Dysmenorrhoea, defined as cramping pain in the lower abdomen occurring during menstruation, is known to affect up to 90% of women of childbearing age to varying degrees. The underlying causes of this condition are believed to be due to a number of factors, but are mainly attributed to increased myometrial activity, increased prostaglandin production and hormonal influences. Although there are pharmaceutical treatments available, they mainly concentrate on symptomatic relief, with the main treatment being the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to directly relieve the pain. Other treatments include the use of the combined oral contraceptives which are believed to influence myometrial contractility via regulation of hormonal activity. However due to the gastric and contraceptive side effects of these treatments respectively, other alternative treatments are becoming increasingly popular. One such treatment is the use of Bak foong pills (BFP), a traditional Chinese medicine used in China for the treatment of various gynaecological disorders including primary dysmenorrhoea. The aims of the current project were therefore to highlight the major beneficial effects of BFP and attempt to elucidate its major mechanisms of action in treating dysmenorrhoea. / The study demonstrated that BFP's anti-dysmenorrhoeal properties were due to a combination of hormonal, myometrial relaxant and analgesic effects. Treatment of mice with BFP caused an estrogen-like effects as demonstrated with increased cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mRNA expression. Furthermore, serum estrogen and progesterone levels were also elevated in BFP treated rats. BFP was also able to significantly reduce myometrial contractions, indicating that BFP's anti-dysmenorrhoeal effect may be aided by reduced contractility of the myometrium following treatment. The uterine relaxation caused by BFP was not dependant on increases in nitric oxide or cAMP, but appeared to affect calcium mobilization. Investigation of the analgesic effect of BFP, assessed using a visceral pain model in mice showed that following sub-chronic (72 hour) treatment with BFP, there was a significant reduction in pain response, demonstrating that BFP had direct analgesic effect. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) / Rowlands Dewi Kenneth. / "July 2005." / Adviser: Hsiao Chang Chan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-07, Section: B, page: 3533. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 148-165). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / School code: 1307.

Endometrios är en kronisk sjukdom som drabbar en av tio kvinnor världen över. Vanliga symptom är menstruationssmärta, samlagssmärta och en nedsatt fertilitet. Diagnosen endometrios ställs oftast i samband med en titthålsoperation och kan i många fall dröja upp till flera år. Tidigare forskning på området har funnit att individer som lever med endometrios kan uppleva en minskad livskvalité, komplikationer med sociala relationer samt emotionella besvär. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att studera kvinnors upplevelse av endometrios. Åtta kvinnor intervjuades, samtliga bosatta i Stockholmsområdet. Resultatet visar på flera olika psykologiska aspekter som sjukdomen för med sig. En minskad livskvalité, komplikationer med sociala relationer och en nedsatt arbetsförmåga är aspekter som påverkas av de upplevda symptomen. En nedsatt fertilitet kan vidare skapa en reducering av individens självkänsla. Slutsatsen är att en tidigare diagnos och ökad forskning skulle kunna bidra till underlättande av endometriosdrabbades vardag och därmed förbättra deras livskvalité.

The thesis deals with primary dysmenorrhea (PD) in relation to the locomotor system. The aim of the the sis was to compare the frequency of selected joint blocks and the incidence of constitutional hypermobility in PD patients in comparison with the control group. The patient group included 9 women with PD symptoms and the control group consisted of 10 women without these symptoms. The incidence of atlanto - occipital joint block within the patient group was significantly higher than within the control group (p < 0,05). The total number of stuck ribs was also considerably higher in PD patients (p < 0,01). Pain on palpation on the top of the coccygeum apex was significantly higher within the patient group (p < 0,001). Patients with PD did not show significantly different results in Beighton score test for constitutional hypermobility assessment when compared with the control group. Another aim of the thesis was to judge the effect of physical therapy on PD symptoms. For three months, the group of 9 patients had been encouraged to do regular exercises with the impact on postural stability and diagnosed functional disorders of the locomotor system by means of physical therapy. As was shown after the therapy, the reduction of the total number of stuck ribs was statistically significant (p < 0,001). Furthermore,...

Title: Dysmenorrhea and its possible treatment by physiotherapy Objectives: The aim of this thesis has been to assess the effect of simple feet exercises along with the practice of pelvic floor activation and relaxation on women struggling with dysmenorrhea. Subsequently, it also deals with the issue of whether the pelvic floor treat- ment per rectum together with the exercises is more effective than just plain exercising. Methods: This research has been based on an experiment. This thesis includes both a the- oretical part and a practical part. The methods used for the practical part are as follows: questionnaire (specifically Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire), simple feet exercises, ex- ercises used for the activation and relaxation of the pelvic floor as well as the pelvic floor treatment per rectum and final processing of the gathered data into statistics. Results: The menstrual cycle of every woman is completely individual and every woman perceives it quite differently. The result of the research was that simple feet exercises along with the practice of pelvic floor activation, relaxation and the pelvic floor treatment per rectum help women struggling with dysmenorrhea. We didn't discover any data that confirms whether the pelvic floor treatment per rectum, together with the exercises, is more...

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Thesis (M.CM)--Hong Kong Baptist University, 2006. / Dissertation submitted to the School of Chinese Medicine. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 20-23).

14.5 million women in Germany between the ages of 15 – 44 are plagued from menstrual pain starting from minor discomfort to major pain and cramps. All those women share the same imperative wish: the pain should stop. We found a disruptive solution that acts as an alternative for synthesized medication and has the potential to revolutionize the market for dysmenorrhea remedies, functional foods with the properties revered of the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). TCM as a method to alleviate menstrual pains has not yet found its way to Germany (and the rest of the European Union). Thus we offer our customers a completely new solution to a problem as old as humanity itself. Our products are all based on TCM ingredients with thousands of years of tradition and successful practice that have also been clinically proven. Just over the last 25 years over a billion women in East Asia have fallen back on using herbs and functional foods of the Traditional Chinese Medicine as their remedy of first choice when comes to menstrual pain and other complaints. The research shows a great market potential for TCM products as a treatment for dysmenorrhea in Germany.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:02:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6470.pdf: 3477507 bytes, checksum: 4282fc03a76b245083797e52bbf46ca7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-29 / Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-pharmacological technique used to relieve pain. In general, the literature states that the analgesic results obtained with TENS are true, but when subjected to a statistical analysis did not show significant, hindering the development of an efficient and statistically significant script for the application of TENS. For that, we developed strategies that may increase the analgesic effectiveness of TENS, suggest a new methodology for their application form, using in a primary dysmenorrhea pain model to test its effectiveness. Where the first two studies aimed to verify the potential analgesic of the proposed method (interactive TENS) in primary dysmenorrhea were performed. Volunteers (124) between 18 to 36 years old with primary dysmenorrhea were randomly allocated into two groups: (A) iTENS (n=62) and (B) placebo (n=62) received a single application in a single menstrual cycle. Pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) before and after application. Data were analyzed using independent t test to compare the effect of iTENS versus placebo (p <0.01). Results with VAS show a significant reduction in pain intensity for both groups: group A of 7.58 (± 1.36) before to 0.01 (± 0.05) after application and in group B 7.65 (± 1.28) to 7.0 (± 1.36). However, the total number of participants who received iTENS application, 93.5% reported effective analgesia, with an average duration of 8.5 hours, and 22.5% of them there was no return of dysmenorrhea during the next menstrual cycle. The second study aimed to examine the therapeutic effects of interactive TENS in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea, and verify that the concentration of salivary cortisol can be used as a quantitative tool as measurement of analgesia. Volunteers (36) between 18 to 36 years with primary dysmenorrhea were randomly allocated into two groups: Group A (n=17) received an application of iTENS in three menstrual cycles (consecutive) and Group B (n=19) received a placebo TENS application in a single menstrual cycle, wherein the duration of each application was 35 minutes. The evaluation was accomplished through the following analysis: pain intensity was assessed by VAS; salivary cortisol level by electrochemical-luminescence; physical discomfort associated with dysmenorrhea by Smith Pregnancy Discomfort Intensity Index (SPADI); depressive state, by the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck Depression Inventory) (BDI) and quality of life with the WHOQOL-Bref. Data were statistically analyzed with the Statistica software, and the normality by Shapiro-Wilk test, pre and post treatment effects (both groups) by the nonparametric Wilcoxon test and comparison of data between groups after treatment adopted the non parametric test Mann-Whitney. The level of significance was 5% (p&#8804;0.05). Comparing the results obtained analgesia between groups (after the first application), we notice a significant decrease (p<0.001) in VAS score in the group of iTENS, with an average duration of analgesia of 7.1 hours. There was an average reduction of salivary cortisol levels in volunteers from both groups, but the reductions intra-group and inter-group were not significant. Furthermore, treatment with the iTENS provided a significant reduction in the use of analgesic medications, the physical discomforts associated with dysmenorrhea and a real improvement in the quality of life of treated group (A). We can concluded that iTENS method besides being an effective palliative feature is also potentially curative for primary dysmenorrhea. The level of salivary cortisol is not adequate to evaluate the analgesic response in dysmenorrhea promoted by iTENS in pain index. However, other studies should be conducted with the aim to confirm these results. / A estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea (TENS) é uma técnica não farmacológica usada para aliviar a dor. De maneira geral, a literatura afirma que os resultados analgésicos obtidos com a TENS são verdadeiros. É com a intenção de contribuir com estratégias que possam aumentar a eficácia analgésica da TENS, que sugerimos no presente trabalho um nova forma metodológica para sua aplicação intitulada TENS interativa , utilizando dismenorreia primária como modelo de dor referencial para testar a sua eficácia. Foram realizados dois estudos onde o primeiro teve como objetivo verificar o potencial analgésico do novo método proposto (TENS interativa) na dismenorreia primária. Foram avaliadas 124 voluntárias com idade entre 18 e 36 anos com dismenorreia primária, alocadas aleatoriamente em 2 grupos: TENS interativa (n=62), que recebeu uma aplicação do novo método de aplicação proposto e TENS placebo (n=62) que receberam apenas uma simulação de aplicação da TENS, todas em um único ciclo menstrual. Tempo de cada aplicação foi estipulado em 35 minutos. A intensidade da dor foi avaliada por meio da Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) antes e após a aplicação, sendo também acompanhada a duração da analgesia obtida. Os dados foram analisados através do teste t, para comparar o efeito da TENS interativa versus TENS placebo, com nível de significância fixado em p <0,05. Os resultados obtidos a partir da EVA mostram redução significativa na intensidade média da dor para ambos os grupos: grupo tratado de 7,58 (±1,36) antes, para 0,01 (±0,05) após aplicação e no grupo placebo de 7,65 (±1,28) para 7,0 (±1,36). Porém, do total de participantes que receberam aplicação da TENS interativa, 93,5% registraram na EVA nenhuma dor , tendo esta analgesia duração média de 8,5 horas, sendo que em 22,5% delas não houve retorno da dismenorreia durante o ciclo menstrual. O segundo estudo teve como objetivo examinar os efeitos terapêuticos da TENS interativa no tratamento da dismenorreia primária, além de verificar se a concentração do cortisol salivar pode ser utilizado como ferramenta quantitativa na aferição da analgesia obtida. Foram avaliadas 36 voluntárias com faixa etária entre 18 e 36 anos com dismenorreia primária, alocadas aleatoriamente em 2 grupos: TENS interativa (n=17) que recebeu uma aplicação do método proposto por três ciclos menstruais (consecutivos) e TENS placebo (n=19) recebeu uma aplicação simulada de TENS e um único ciclo menstrual, sendo que o tempo de cada aplicação foi de 35 minutos. A avaliação foi realizada através da seguinte análise: a intensidade da dor foi avaliada, por meio da Escala Visual Analógica (EVA); nível do cortisol salivar por eletroquimio-luminescência; desconforto físico associados a dismenorreia, pelo Smith Pregnancy Discomfort Intensity Index (SPADI); estado depressivo, pelo Inventário de Beck (Beck Depression Inventory) (BDI) e a qualidade de vida com o WHOQOL-Bref. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente no Programa Statistica, a normalidade dos dados pelo teste Shapiro-wilk, os efeitos pré e pós tratamento (ambos os grupos) pelo teste não paramétrico Wilcoxon e para comparação dos dados intergrupos após o tratamento adotou-se o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. O nível de significância foi de 5% (p &#8804; 0,05). Comparando os resultados analgésicos obtidos entre os grupos (após a primeira aplicação), nota-se uma diminuição significativa (p<0,001), da intensidade de dor no grupo tratado com a TENS interativa, com duração média da analgesia de 7,1 horas. Houve redução dos níveis de cortisol salivar após a primeira aplicação no grupo tratado (pré = 0,240; pós = 0,233 &#956;g/dL) e no grupo placebo (pré = 0,227; pós = 0,221 &#956;g/dL), porém comparando os resultados obtidos intergrupo, nota-se que não houve diferença significativa (p=0,62). Além disso, tratamento com a TENS interativa proporcionou uma diminuição significativa no uso de medicamentos analgésicos, nos desconfortos físicos associados a dismenorreia e uma melhora efetiva na qualidade de vida das voluntárias do grupo tratado. Assim concluímos que o método TENS interativa além de ser um eficaz recurso analgésico para a dismenorreia primária, também pode proporcionar a interrupção do processo patológico, e que o nível do cortisol salivar não é um índice adequado para avaliar a resposta analgésica promovida pela TENS na dor dismenorreica. Entretanto outros trabalhos devem ser realizados com intuito de confirmar estes resultados.

Orientadores: Ellen E. Hardy / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T02:14:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_CarmenSilviaPorto_M.pdf: 1183394 bytes, checksum: 1a0df05a8b11b768ce3f9cac76583a9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre a experiência menstrual de mulheres e as mudanças preferidas na menstruação. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal, no qual 420 mulheres foram entrevistadas, alocadas em três grupos de idade (18 ¿ 20; 25 ¿ 34 e 45 - 49 anos), e de escolaridade (= 8 anos e = 12 anos) e que tinham menstruado nos três meses que antecederam a entrevista. As mulheres foram selecionadas na cidade de Campinas, SP, em nove serviços de saúde privados e sete serviços públicos. Nestes locais foram abordadas mulheres que estavam esperando atendimento e aquelas que cumpriam com os critérios de inclusão (Lista de Verificação) e aceitavam participar do estudo eram entrevistadas. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado um questionário construído com base nos resultados de um estudo-piloto prévio, que foi realizado com grupos focais. Foi constituído um banco de dados com as informações registradas nos questionários e os dados foram analisados através do software SAS versão 8.2. Para análise estatística utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e o teste exato de Fisher para avaliar a associação entre as variáveis estudadas (p < 0,05). Resultados: A maioria das mulheres menstruava regularmente, durante cinco dias ao mês, com intervalos de 24 a 32 dias. A maioria tinha dor ou desconforto durante a menstruação e metade das que tinham dor considerava-a forte. Houve associação entre o intervalo preferido entre menstruações (maior que uma vez por mês) e os intervalos característicos da menstruação das mulheres (p = 0,0248), bem como com o grau de interferência da menstruação nas atividades diárias (p=0,048). Entretanto, não houve associação entre o intervalo preferido pelas mulheres e as características da dor: duração, intensidade e uso de medicação. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que as mulheres gostariam de menstruar em intervalos maiores do que um mês ou até gostariam de nunca menstruar / Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the association between women¿s menstrual experience and preferred changes in their menstrual cycles. Methods: A cross sectional study design was used, a total of the 420 women were interviewed, three groups age (18 to 20, 25 to 34 and 45 to 49 years); schooling (=8 years, =12 years); having menstruated during the three months previous to the study. Subjects were selected in the city of Campinas, São Paulo state, in nine private and seven public health services. Women who were waiting to be attended were approached by the interviewers. Those who complied with the inclusion criteria (Check List) and accepted to participate in the study were interviewed. A questionnaire was prepared on the basis of the results of a previous pilot study that consisted of focus groups. This questionnaire was used for data collection. A data bank was prepared with the data registered in the questionnaires and the data was analyzed with SAS v. 8.2. For the statistical analysis Pearson¿s Qui-square test and Fisher¿s exact test were used to evaluate the association between the variables studied (p<0.05). Results: Most of the women menstruated regularly, during five days per month and intervals varied from 24 to 32 days. Most of them experienced pain or discomfort during menstruation. The preferred interval between menstruation (less than once a month) was associated to the typical intervals experienced by women (p = 0.0248) as well as to the degree of interference of menstruation in daily activities (p=0.048). However, there were no association between preferred interval by the women and the characteristics pain: duration, intensity and use of medication. Conclusion: The results suggest that women would like intervals longer than one month or never / Mestrado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Mestre em Tocoginecologia

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