No description available.

Research area and topicality of the work. Mechanical properties and their evolution under loading are the most significant factors for the development of various mechanical structures, technologies and equipment. It seems to be natu-ral that deeper understanding of the behaviour of existing and design of new materials presents a challenge in different research areas. It should be noted, that all the materials are heterogeneous in meso- and micro- scales. They exhibit essential differences, compared to the macroscopic continuum behaviour. Basically, both experimental and numerical simulation methods are extensively applied for investigation purposes. Experimental techniques, capable of giving a realistic view of the inside of the material and extracting the real data, are very expensive. Therefore, the nu-merical simulation tools are extensively used as an alternative for investigation purposes. They have considerable advantages allowing the reproduction of multiple experiments and providing comprehensive data about ongoing phe-nomena. Recently, numerical technologies have become highly multidisciplinary subjects. They comprise phenomenological and statistical ideas, while mathe-matical models employ the relations of continuum mechanics, classical discre-tization methods and molecular dynamics. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) is one of new methods. It is aimed at simulating the dynamic behaviour of the contacting particles. Variable topology of the system of particles is an... [to full text] / Tyrimų sritis ir darbo aktualumas. Kuriant modernias ��vairios paskirties mechanines sistemas, technologijas ir įrangą, svarbiomis tampa jas sudarančios medžiagos. Savaime suprantama, kad žinomos ir naujai kuriamos medžiagos dabar kur kas išsamiau nagrinėjamos daugelyje mokslo šakų, įskaitant ir me-džiagų mechaniką. Visos medžiagos mezo- ir mikrostruktūros požiūriu yra ne-vienalytės. Jų mikroskopinės savybės skirtingos, lyginant su įprastu kontinuu-mu. Medžiagų savybėms tirti dažniausiai taikomi eksperimentiniai metodai. Eksperimentiniais metodais ištirti medžiagos struktūras ir jose vykstančius procesus ir įvertinti tam tikras jų savybes labai brangu. Tai viena priežasčių, kodėl skaitinis modeliavimas tampa realia tyrimų alternatyva. Skaitinį eksperi-mentą galima kartoti daug kartų, valdant bandinio parametrus, išlaikant tas pa-čias sąlygas, ir stebėti reiškiniui būdingus rodiklius visame tūryje. Šiuolaikiniai modeliavimo metodai yra kompleksiniai. Jie jungia fenome-nologines ir statistines idėjas, o matematiniai modeliai sudaromi taikant konti-nuumo mechanikos ir jų diskrečiųjų modelių bei molekulinės dinamikos pri-klausomybes. Diskrečiųjų elementų metodas (DEM) taip pat priskiriamas šiuo-laikinių metodų kategorijai. Jis skirtas kontaktuojančių dalelių sistemų dinami-niam modeliavimui. Kintanti dalelių sistemos topologija – būdingas metodo požymis. Pastaruoju metu DEM jau taikomas kontinuumui modeliuoti ir praktikoje aktualiems irimo uždaviniams spręsti. Reikia pastebėti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(工学) / 乙第12650号 / 論工博第4078号 / 新制||工||1547(附属図書館) / 29728 / (主査)教授 辻 伸泰, 教授 落合 庄治郎, 教授 乾 晴行 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当

No description available.

