminoids were prepared in two drug-carrier ratios (1:9 and 1:67.5). The best performance of the DPI formulations of the sonocrystallised particles, which exist in crystal structure form1, were obtained from ethanol- heptane, as illustrated FPF 43.4%, 43.6% and 43.4% with MMAD of 3.6µm, 3.5µm and 3.4µm, whereas the best DPI formulation of the air jet milled particles was presented FPF 38.0%, 38.9%, and 39.5% with MMAD of 3.6µm, 3.4µm and 3.2µm for curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin, respectively. Nebulised curcuminoids using nanoemulsion and microsuspension formulations were prepared. The physical properties, such as osmolality, pH and the viscosity of the aerosolised nanoemulsion and the microsuspension formulations were determined. The FPF% and MMAD of nebulised nanoemulsion ranged from 44% to 50% and from 4.5µm to 5.5µm respectively. In contrast, the FPF% of microsuspension ranged from 26% to 40% and the MMAD from 5.8µm to 7.05µm. A HPLC method was developed and validated in order to be used in the determination of curcuminoids from an aqueous solution.

No / Purpose The relative lung bioavailability of salbutamol sulfate particles produced using supercritical fluids (SEDS¿) and delivered by dry powder inhaler (DPI) was compared with the performance of a conventional micronized drug DPI using the same device design (Clickhaler¿, Innovata Biomed). Materials and Methods Twelve healthy volunteers and 11 mild asthmatic patients completed separate four-way randomised cross-over studies, assessing the relative bioavailability of salbutamol sulfate (urinary excretion method), formulated as SEDS¿ particles (three batches) and micronized particles (Asmasal¿ inhaler, UCB Pharma Ltd). Post-treatment improvements in patient lung function were assessed by measuring FEV1. Physicochemical evaluation of the three SEDS¿ batches revealed inter-batch differences in particle size and shape. Results There was no significant difference in the relative lung bioavailability of salbutamol and its bronchodilator response between the best performing SEDS¿ formulation and the Asmasal¿ inhaler in volunteers and patients, respectively. SEDS¿ salbutamol sulfate showing wafer like morphology gave greater fine particle dose, relative lung bioavailability and enhanced bronchodilation compared to other SEDS¿ batches containing elongated particles. Conclusions Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) manufactured using supercritical fluids and delivered by DPI can provide similar lung bioavailability and clinical effect to the conventional micronized commercial product. Product performance is however notably influenced by inter-batch differences in particle characteristics.

No / Previously, dose emission below 30 L min(-1) through DPI has not been routinely determined. However, during routine use some patients do not achieve 30 L min(-1) inhalation flows. Hence, the aim of the present study was to determine dose emission characteristics for low inhalation flows from terbutaline sulphate Turbuhaler. Total emitted dose (TED), fine particle dose (FPD) and mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of terbutaline sulphate Turbuhaler were determined using inhalation flows of 10-60 L min(-1) and inhaled volume of 4 L. TED and FPD increase significantly with the increase of inhalation flows (p <0.05). Flows had more pronounced effect on FPD than TED, thus, faster inhalation increases respirable amount more than it increases emitted dose. MMAD increases with decrease of inhalation flow until flow of 20L min(-1) then it decreases. In vitro flow dependent dose emission has been demonstrated previously for Turbuhaler for flow rates above 30 L min(-1) but is more pronounced below this flow. Minimal FPD below 30 L min(-1) suggests that during routine use at this flow rate most of emitted dose will impact in mouth. Flow dependent dose emission results suggest that Pharmacopoeias should consider the use variety of inhalation flows rather than one that is equivalent to pressure drop of 4 KPa.

No / In vitro dissolution testing as a form of quality control has become a necessity in the pharmaceutical industry. As such, the need to establish a method that investigates the in vitro dissolution profile of inhaled products should be taken into account. The prime focus in this study was to examine the in-vitro in-vivo correlation utilising a modified version of the Twin Stage Impinger and to promote an in vitro dissolution model by enhancing the Fine Particle Dose (FPD) collection method for dry powder inhalers. The Twin Impinger was modified by inserting a stainless steel membrane holder disk in the base of the lower chamber. The design, with optimum drug deposition, was adopted for the dissolution study of budesonide and salbutamol. Afterwards, the membrane holder system was placed in the bottom of the dissolution vessel. Phosphate buffer saline (PBS), simulated lung fluid (SLF, Gamble solution) and Phosphate buffer (PB) were used in the study. The paddle dissolution apparatus, containing 300 mL of the medium, was operated at 75 rpm paddle speed. Samples were collected at defined time intervals and analysed using a validated HPLC method. The largest proportion of the budesonide dose was dissolved in PBS compared to PB and SLF. This was due to the presence of surfactant (0.2% w/v polysorbate), which enhances the wettability and the solubility of the poorly soluble drug (budesonide). The similarity factors for PBS and PB were 47.6 and 69.7, respectively, using SLF as a reference, whereas the similarity factor for salbutamol dissolution between PB and SLF was 81.3, suggesting PB is a suitable substitute. Comparison using both the predicted and actual in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) values of the two drugs, as well as the pattern of their Concentration-Time (c-t) profiles, showed good similarity, which gave an indication of the validity of this in vitro dissolution method.

