The purpose of this study was to delineate variables which relate to reported willingness to seek treatment for menstrual-related distress, and to assess treatment preferences in a population of women often tapped for menstrual research that of college students. Of the 198 volunteers included in the study, 71 stated that they were willing to seek some form of treatment for menstrual-related distress, and 127 stated that they were not willing to do so. The Adjective Checklist (ACL), Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire (MAQ), and Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ), along with a personal data sheet were administered to subjects. In addition, they were asked to read three paragraph-long descriptions of self-administered, medical, and behavioral treatments for menstrual-related distress and to indicate their preference for each.

Title: Effect of physiotherapy in patients with endometriosis Objectives: The objective of this thesis is to evalute the effect of a six-week physiotherapy intervention including manual and exercise therapy approach on the quality of life assessed by The Endometriosis Health Profile-30 questionnaire, on dysmenorrhea assessed by The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire and The Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, and on the number of functional impairments of the musculoskeletal system asssessed by the kinesiological analysis of eight women with diagnosed endometriosis. Methods: The practical part is a pilot study evaluating the contribution of the six-week physiotherapy intervention in eight women with diagnosed enometriosis. The therapy plan was constructed individually to deal with the objective findings using the combination of manual and exercise therapy with the aim of decreasing the presence of functional impairments of the musculoskeletal system. To evaluate the effect of therapy, standartized qualitative questionnaires, The Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, The short- form McGill Pain Questionnaire and The Endometriosis Health Profile-30 were used as well as the kinesiological diagnosis form. The probands filled out the questionnaires on the first day of their menstrual cycle before and after...

The world, including developing countries such as South Africa, is burdened with deeply rooted women sexual health challenges such as dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhoea, also known as, "period pains", while not life-threatening, has been troubling many women of childbearing age since ancient times. Many interventions and drugs are available and approved for use in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. However, dysmenorrhea remains least understood, many cultures and religions of the African countries still regard it as a "taboo" subject because it is a sexual and reproductive issue, and means of coping are considered indigenously "women’s knowledge”, as such increasingly, women negotiate with cultural beliefs and practices in the management of dysmenorrhea. South Africa, as a multicultural society, allows the practice of different types of health care systems such as dysmenorrhea management. Extensive efforts are being made by the government and the healthcare sector to understand and document the indigenous health knowledge for safe practices in improving the overall health of South Africans. Moreover, this study was conducted. This study aimed to understand the indigenous perspectives of the meaning and treatment modalities of dysmenorrhea among Batlokwa women. Purposive and snowball sampling was used to select participants. The findings were used to develop strategies to empower Batlokwa women with dysmenorrhea knowledge. This study was premised on a conviction that Batlokwa women have a unique perspective on dysmenorrhea meaning and treatment modalities based on their ethnicity background. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 was the empirical phase which was qualitative and was divided into two parts to address the first two objectives of the study. The population for Phase 1 constituted of the Batlokwa Traditional Health Practitioners (THPs) and Indigenous Knowledge Holders (IKHs). In part one modified photovoice approach was used to collect data in four different stages: • • Stage 1 – brainstorming and photograph taking training • • Stage 2 – taking photographs • • Stage 3 – Individual interviews • Stage 4 – modified Lekgotla discussion Data analysis for part one followed steps of photovoice data analysis guided by questioning the acronym “PHOTO” (Hussey 2006). The process involved photograph selection, contextualising and codifying. Photovoice enabled Batlokwa women (Traditional Health Practitioners and Indigenous Knowledge Holders) to share indigenous dysmenorrhea knowledge. Photographs taken by the participants were used to understand their perspectives regarding the meaning and treatment modalities of dysmenorrhea. Part two used in-depth interviews to collect data from women. In-depth interviews were conducted with different women to enhance the knowledge gained from the photovoice study. It was also to capture additional information that should have been missed during the photovoice study. Content data analysis was used in part two to provide detailed