O estudo de força aplicada em função da deformação dos materiais é um método comum para estudar as propriedades mecânicas dos mesmos. Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento do protótipo de um instrumento dedicado à medição das propriedades viscoelásticas de tecidos moles. O protótipo é composto por um módulo de excitação, um de medição do deslocamento e outro de medição da carga, arranjados de forma compacta para proporcionar a sua aplicação em centro cirúrgico. O módulo de medição do deslocamento é baseado em um sensor magnetoresistivo posicionado eqüidistante entre dois pequenos magnetos cilíndricos (diâmetro = 3mm, comprimento = 5mm) invertidos. Um dos magnetos foi acoplado na base do próprio sensor e o outro no eixo do pistão. Nesta configuração, o campo magnético sobre o sensor é praticamente nulo na condição inicial e diferente de zero quando o pistão se desloca. O módulo de medição da carga possui um pequeno porta-amostra e permite realizar medidas em amostras de até 1 grama. A deformação sobre as amostras pode ser realizada de forma dinâmica e estática. A deformação dinâmica é feita usando um sistema eletromagnético, baseado em alto-falante, energizado com corrente alternada. A deformação estática é feita comprimindo a amostra através do deslocamento do oscilador sobre a mesma, usando um controle micrométrico. Durante as medidas, as amostras são envolvidas em óleo de parafina para minimizar os atritos de contato. As medições dinâmicas da carga e do deslocamento do pistão são feitas através de um amplificador Lock-in conectado ao microcomputador por uma interface GPIB. Foram realizados testes em amostras de diferentes propriedades mecânicas, tais como parafinas, borracha de silicone, fígado bovino, gelatina de porco, gelatina de porco irradiada, carne de porco e carne de frango. A variação da amplitude do sinal durante a deformação da amostra foi bastante notória para pequenas variações nas propriedades mecânicas e geométricas da mesma. Para as amostras citadas acima, ambos os sinais da variação do deslocamento e da carga foram diferentes e reprodutíveis. Estes estudos mostraram que, com um sistema simplificado e de baixo custo, é possível avaliar pequenas alterações das propriedades mecânicas em pequenas amostras de tecido biológico mole. Baseado nos resultados deste estudo, pode-se concluir que o protótipo desenvolvido apresenta sensibilidade para caracterizar as propriedades elásticas de tecidos biológicos moles. / The study of deformation of materials when submitted to knowledge force is a common method to study their mechanical properties. This work describes the development of a prototype of a system dedicated to the measurement of the viscous-elastic properties of soft tissues. This system is composed of three coupled modulus: one for mechanical excitement, one displacement measurement and one to load measurement. All of them are arranged in a compact form to provide their application in surgical centers. The module of measurement of the displacement is based on a magneto resistive sensor located between an equidistant of two small cylindrical magnetos (diameter = 3 mm, length = 5 mm) aligned and with magnetic poles inverted. One of the magnetos was connected to the support of sensor and the other to the piston. In this configuration, the magnetic field on the sensor is practically null in the initial condition and different from zero when the piston is moving. The module of measurement of the load has a small sample-place and allows carrying through measured samples of up to 1 gram. The deformation on the samples can be carried through dynamic and static forms. The dynamic deformation is made using an electromagnetic system, based in loudspeaker, energized with an alternating chain. The static deformation is made compressing the sample by the displacement of the oscillator on it using a micrometric control. During the measures the samples are involved in paraffin oil to minimize the resistance force caused by the contact. The dynamic measurements of the load and the displacement of the piston are made through an amplifier Lock-in interfaced to the microcomputer by GPIB cable. Tests in samples of different mechanical properties, such as paraffin, silicone rubber, bovine liver, gelatin of pig, meat of pig and chicken were carried out. The variation on the strain and load output for dynamic and static stresses show the potential of the prototype developed to evaluate mechanical proprieties of small samples. Both output signals of the displacement and load had been reproducible. These studies had shown that, with a simplified and low cost system it is possible to evaluate small alterations of the mechanical properties in small soft biological tissues.

O estudo de força aplicada em função da deformação dos materiais é um método comum para estudar as propriedades mecânicas dos mesmos. Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento do protótipo de um instrumento dedicado à medição das propriedades viscoelásticas de tecidos moles. O protótipo é composto por um módulo de excitação, um de medição do deslocamento e outro de medição da carga, arranjados de forma compacta para proporcionar a sua aplicação em centro cirúrgico. O módulo de medição do deslocamento é baseado em um sensor magnetoresistivo posicionado eqüidistante entre dois pequenos magnetos cilíndricos (diâmetro = 3mm, comprimento = 5mm) invertidos. Um dos magnetos foi acoplado na base do próprio sensor e o outro no eixo do pistão. Nesta configuração, o campo magnético sobre o sensor é praticamente nulo na condição inicial e diferente de zero quando o pistão se desloca. O módulo de medição da carga possui um pequeno porta-amostra e permite realizar medidas em amostras de até 1 grama. A deformação sobre as amostras pode ser realizada de forma dinâmica