Advancements in pulmonary drug delivery technologies have improved the use of dry powder inhalation therapy to treat respiratory and systemic diseases. Despite remarkable improvements in the development of dry powder inhaler devices (DPIs) and formulations in the last few years, an optimized DPI system has yet to be developed. In this work, we hypothesize that Thin Film Freezing (TFF) is a suitable technology to improve inhalation therapies to treat lung and systemic malignancies due to its ability to produce brittle powder with optimal aerodynamic properties. Also, we developed a performance verification test (PVT) for the Next Generation Cascade Impactor (NGI), which is one of the most important in vitro characterization methods to test inhalation. In the first study, we used TFF technology to produce amorphous and brittle particles of rapamycin, and compared the in vivo behavior by the pharmacokinetic profiles, to its crystalline counterpart when delivered to the lungs of rats via inhalation. It was found that TFF rapamycin presented higher in vivo systemic bioavailability than the crystalline formulation. Subsequently, we investigated the use of TFF technology to produce triple fixed dose therapy using formoterol fumarate, tiotropium bromide and budesonide as therapeutic drugs. We investigated applications of this technology to powder properties and in vitro aerosol performance with respect to single and combination therapy. As a result, the brittle TFF powders presented superior properties than the physical mixture of micronized crystalline powders, such as excellent particle distribution homogeneity after in vitro aerosolization. Lastly, we developed a PVT for the NGI that may be applicable to other cascade impactors, by investigating the use of a standardized pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) with the NGI. Two standardized formulations were developed. Formulations were analyzed for repeatability and robustness, and found not to demonstrate significant differences in plate deposition using a single NGI apparatus. Variable conditions were introduced to the NGI to mimic operator and equipment failure. Introduction of the variable conditions to the NGI was found to significantly adjust the deposition patterns of the standardized formulations, suggesting that their use as a PVT could be useful and that further investigation is warranted. / text

Les tumeurs pulmonaires, qu’elles soient primaires (principalement représentées par le cancer du poumon non-à-petites cellules) ou secondaires (métastases), causent la mort de plusieurs centaines de milliers de personnes par an à travers le monde. Malgré les modalités de traitements existantes, un plateau thérapeutique a été atteint avec un taux de survie à 5 ans de maximum 15%. Actuellement, il est connu que le cancer du poumon non-à-petites cellules ainsi que les métastases sont intrinsèquement résistants à l’apoptose.<p>Pour apporter des réponses aux principales problématiques rencontrées avec l’administration systémique de la chimiothérapie conventionnelle qui est principalement constituée d’agents pro-apoptotiques, nous avons développé des formulations à base d’agents antinéoplasiques aux propriétés anticancéreuses non pro-apoptotiques qui sont destinées à être administrées de manière localisée par la voie inhalée. Il faut savoir que l’inhalation est la voie d’administration préférentielle des principales affections respiratoires telles que l’asthme, la bronchopneumonie chronique obstructive et la mucoviscidose. <p>La première partie de ce travail a consisté à produire et à évaluer des formulations à base de témozolomide destinées à être administrées chez la souris porteuse de pseudo-métastases pulmonaires (issues d’un mélanome expérimental, le modèle B16F10), soit via la voie intraveineuse (iv) conventionnelle soit via la voie inhalée à l’aide d’un dispositif endotrachéal approprié. La suspension pour inhalation a été produite à l’aide de technique de réduction de taille et a été stabilisée à l’aide de phospholipides compatibles avec la voie pulmonaire. L’activité anticancéreuse in vitro a été vérifiée pour le témozolomide formulé sous forme de suspension pour inhalation et de solution intraveineuse par rapport à du témozolomide non formulé sur des lignées de cellules cancéreuses de cancer humain NSCLC A549, de glioblastome humain T98G et de mélanome murin B16F10. Cette dernière lignée a été utilisée pour générer les pseudo-métastases pulmonaires chez la souris en injectant les cellules de mélanomes dans la voie systémique via la veine caudale. La reproductibilité de la dose et de l’aérosol générés à partir de la suspension pour inhalation à l’aide du dispositif d’administration endotrachéal et la déposition des gouttelettes dans les poumons de la souris ont pu être respectivement évaluées avec précision par une méthode de quantification du témozolomide qui a été validée par nos soins, par des techniques de diffraction laser et par des techniques de microscopie à fluorescence et d’analyse d’images histologiques. Enfin, l’activité antitumorale in vivo et la tolérance des traitements conventionnels ou localisés ont été vérifiées chez la souris porteuse de ces pseudo-métastases pulmonaires B16F10. Les résultats ont montré que le dispositif endotrachéal utilisé permettait de produire des doses et des aérosols reproductibles et de déposer les gouttelettes d’aérosol profondément dans les poumons des souris. De plus, lors de l’étude in vivo, les traitements administrés étaient bien tolérés et la dose de témozolomide administré sous forme de suspension pour inhalation à l’aide du dispositif endotrachéal avait permis d’obtenir une efficacité antitumorale similaire à une dose similaire de témozolomide administrée par la voie iv conventionnelle. De plus, 11% (3/27) de souris « long-survivantes » avaient été observées avec le groupe traité par inhalation trois fois par semaine pendant trois semaines consécutives et les poumons de ces long-survivants avaient présenté une éradication quasi complète des tumeurs pulmonaires. Ce phénomène n’avait pas été observé dans les groupes de souris traitées de manière conventionnelle.