guidance for the coding process and analysis. The Africana Womanism theory was used as a framework to guide the study process and discussion of the findings and was grounded within critical realism worldview. This provided means to follow a systematic structure of understanding how the indigenous dysmenorrhea knowledge surfaced and maintained within the Batlokwa ethnicity. Five major themes were identified: holistic understanding of dysmenorrhea meaning; self-naming and definition of dysmenorrhea; diagnostic processes in indigenous health care practices; treatment modalities of dysmenorrhea; roles of THPs and IKHs in treatment and prevention of dysmenorrhea. Phase 2 addressed the third objective, which developed strategies to empower Batlokwa women with dysmenorrhea knowledge. Experts from indigenous knowledge holders, traditional health practitioners, health and education sectors. To reach consensus, a modified Lekgotla discussion utilising an expert panel reviewed items for importance, clarity, applicability, validity and reliability, with items subsequently amended or removed as such clear strategies which apply to the demographic group was developed to empower Batlokwa women with dysmenorrhea knowledge / Thesis (PhD (Nursing))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Nursing Science / PhD (Nursing) / Unrestricted

<p>    </p> <p>Dysmenorrhea is the most common pain condition in reproductive-aged women and is characterized by pain during menstruation. Dysmenorrhea has far-reaching effects, such as increased psychological distress, increased relationship problems, reduced physical activity, and decreased sleep efficiency. It is the leading cause of absenteeism in this population. Though dysmenorrhea impacts many women and has such far-reaching effects, it has not been studied as extensively as other pain conditions, specifically regarding trait expectations and specific expectations. In other pain conditions, hope and optimism, the two most studied trait expectations, are protective factors for pain severity, interference, and the psychological effects of pain. Trait expectations additionally predict specific expectations, with hope predicting specific expectations related to the self, and optimism predicting specific expectations related to experiences. Both self- and experience-expectations predict outcomes, such as pain severity and pain tolerance. The current study sought to 1) examine the factor structure of specific expectations for dysmenorrhea; 2) examine the roles of trait and specific expectations in predicting dysmenorrhea; and 3) examine the roles of trait expectations and dysmenorrhea in predicting psychological adjustment. A longitudinal study of 389 menstruating women, over the age of 18, who could read and write English was conducted through CloudResearch. Confirmatory factor analysis and mixed latent- and measured-variable path analysis were used. Results indicated two distinct factors of specific expectations, pain-expectation and self- expectation. Hope predicted self-expectation, which predicted dysmenorrhea interference. Pain- expectation predicted dysmenorrhea severity and interference. Additionally, both hope and optimism predicted psychological adjustment. Dysmenorrhea interference predicted psychological distress. However, trait expectations did not predict dysmenorrhea. This study is the first to examine the associations among trait expectations, specific expectations, and dysmenorrhea and expands on the differences between dysmenorrhea and other pain conditions. </p>

Avaliar a eficácia de duas formulações de contraceptivos orais combinados, uma contendo 20&#61549;g de etinilestradiol e 100 &#61549;g de levonorgestrel (grupo 1) e outra contendo 30&#61549;g de etinilestradiol e 150 &#61549;g de levonorgestrel (grupo 2), no controle da dismenorréia moderada a grave. Ensaio clínico aberto, prospectivo e randomizado. O cálculo amostral evidenciou que 11 pacientes seriam necessárias em cada grupo para detectar uma diferença de 1,5 pontos na escala analógica visual. As pacientes foram avaliadas no início do estudo e com 6 meses de uso de medicação. A escala analógica visual foi usada para avaliar a dismenorréia, a dispareunia e a dor não-cíclica. O questionário de Beck foi usado para avaliar depressão e o Short-Form-36 foi usado para avaliar a qualidade de vida. Outros desfechos avaliados foram os efeitos adversos e o controle do ciclo. No grupo 1, oito pacientes completaram o estudo e no grupo 2, dez pacientes. Não houve diferença, aos seis meses, entre os grupos 1 e 2 nos desfechos avaliados. Ao combinarmos os dois grupos, houve redução significativa dos escores para dismenorréia (p<0,0001), dispareunia (p<0,04) e dor não cíclica (p<0,006) com o uso dos contraceptivos hormonais. Houve melhora da qualidade devida observada em todos os domínios do Short-form 36 e redução dos escores do questionário de Beck em 8 dos 12 questionários analisados. Não ocorreram eventos adversos graves. Os contraceptivos orais de uso contínuo mostraram-se muito eficientes no controle da dismenorréia moderada a grave. Este efeito pode ser medido também pela melhora na qualidade de vida das pacientes tratadas. Como são medicações de baixo custo e com poucos efeitos colaterais, constituem uma das primeiras opções no tratamento de pacientes com dismenorréia moderada a grave. / Evaluate the efficacy of two different oral contraceptive formulations, one containing 20 &#61549;g of etinilestradiol and 100 &#61549;g of levonorgestrel (group 1) and the other with 30 &#61549;g of etinilestradiol and 150 &#61549;g of levonorgestrel(group 2). Methods: This is an open label, prospective and randomized clinical trial. It was calculated that 11 patients in each group were necessary to detect a difference of 1,5 points on the pain scale. After randomization, each group was evaluated at the beginning and at 6 months of treatment. The visual analogue scale was used to assess dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and non-menstrual pain. To asses quality of life the Short-form 36 questionnaire was used and the beck inventory was used to measure depression. Adverse events and bleeding episodes were also recorded. On group 1 a total of eight patients completed the study and on group 2 there were ten patients. There was no statistical difference between the two groups after six months of treatment on all outcomes evaluated. Combining the two groups, there was a significative reduction of dysmenorrhea (p<0,0001), dyspareunia (p<0,04) and non-menstrual pain (p<0,006) with the oral contraceptives and there were no major adverse events. It was also observed an important improvement on all short-form 36 domains and reduction on 8 out of 12 Becks questionnaires. Conclusion: Continuous oral contraceptive use is very effective on the management of moderate to severe dysmenorrhea. This effect could also be seen on quality of life improvement after the treatment. Because of the low cost and few side effects of the medication, oral contraceptives should be used as first line treatment.

Avaliar a eficácia de duas formulações de contraceptivos orais combinados, uma contendo 20&#61549;g de etinilestradiol e 100 &#61549;g de levonorgestrel (grupo 1) e outra contendo 30&#61549;g de etinilestradiol e 150 &#61549;g de levonorgestrel (grupo 2), no controle da dismenorréia moderada a grave. Ensaio clínico aberto, prospectivo e randomizado. O cálculo amostral evidenciou que 11 pacientes seriam necessárias em cada grupo para detectar uma diferença de 1,5 pontos na escala analógica visual. As pacientes foram avaliadas no início do estudo e com 6 meses de uso de medicação. A escala analógica visual foi usada para avaliar a dismenorréia, a dispareunia e a dor não-cíclica. O questionário de Beck foi usado para avaliar depressão e o Short-Form-36 foi usado para avaliar a qualidade de vida. Outros desfechos avaliados foram os efeitos adversos e o controle do ciclo. No grupo 1, oito pacientes completaram o estudo e no grupo 2, dez pacientes. Não houve diferença, aos seis meses, entre os grupos 1 e 2 nos desfechos avaliados. Ao combinarmos os dois grupos, houve redução significativa dos escores para dismenorréia (p<0,0001), dispareunia (p<0,04) e dor não cíclica (p<0,006) com o uso dos contraceptivos hormonais. Houve melhora da qualidade devida observada em todos os domínios do Short-form 36 e redução dos escores do questionário de Beck em 8 dos 12 questionários analisados. Não ocorreram eventos adversos graves. Os contraceptivos orais de uso contínuo mostraram-se muito eficientes no controle da dismenorréia moderada a grave. Este efeito pode ser medido também pela melhora na qualidade de vida das pacientes tratadas. Como são medicações de baixo custo e com poucos efeitos colaterais, constituem uma das primeiras opções no tratamento de pacientes com dismenorréia moderada a grave. / Evaluate the efficacy of two different oral contraceptive formulations, one containing 20 &#61549;g of etinilestradiol and 100 &#61549;g of levonorgestrel (group 1) and the other with 30 &#61549;g of etinilestradiol and 150 &#61549;g of levonorgestrel(group 2). Methods: This is an open label, prospective and randomized clinical trial. It was calculated that 11 patients in each group were necessary to detect a difference of 1,5 points on the pain scale. After randomization, each group was evaluated at the beginning and at 6 months of treatment. The visual analogue scale was used to assess dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and non-menstrual pain. To asses quality of life the Short-form 36 questionnaire was used and the beck inventory was used to measure depression. Adverse events and bleeding episodes were also recorded. On group 1 a total of eight patients completed the study and on group 2 there were ten patients. There was no statistical difference between the two groups after six months of treatment on all outcomes evaluated. Combining the two groups, there was a significative reduction of dysmenorrhea (p<0,0001), dyspareunia (p<0,04) and non-menstrual pain (p<0,006) with the oral contraceptives and there were no major adverse events. It was also observed an important improvement on all short-form 36 domains and reduction on 8 out of 12 Becks questionnaires. Conclusion: Continuous oral contraceptive use is very effective on the management of moderate to severe dysmenorrhea. This effect could also be seen on quality of life improvement after the treatment. Because of the low cost and few side effects of the medication, oral contraceptives should be used as first line treatment.

No description available.

Bakgrund: Primär och sekundär dysmenorré hos barn är vanligt och bidrar till lidande och frånvaro från både skola och fritidsaktiviteter. Endometrios, som är den vanligaste orsaken till sekundär dysmenorré, innebär lidande och problematik som kan leda till kronisk smärta och infertilitet om det inte upptäcks och behandlas i tid. Skolsköterskan har en viktig funktion när det handlar om att identifiera, stötta och hjälpa barn med dysmenorré, varför det krävs kunskap om dysmenorré och endometrios hos skolsköterskan. Det är i nuläget oklart hur den kunskapen och erfarenheten ser ut. Syfte:Syftet med studien var att undersöka skolsköterskors kunskap och erfarenheter av dysmenorré hos barn och vilka samband som finns mellan kunskap och erfarenhet. Metod: En studie med kvantitativ design av tvärsnittstyp genomfördes genom en webbenkät som 113 skolsköterskor i Skåne besvarade anonymt. Materialet bearbetades sedan för att mynna ut i beskrivande och analytisk statistik. Resultat: Resultatet visade att råden skolsköterskor generellt ger till barn med dysmenorré går i linje med rådande forskning. Det visade även att skolsköterskor, oavsett kunskapsnivå, är i behov av mer utbildning gällande dysmenorré. Slutsats: För att fler skolsköterskor ska kunna hjälpa barn med dysmenorré på bästa sätt bör de få mer utbildning inom området. Vidare forskning bör göras kring barnens upplevelse av skolsköterskans stöd i förhållande till dysmenorré. / Background: Primary and secondary dysmenorrhea are common problems in children and contributes to both suffering and absence from school and daily activities. Endometriosis, which is the most common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea, involves suffering and problems that can lead to chronic pain and infertility if not detected and treated in time. The school nurse has an important function when it comes to identifying, supporting, and helping children with dysmenorrhea, which is why knowledge of dysmenorrhea and endometriosis is required for the school nurse. It is currently unclear what the knowledge and experience look like. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate school nurses' knowledge and experiences of dysmenorrhea in children and what connections exist between knowledge and experience. Method: A study with quantitative design of a cross-sectional type was conducted through a web survey that 113 school nurses in Skåne answered anonymously. The material was then processed to result in descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: The results showed that the advice school nurses generally give to children with dysmenorrhea is accurate according to current research. It also showed that school nurses, regardless of their level of knowledge, are in need of more education regarding dysmenorrhea. Conclusion: For more school nurses to be able to help children with dysmenorrhea in the best way, they should receive more education in the field. Further research is needed about how children experience the school nurse's support in relation to dysmenorrhea.

Bakgrund Endometrios är en hormonberoende sjukdom vilken påverkar kvinnor i fertil ålder. Sjukdomen kan manifesteras genom symtom som tillexempel mensvärk, samlagssmärta. En av tio kvinnor i världen lever med endometrios vilket betyder att det finns stort behov av kunskap hos hälso- och sjukvården för att kunna erbjuda god vård till de berörda kvinnorna. För att ta reda på hur kvinnorna upplever bemötandet i vården vid endometrios har deras åsikter uppmärksammats för att presentera en samlad bild över hur fenomenet ser ut i verkligheten. Detta för att utifrån kvinnors erfarenheter och önskemål kunna förbättra bemötandet av hälso- och sjukvården. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av bemötandet vid endometrios. Metod Icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt var vald metod för arbetet. Insamling av data skedde genom databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Totalt 15 vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades i resultatet. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades med Sophiahemmet Högskolas bedömningsunderlag för vetenskaplig klassificering avseende studier med kvantitativ och kvalitativ metodansats. Både kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier inkluderades i litteraturöversikten. Resultat Resultatet sammanställdes till tre huvudkategorier: “Att bli bemött”, ”Bristande kommunikation” och “Förändrad självbild i samband med mötet”. Resultatet belyste att en bristande vårdmiljö samt avsaknaden av personcentrerad omvårdnad ledde till ökat vårdlidande för de berörda kvinnorna. Slutsats Trots att sjukdomen är vanlig upplevde kvinnorna otillfredsställande vård. Flertal kvinnor uppgav att deras symtom blivit normaliserade vilket hade resulterat i utebliven vård. Att befinna sig i en vårdsituation gällande endometrios innebar för många kvinnor en utsatthet då symtomen kunde vara nära kopplade integriteten och sexualiteten. Personcentrerad omvårdnad ansågs av många kvinnor vara viktigt för att uppleva ett respektfullt bemötande av vården. Kvinnornas upplevelser visade hur vården i de flesta fall inte levde upp till den kvalité som krävdes för att kunna erbjuda god vård vid endometrios. / Background Endometriosis is a hormonal dependent disease which affects women of fertile age. Symptoms like dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia are often associated with the disease. Endometriosis affects one in ten women, thus there is a need for knowledge and understanding within the medical field. So that the affected women are offered good care. To examine the woman's perspective of the phenomenon, women's statements were heard and observed to conduct an overall view of the issue. Ideally, women's experiences and wishes can be taken into account to promote better health care encounters. Aim The aim was to describe women’s experiences of encounters regarding endometriosis. Method This non-systematic literature review was conducted of 15 research articles. Data was collected through the databases PubMed and CINAHL. The Quality assessment was based on Sophiahemmet Högskolas scientific classification of studies which include qualitative as well as quantitative studies. Both qualitative and quantitative studies were included. Results Results were gathered into three main categories: “To not be acknowledged”, “Deficient communication” and “Altered self-image as a result of the meeting". Results highlight the impact of unsatisfying care and lack of person-centred care regarding endometriosis. Conclusions Although endometriosis is common, women are experiencing unsatisfying care. Several women speak about how their symptoms have been normalized which has resulted in a lack of care. Endometriosis is a disease that can affect intimacy and integrity; thus, women explained how they may experience discomfort and exposure during interventions with healthcare. Women explained that greater person-centred care would provide women with better encounters to healthcare while consultations due to endometriosis. The women's statements showed a lack of quality and support given by healthcare professionals which is needed in order to fulfil good quality care.

Dysmenorré är ett av de vanligaste gynekologiska tillstånden bland unga kvinnor med en prevalens kring 67%- 90% världen över. Tillståndet är uppdelat i primär- och sekundär dysmenorré och definieras som smärtsamma muskelkramper från nedre buken i kombination med bland annat illamående och diarré som uppkommer under menstruationen. Vid primär dysmenorré anses smärtan grunda sig i överproduktion av prostaglandiner i livmodern varpå det medför kontraktion i kärl och muskulatur. För behandling av dysmenorré avses smärtlindring genom inhibering av prostaglandinsyntesen det primära syftet vilket åstadkoms med icke-steroida antiinflammatoriska läkemedel (NSAID). Många kvinnor avstår från behandling med NSAID på grund av medförda biverkningar, kulturella anledningar eller utebliven effekt, som uppskattas till en fjärdedel av fallen. Detta har väckt intresse för icke syntetiska behandlingar som både är effektiva och har minimala biverkningar, såsom det växtbaserade läkemedlet ingefära. Syftet med arbetet är att värdera om ingefära är lika effektivt som NSAID avseende smärtlindring, hos kvinnor med primär dysmenorré. Denna litteraturstudie är baserad på fem randomiserade kontrollerade studier där två utav dem jämför NSAID med ingefära på primär dysmenorré, för bedömning om deras effektivitet i förhållande till varandra; två artiklar som jämför ingefära med placebo vid primär dysmenorré, för en säkerställning på ingefäras verkan; och en artikel som jämför NSAID med placebo på primär dysmenorré för styrkande av befintlig effekt. Studierna erhölls via databasen PubMed. Sammanställningen av resultaten påvisar att ingefära är effektivt som smärtlindring vid behandling av primär dysmenorré. I studierna som jämförde ingefära med placebo indikerade båda en signifikant skillnad avseende den smärtlindrande effekten (p&lt;0.05). Däremot konstaterades ingen signifikant skillnad på smärtreduktionen mellan NSAID och ingefära (p&gt;0.05). Det sammantagna resultatet av denna litteraturstudien är att ingefära är lika effektivt som NSAID vid primär dysmenorré avseende smärtlindring. Även fast ingefäras verkan har indikerats, krävs fler utförda högkvalificerade studier med höga deltagarantal för att säkerställa effekten av ingefära vid primär dysmenorré. Det kan även vara av intresse att analysera de specifika koncentrationerna av de verksamma komponenterna i ingefära, utvidga jämförelsen av ingefäras effekt med flera olika NSAID samt andra växtbaserade läkemedel och metoder som påvisat smärtlindring vid primär dysmenorré. / Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological condition reported by women with an estimated prevalence of 67% to 90% around the world. The condition is divided into primary and secondary dysmenorrhea and is defined as painful menstrual cramping in the abdominal region in combination with nausea, vomiting, insomnia, fatigue and diarrhea. The cause of the pain in primary dysmenorrhea is believed to result from an excessive increase in prostaglandin synthesis in the endometrium during the ovulatory cycle, which further causes vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the uterine and increased uterine muscle contractions. The decrease of blood supply will result in ischemia and therefore induce pain. The treatments for dysmenorrhea include prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors such as Non -Steroidal Anti -Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID). NSAIDs are used as the first line therapy for pain relief of primary dysmenorrhea. In addition, one fourth of the patients don’t experience an effect of the drugs and some women don’t prefer the usage because of the lack of benefit, the adverse side effects or due to cultural reasons thus left with alternative treatments. Alternative non-synthetic treatments, such as herbal drugs, with effectiveness and low toxicity have been of high interest. Ginger, which is a herbal compound, have been reported to have beneficial effects on primary dysmenorrhea by inhibiting the prostaglandin synthesis and subsequent decrease of the pain. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of ginger with NSAID on pain management in primary dysmenorrhea. This study is a literature review where five randomized controlled trials has been evaluated and analyzed. Two of them compared the pain management between NSAID and ginger in primary dysmenorrhea, two studies compared the pain management between placebo and ginger in primary dysmenorrhea and one study compared the pain management between NSAID and placebo in primary dysmenorrhea. All the studies where collected from the database PubMed. Overall the result showed that ginger influences pain relief in primary dysmenorrhea. In the two studies that evaluated gingers effect with placebo, both of them indicated a statistically significant difference in pain reduction (p&lt;0.05). The treatment with ginger resulted in a pain reduction around 61% in the first study respectively around 34% in the second. In the studies which compared NSAID with ginger, the highest reduction NSAID could achieve was 56.5% whereas ginger achieved 60.1%. However, there were no statistically significant reduction in pain between them (p&gt;0.05). The conclusion is that ginger as well as NSAID are effective in relieving pain in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Although the effect of ginger has been observed, further studies are necessary to establish gingers efficacy for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Furthermore, it’s suggested that in the future extend the studies of ginger by comparing with multiple NSAID, other herbal compounds and methods used for primary dysmenorrhea with larger number of patients.