e estática. A deformação dinâmica é feita usando um sistema eletromagnético, baseado em alto-falante, energizado com corrente alternada. A deformação estática é feita comprimindo a amostra através do deslocamento do oscilador sobre a mesma, usando um controle micrométrico. Durante as medidas, as amostras são envolvidas em óleo de parafina para minimizar os atritos de contato. As medições dinâmicas da carga e do deslocamento do pistão são feitas através de um amplificador Lock-in conectado ao microcomputador por uma interface GPIB. Foram realizados testes em amostras de diferentes propriedades mecânicas, tais como parafinas, borracha de silicone, fígado bovino, gelatina de porco, gelatina de porco irradiada, carne de porco e carne de frango. A variação da amplitude do sinal durante a deformação da amostra foi bastante notória para pequenas variações nas propriedades mecânicas e geométricas da mesma. Para as amostras citadas acima, ambos os sinais da variação do deslocamento e da carga foram diferentes e reprodutíveis. Estes estudos mostraram que, com um sistema simplificado e de baixo custo, é possível avaliar pequenas alterações das propriedades mecânicas em pequenas amostras de tecido biológico mole. Baseado nos resultados deste estudo, pode-se concluir que o protótipo desenvolvido apresenta sensibilidade para caracterizar as propriedades elásticas de tecidos biológicos moles. / The study of deformation of materials when submitted to knowledge force is a common method to study their mechanical properties. This work describes the development of a prototype of a system dedicated to the measurement of the viscous-elastic properties of soft tissues. This system is composed of three coupled modulus: one for mechanical excitement, one displacement measurement and one to load measurement. All of them are arranged in a compact form to provide their application in surgical centers. The module of measurement of the displacement is based on a magneto resistive sensor located between an equidistant of two small cylindrical magnetos (diameter = 3 mm, length = 5 mm) aligned and with magnetic poles inverted. One of the magnetos was connected to the support of sensor and the other to the piston. In this configuration, the magnetic field on the sensor is practically null in the initial condition and different from zero when the piston is moving. The module of measurement of the load has a small sample-place and allows carrying through measured samples of up to 1 gram. The deformation on the samples can be carried through dynamic and static forms. The dynamic deformation is made using an electromagnetic system, based in loudspeaker, energized with an alternating chain. The static deformation is made compressing the sample by the displacement of the oscillator on it using a micrometric control. During the measures the samples are involved in paraffin oil to minimize the resistance force caused by the contact. The dynamic measurements of the load and the displacement of the piston are made through an amplifier Lock-in interfaced to the microcomputer by GPIB cable. Tests in samples of different mechanical properties, such as paraffin, silicone rubber, bovine liver, gelatin of pig, meat of pig and chicken were carried out. The variation on the strain and load output for dynamic and static stresses show the potential of the prototype developed to evaluate mechanical proprieties of small samples. Both output signals of the displacement and load had been reproducible. These studies had shown that, with a simplified and low cost system it is possible to evaluate small alterations of the mechanical properties in small soft biological tissues.

<p>This thesis presents a family of automatic elastic registration methods applicable to single and multimodal images of similar or dissimilar dimensions. These registration algorithms employ a generic dynamic linear elastic continuum mechanics model of the tissue deformation which is discretized using the finite element method. The dynamic deformation model provides spatial and temporal correlation between images acquired from different orientations at different times. First, a volumetric registration algorithm is presented which estimates the deformation field by balancing internal deformation forces of the elastic model against external forces derived from an intensity-based similarity measure between images. The registration is achieved by iteratively solving a reduced form of the dynamic deformation equations in response to image-derived nodal forces. A general approach for automatic deformable image registration is also presented in this thesis which deals with different registration problems within a unified framework irrespective of the image modality and dimension. Using the dynamic deformation model, the problem of deformable image registration is approached as a classical state estimation problem with various image similarity measures providing an observation model. With this formulation, single and multiple-modality, 3D-3D and 3D-2D image registration problems can all be treated within the same framework.The registration is achieved through a Kalman-like filtering process which incorporates information from the deformation model and an observation error computed from an intensity-based similarity measure. Correlation ratio, normalized correlation coefficient, mutual information, modality independent neighborhood descriptor and sum of squared differences between images are similarity/distance measures employed for single and multiple modality image registration in this thesis</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Tyrimų sritis ir darbo aktualumas. Kuriant modernias įvairios paskirties mechanines sistemas, technologijas ir įrangą, svarbiomis tampa jas sudarančios medžiagos. Savaime suprantama, kad žinomos ir naujai kuriamos medžiagos dabar kur kas išsamiau nagrinėjamos daugelyje mokslo šakų, įskaitant ir me-džiagų mechaniką. Visos medžiagos mezo- ir mikrostruktūros požiūriu yra ne-vienalytės. Jų mikroskopinės savybės skirtingos, lyginant su įprastu kontinuu-mu. Medžiagų savybėms tirti dažniausiai taikomi eksperimentiniai metodai. Eksperimentiniais metodais ištirti medžiagos struktūras ir jose vykstančius procesus ir įvertinti tam tikras jų savybes labai brangu. Tai viena priežasčių, kodėl skaitinis modeliavimas tampa realia tyrimų alternatyva. Skaitinį eksperi-mentą galima kartoti daug kartų, valdant bandinio parametrus, išlaikant tas pa-čias sąlygas, ir stebėti reiškiniui būdingus rodiklius visame tūryje. Šiuolaikiniai modeliavimo metodai yra kompleksiniai. Jie jungia fenome-nologines ir statistines idėjas, o matematiniai modeliai sudaromi taikant konti-nuumo mechanikos ir jų diskrečiųjų modelių bei molekulinės dinamikos pri-klausomybes. Diskrečiųjų elementų metodas (DEM) taip pat priskiriamas šiuo-laikinių metodų kategorijai. Jis skirtas kontaktuojančių dalelių sistemų dinami-niam modeliavimui. Kintanti dalelių sistemos topologija – būdingas metodo požymis. Pastaruoju metu DEM jau taikomas kontinuumui modeliuoti ir praktikoje aktualiems irimo uždaviniams spręsti. Reikia pastebėti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Research area and topicality of the work. Mechanical properties and their evolution under loading are the most significant factors for the development of various mechanical structures, technologies and equipment. It seems to be natu-ral that deeper understanding of the behaviour of existing and design of new materials presents a challenge in different research areas. It should be noted, that all the materials are heterogeneous in meso- and micro- scales. They exhibit essential differences, compared to the macroscopic continuum behaviour. Basically, both experimental and numerical simulation methods are extensively applied for investigation purposes. Experimental techniques, capable of giving a realistic view of the inside of the material and extracting the real data, are very expensive. Therefore, the nu-merical simulation tools are extensively used as an alternative for investigation purposes. They have considerable advantages allowing the reproduction of multiple experiments and providing comprehensive data about ongoing phe-nomena. Recently, numerical technologies have become highly multidisciplinary subjects. They comprise phenomenological and statistical ideas, while mathe-matical models employ the relations of continuum mechanics, classical discre-tization methods and molecular dynamics. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) is one of new methods. It is aimed at simulating the dynamic behaviour of the contacting particles. Variable topology of the system of particles is an... [to full text]

Šiame darbe susisteminti ir palyginti pagrindiniai grunto standumo koeficientų nustatymo metodai. Aprašoma metodika, kaip iš grunto santykinio tankio galima apskaičiuoti dinaminį bei statinį tamprumo modulius. Pateikiamos šių grunto parametrų koreliacinės priklausomybės. Eksperimentiniais tyrimais įrodyta, kad silpnuose gruntuose egzistuoja netiesinė grunto tamprumo modulio priklausomybė nuo šalia grunto esančios priekrovos. Priekrovą traktuojant kaip tiesiškai priklausančią nuo gylio, išvesta tamprumo modulio silpnuose gruntuose priklausomybė nuo gylio. Rezervuarų skaičiavimui buvo pasinaudota 2 panašių konstrukcijų skaičiavimo metodikomis (tunelių metodika bei vamzdžių m.). Taip pat pasinaudota СНиП 2.06.09-84 tunelių projektavimo nurodymais. Konstrukcija sumodeliuota projektavimo programomis Robot Structural Analysis Pro, SCAD, Plaxis 2D. Taip pat pateiktas patobulintas modelis, atramas išskirstant į ploto vienetą, autoriaus nuomone, tinkamesnėmis plonasienėms mažo standumo konstrukcijoms. Skaičiuotiniuose modeliuose įvertinami visi pagrindiniai rezervuarų konstrukciniai elementai: galiniai kupolai, lengvosios sąstandos, špangautai. Laboratoriniais bandymais nustatytos ir įvertintos polimerinio kompozito konstrukcinės savybės: virtualus tamprumo modulis, Puasono koeficientas, valkšnumo koeficientas bei senėjimo faktorius. Išvadose apibendrinami rezultatai, taip pat suformuojami pasiūlymai, naudingi tolesniems tiriamiesiems darbams, bei panašių konstrukcijų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Main methods to determine subgrade reaction is systemized in this master thesis work. Determination of static and dynamic deformation modulus, when relative soil density is known, are also familiarized. Correlation between the parameters is given in section 2. Experiments were made to prove that there is a link between deformation modulus and surcharge. If surcharge depends linearly from depth, then a function was created to predict deformation modulus values in weak soil when depth varies. 2 similar construction (pipes and tunnels) methods were used to design a buried tank. Design model was created by these design programs: Robot Structural Analysis Pro, SCAD, and PLAXIS 2D. An additional tank modelling method has been suggested by the author. Supports were assigned in plane instead of in a straight line. The updated model seems to better fit for low stiffness construction materials like GRP composites. In these design models all common tank structural elements were included: longitude domes, light and heavy stiffeners, orthotropic material. Main design parameters like virtual elastic modulus, Poisson ratio, creep factor, factor of durability. Results are summarized in conclusions. Suggestions were provided to help future researchers and designers with this kind of problems: structural design of composite polymer structures, design of buried thin-shelled tanks and evaluation of deformation modulus.