<p>Ensuite, la seconde partie de notre travail a consisté en l’élaboration du témozolomide sous forme de poudres sèches pour inhalation destinées à être délivrées à l’aide d’un dispositif à poudre sèche à usage humain. Pour ce faire, nous avons développé les poudres sèches pour inhalation à l’aide de techniques de réduction de taille pour microniser la poudre de départ et d’atomisation pour évaporer le solvant et élaborer un enrobage autour des particules micronisées. La nature de l’enrobage était soit hydrophile soit lipophile. Ensuite les caractéristiques physicochimiques telles que les propriétés thermiques, les propriétés cristallines, la distribution de taille particulaire et la morphologie des formulations de poudre sèche pour inhalation ont été évalués à l’aide de techniques appropriées telles que la calorimétrie différentielle à balayage, la diffraction des rayons X sur poudre, la diffraction de la lumière laser et la microscopie électronique à balayage. Les profils de déposition pulmonaire et de dissolution ont été respectivement déterminés in vitro à l’aide de l’essai de la pharmacopée européenne utilisant l’impacteur à cascade multi-étages et d’un test de dissolution adapté aux formes pulmonaires. Les quatre formulations élaborées présentaient des caractéristiques physicochimiques intéressantes pour la stabilité à long-terme de la substance active et des formulations. De plus, deux formulations de poudre sèche pour inhalation (les formulations F1 et F2) présentaient des propriétés aérodynamiques tout à fait attrayantes avec une fraction minimale de poudre déposée au niveau du tractus respiratoire supérieure et une fraction maximale de poudre déposée au niveau du tractus respiratoire inférieur où se localisent les tumeurs pulmonaires. De plus, l’ensemble des formulations ont montré que la fraction sélectionnée des particules fines des poudres sèches pour inhalation libérait 75% du témozolomide dans le liquide simulant le fluide pulmonaire endéans les dix premières minutes du test de dissolution in vitro adapté aux formes pulmonaires. <p>Enfin, nous avons comparé l’efficacité et la tolérance in vivo d’une de nos formulations de poudre sèche de témozolomide pour inhalation administrée soit sous forme de suspension, soit sous forme de poudre sèche, à l’aide du dispositif endotrachéal approprié chez la souris porteuse de pseudo-métastases pulmonaires. L’uniformité de la dose délivrée par les différents dispositifs a été évaluée à l’aide d’une technique quantitative validée. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré qu’en administrant une formulation de poudre sèche sous forme d’un mélange de poudres plutôt que sous forme d’une suspension liquide, les doses en témozolomide à administrer pour obtenir une efficacité comparable était au moins deux fois moins élevées. Cependant, le dispositif endotrachéal pour les formulations de poudre présentait plus de variabilité au niveau de la dose délivrée que le dispositif endotrachéal pour les formulations liquides ce qui induit une variabilité dans les doses délivrées. Pour clôturer ce travail, nous avons appliqué certaines techniques que nous avons développées pour le témozolomide à une nouvelle molécule de synthèse, le trivanillate polyphénolique 13c, qui montre des propriétés anticancéreuses intéressantes dans le cadre des tumeurs pulmonaires. En effet, une méthode quantitative a été développée et a été validée. Une étude de pré-formulation et des essais de formulation pour produire une suspension, des complexes d’inclusion et des microparticules lipidiques ont été entrepris avec de relativement bons résultats pour les complexes d’inclusion élaborés avec des gamma cyclodextrines qui permettaient d’augmenter la solubilité dans l’eau de la molécule de 13c d’un facteur d’au moins 1,5×106. De plus, les particules de 13c montraient la particularité de se solubiliser dans un mélange dichlorométhane/éthanol (1 :1 v/v) ce qui nous a permis d’élaborer des microparticules lipidiques pour lesquelles les propriétés de mouillage devront être améliorées dans l’avenir./<p>Primary lung tumors, mainly represented by non-small-cell lung cancers (cancers NSCLC), or secondary lung tumors (metastasis) cause the death of hundred thousand human beings worldwide. Despite the therapeutic modalities used, the five-year survival rate reaches only 15%. Nowadays, it is known that cancers NSCLC and metastasis are intrinsically resistant to apoptosis.<p>To overcome the main problems occurring with the systemic delivery of conventional chemotherapy which are mainly constituted of non-specific and non selective pro-apoptotic agents, we have developed some formulations based on non pro-apoptotic antineoplasic drugs which are designed to be delivered by a localized administration, the inhalation. Indeed, inhalation is the preferential route to treat the main pulmonary affections such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cystic fibrosis.<p>The first part of this work consisted to produce and evaluate temozolomide-based formulations designed to be delivered to mice bearing pulmonary pseudo-metastases (using a experimental melanoma, the B16F10 model), either by the conventional intravenous (iv) route or by inhalation using an endotracheal device appropriate to mice. The suspension for inhalation was produced by means of a high pressure homogenizing technique using phospholipids compatible with the lungs to stabilize the suspension. The in vitro anticancer activity was evaluated for both temozolomide-based formulations in comparison with non-formulated temzolomide on three cancer cell lines, a human NSCLC cancer cells (A549), a human glioblastoma cancer cells (T98G) as positive control and a murine melanoma cancer cells (B16F10). The latter was used to generate lung tumors in mice by injecting the melanoma cells by iv. Reproducibility of delivered dose and generated aerosol by the endotracheal device from the suspension for inhalation and the deposition of droplets in the mouse lungs were precisely evaluated by means of a validated HPLC determination method, a laser diffraction technique and fluorescent microscopy and histological image analysis, respectively. Then, the tolerance and the antitumor efficacy of iv or inhaled temozolomide-based treatments were evaluated on mice bearing pulmonary pseudo-metastases B16F10. The results showed that endotracheal device produced reproducible doses and aerosols and that the aerosol droplets were deposited deeply in the mouse lungs. Moreover, the temozolomide-based treatments were well tolerated in terms of weight evolution and the inhaled based-temozolomide treatments were able to get the same antitumor efficacy in terms of median survival rate as the conventional iv based-temozolomide treatments delivered at a same frequency. Moreover with the group treated by inhalation three times a week during three consecutive weeks, 11% (3/27) mice survived with an almost complete eradication of lung tumors which was not observed with the groups treated by conventional route.<p>Then, the second part of our work consisted to produce temozolomide-based dry powders for inhalation able to be delivered with a dry powder inhaler for human use. We developed the dry powders for inhalation using a high-pressure homogenizing technique to micronize temozolomide particles and then spray-drying technique to coat temozolomide microparticles. The coating was either hydrophilic or lipophilic. Then, the physicochemical characteristics such as thermal or crystalline properties, the particle size distribution and the particle morphology were evaluated for the four dry powders for inhalation by means of differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray powder diffraction, laser light scattering and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The in vitro pulmonary deposition and dissolution were respectively determined by European pharmacopeia assay for the aerodynamic assessment of fine particles using a multi-stage liquid impinger and by dissolution test optimized for inhaler products. The four formulations produced presented physicochemical properties promoting long-term stability of temozolomide and formulations.Moreover, two of them (dry powder without coating or with a thin lipid coating) showed attractive aerodynamic properties with a minimal fraction of powder deposited in the oropharyngeal and tracheal zones and maximal fraction deposited in the lungs (almost 50% of the nominal dose) where the lung tumors are localized. Moreover, fine particle fraction of all formulations showed a fast release and dissolution of temozolomide with more than 75% of temozolmide dissolved within 10 minutes in the simulated lung fluid during the in vitro dissolution test optimized for dry powders for inhalation.<p>Then, we compared the in vivo antitumor efficacy and tolerance of one of dry powders for inhalation on mice bearing pulmonary pseudo-metastases B16F10. The dry powder for inhalation was administered either by dispersing it as a extemporaneous suspension able to be delivered by the endotracheal device for liquid forms or by mixing it with a spray-dried diluent able to be delivered by the endotracheal device for dry powders. The uniformity of delivered dose by the different endotracheal device was evaluated by a validated quantitative method. The results showed that the delivery of the powder mixture presented the same antitumor efficacy as the extemporaneous suspension but for a half dose of temozolomide. However, the endotracheal device for dry powders presented a higher variability of delivered dose than the endotracheal device for liquid forms.<p>Finally, we apply the pulmonary application on a polyphenol developed in the Faculty of Pharmacy, the molecule 13c, that showed very interesting in vitro anticancer properties against lung tumors. So, a quantitative method was developed and was validated. A preformulation studie was performed and formulation developements are on-going.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished