<p>Overweight and obesity in children is an extensive and accelerating </p><p> problem in the western world. The risk factors for overweight are well-</p><p> known and well-documented. Focus should lie in the prophylactic work </p><p> in order to prevent overweight and obesity in preschool children.</p><p> The aim of our study has been to highlight the role of the district</p><p> nurse in her/his work to prevent overweight and obesity in preschool </p><p> children. The study was carried out through studies as a literature </p><p> review. In order to support the parents and taking their circumstances </p><p> and conditions into consideration, it was considered very important that </p><p> the district nurse paid attention to the view of the parents on the weight </p><p> of their child. Parents were considered to have an important role in </p><p> giving their children healthy eating habits. The attitude of the district </p><p> nurse was relevant as to how she/he treated the overweight and how </p><p> she/he tackled the preventive work. Professional practice and training </p><p> within the field were important factors in making the district nurse </p><p> succeed in her/his work to prevent overweight and obesity in children. </p><p> Lack of time and lack of parental commitment and attitude were the </p><p> main reasons for limiting the district nurse in her work to prevent </p><p> overweight and obesity in children. Personnel within the primary care </p><p> should supervise and coordinate health promoting measures in order to </p><p> prevent overweight and obesity in children. The district nurse plays a </p><p> unique part in influencing the parents very early on in their children’s </p><p> life by arranging regular and repeated visits to the child welfare center. </p><p> The basis for a successful work by the district nurse is training and the </p><p> fact that she is made aware of her own attitudes towards overweight. </p><p> More research is imperative to support and develop guidelines for </p><p> preventing overweight and obesity in children.</p>

<p>This project has been developed at the company Gavlegardarna. The companyowns a large part of the buildings of Gävle and two of them are the objective ofthe project. Gavlegardana is highly concerned about the environment; for thisreason, they cooperate on the subject with the energy management from theirtechnical department.</p><p>Gävle is one of the Swedish cities where the DH (district heating) network isdistributed, arriving to most of the dwellings, industries and commercialbuildings. As DH uses environmentally friendly sources of energy,Gavlegardana is introducing it in its buildings.</p><p>Electrical radiators and boilers were installed in the buildings when the price ofelectricity was more affordable than nowadays. The price of the electricity canbe considered 1,23 SEK/kWh while the DH price is 0,45 SEK/kWh.</p><p>Consequently, this is another reason why the objective of the company at thepresent time is to replace electrical space heating systems by means of districtheating.</p><p>The energy balance of the buildings is analysed in order to study their currentenergy situation. This entails the consideration of heat gains and lossesinvolved. The heat gains of the building are the heat from solar radiation whicharrives at the building trough the windows, the heat internally generated (bypersons, lighting and other devices) and the heat supplied. The heat losses are composed by the transmission trough walls and windows, the infiltrations, the heat used for hot tap water and the ventilation losses.</p><p>An important part of the work required to calculate the energy balance hasconsisted of the collection and organization of all the data (areas, types ofmaterial, electrical devices, lighting, number of employees, opening hours...).This data comes from the drawings of the buildings provided by the companyand from the information gathered during the visits to the installation. In addition, the ventilation flows were measured in-situ using the tools provided by Theorells.</p><p>Gavle Energi, the DH distributor company, has been contacted in order to fixthe cost and other details related to the district heating connection. The heatexchanger models, selected from Palmat System AB, are TP20 for Building Aand TP10 for Building B. TP20 provides 100 kW of heating and 0,4 l/s of hot tap water and TP10 provides 50 kW and 0,31 l/s respectively. The capital cost is 187500 SEK which includes the heat exchangers and the connection cost.</p><p>As the secondary circuit is not currently installed because the existing system iscomposed by electrical radiators, the installation of the piping network in thebuilding has been designed. The radiators’ power is calculated taking intoaccount the need of heat in each room which is estimated as the transmissionlosses. This need of heat calculated is higher than the energy currently supplied which means that the thermal comfort is not achieved in all the rooms of the buildings.</p><p>In spite of using more energy for space heating, the change of heat sourceentails a lower energy cost per year. The selected radiators are from Epeconand the investment cost (including the installation) is 203671 SEK. The brand of the selected pipes is Broson and the investment cost of the total piping system is 66000 SEK.</p><p>The initial investment of the new installation is 457171 SEK, considering the DHconnection, heat exchangers, radiators and pipes. If the initial investment istotally paid in cash by the company the payback will be fulfilled in 6 years. Incase of borrowing the money from the bank (considering an interest rate of 5%), two possibilities can be considered: paying back the money in annual rates over 15 years or 30 years of maturity. The paybacks are 11 and 8 years respectively.</p><p>After designing the DH piping system in the buildings, estimating the total costs of the investment and studying the project’s feasibility by suggesting different payment options, some possible energy savings are recommended.</p><p> </p><p>The first of the options refers to the transmission losses trough the windowswhose values’ are considerably high. Using a glass with a lower U-value, theselosses can decrease until 66% (with triple glass windows). Consequently, thepower required for space heating can also be reduced until 26%.</p><p>Regarding the ventilation, rotating heat exchangers are currently used, whichentails the problem of smells mixture detected by the users of the buildings. By changing them with flat-plate heat exchangers, the problem is solved and the efficiency is increased from 66% to 85%. The new heat exchanger cost is340387 SEK and it has a payback of 10 years.</p>

<p><strong></strong>The aim of this Project is to study the influence of high return temperatures in district heating on the costs for heat and power production in a CHP plant.When the temperatures of the water coming back to the heating plant are so high, the overall performance of heat and power production is decreased and, consequently, also the production costs. Along the project, the influence of this temperature on the different parts of a CHP plant are analysed as well as the economical impact it has. At the same time, some general impacts on the entire network are mentioned.</p><p> </p><p>A real network is used in this project, and it is the net of district heating in Gävle (Sweden), and the most of the study is focus in its bigger combined heat and power production plant (CHP), called Johannes.</p>

<p>Electricity and district heating are the most important energy carriers for the residential and service sector in Sweden. Today, district heating supplies about half of the total heating requirement of residential and commercial premises in Sweden. The aim of this paper is the analysis of the heating system of a school, placed in Gävle, Sweden. The heat is delivered to the school by a district heating network.</p><p>First of all, the Heat Balance must be done, with the purpose of obtain the best knowledge of the present situation in the school. The calculations about the transmission and ventilation losses and the internal heating generated have been showed. After this, the point of view has been focused on the district heating system itself. It is means, the distribution pipe system inside the school. The efficiency and accuracy of the net will be analysed and discussed.</p><p>Three possible ways to improve the net will be showed. The first of all is the most simple: just take the pipe system and try to reduce the waste heat, the heat losses; the second choice is to make a new connection to the district heating network, joining all the buildings with one connection for each building –five more- instead of only the connection that exists at the moment when this paper was written; the third option seems as a different model of the second, it is means to divide all the school in two bigger parts and make another connection to the district heating network with the purpose of dividing the heating system in two equal parts.</p><p>Thanks to the heat balance done in the school and in the district heating system, it is possible to know the waste of heat. Mainly, these losses are found in the district heating net. The amount of waste is around 17%, a really high amount of energy wasted, which must be reduced. According to the data of the company Gävle Energy, the waste in old buildings like the school which is under study in this paper, usually is between 15% and 20% of the supplied energy. So, this showed the accuracy of the method used to make this paper.</p><p>According to the possibilities of improvement, it will depend on the ultimate decision of the Gävle Fastigheter, company which owns the school, to choose the way that could be better for their own interest. However, in this paper the prices and possible pay-back times are showed, in order to provide better information.</p><p>Although the best solution has a total cost of 1750000 Swedish crowns (186289 €) and a pay-back time of 21 years –talking about making five new connections-, another cheaper possibility is also commented: improving the isolation of the pipe system, with a cost of 549000 SEK (58441 €) and a pay-back time near 7 years.</p>

<p><font face="Times New Roman"> <p align="left">This mini-thesis seeks to interrogate the interplay between memory and documentation in the process of exhibition-making by a looking at the preparation for and mounting of the exhibition, Museum. This will be achieved by looking at the institutional methodologies employed by the Museum in dealing with ex-residents of District Six, their memories and artefacts in the heritage practice of a Museum as a forum. This practice was put into effect as the District Six Museum engaged ex-residents of other locations of removal.</p> </font></p>

<p><font face="Times New Roman"> <p align="left">Ukwangali district is located in the western part of the Kavango region approximately 70 kilometers west of the regional town Rundu. This thesis explores and documents the local political dimensions which prevailed in the uKwangali district of Namibia between 1966-1989. The study seeks to find out why the uKwangali district became a war zone outside of the main theatre of war in nearby Ovamboland, and how its residents became part of the Namibian armed liberation struggle.</p> </font></p>

Heritage assets and the values associated with their protection deserve recognition as they represent a reference point from which cities can look to their past, understand the present, and plan for the future. To strengthen our understanding, this research explores the relationship between Heritage Conservation District (HCD) designation and its effect on community improvement efforts. In doing so, it seeks to explore the reasons for and values associated with the desire for communities to conserve their architectural heritage. The concept of the HCD is also investigated as a mechanism for promoting heritage, and the role of the HCD in achieving revitalization goals is described. Multiple sources of evidence were analyzed to provide insight into these research objectives. Planning and policy documents and mapped census data were examined, and open-ended interviews, community surveys, and field observation were undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of policy implementation and its impact on communities. Markham Village and Unionville, two HCDs located in the Town of Markham, Ontario, serve as case studies and provide a focus on current experiences within a real-life setting. Community improvement indicators were devised to determine progress toward community improvement and to measure the success of these HCDs. This study attempts to provide a means by which to monitor and evaluate conservation and revitalization goals.

This project has been developed at the company Gavlegardarna. The companyowns a large part of the buildings of Gävle and two of them are the objective ofthe project. Gavlegardana is highly concerned about the environment; for thisreason, they cooperate on the subject with the energy management from theirtechnical department. Gävle is one of the Swedish cities where the DH (district heating) network isdistributed, arriving to most of the dwellings, industries and commercialbuildings. As DH uses environmentally friendly sources of energy,Gavlegardana is introducing it in its buildings. Electrical radiators and boilers were installed in the buildings when the price ofelectricity was more affordable than nowadays. The price of the electricity canbe considered 1,23 SEK/kWh while the DH price is 0,45 SEK/kWh. Consequently, this is another reason why the objective of the company at thepresent time is to replace electrical space heating systems by means of districtheating. The energy balance of the buildings is analysed in order to study their currentenergy situation. This entails the consideration of heat gains and lossesinvolved. The heat gains of the building are the heat from solar radiation whicharrives at the building trough the windows, the heat internally generated (bypersons, lighting and other devices) and the heat supplied. The heat losses are composed by the transmission trough walls and windows, the infiltrations, the heat used for hot tap water and the ventilation losses. An important part of the work required to calculate the energy balance hasconsisted of the collection and organization of all the data (areas, types ofmaterial, electrical devices, lighting, number of employees, opening hours...).This data comes from the drawings of the buildings provided by the companyand from the information gathered during the visits to the installation. In addition, the ventilation flows were measured in-situ using the tools provided by Theorells. Gavle Energi, the DH distributor company, has been contacted in order to fixthe cost and other details related to the district heating connection. The heatexchanger models, selected from Palmat System AB, are TP20 for Building Aand TP10 for Building B. TP20 provides 100 kW of heating and 0,4 l/s of hot tap water and TP10 provides 50 kW and 0,31 l/s respectively. The capital cost is 187500 SEK which includes the heat exchangers and the connection cost. As the secondary circuit is not currently installed because the existing system iscomposed by electrical radiators, the installation of the piping network in thebuilding has been designed. The radiators’ power is calculated taking intoaccount the need of heat in each room which is estimated as the transmissionlosses. This need of heat calculated is higher than the energy currently supplied which means that the thermal comfort is not achieved in all the rooms of the buildings. In spite of using more energy for space heating, the change of heat sourceentails a lower energy cost per year. The selected radiators are from Epeconand the investment cost (including the installation) is 203671 SEK. The brand of the selected pipes is Broson and the investment cost of the total piping system is 66000 SEK. The initial investment of the new installation is 457171 SEK, considering the DHconnection, heat exchangers, radiators and pipes. If the initial investment istotally paid in cash by the company the payback will be fulfilled in 6 years. Incase of borrowing the money from the bank (considering an interest rate of 5%), two possibilities can be considered: paying back the money in annual rates over 15 years or 30 years of maturity. The paybacks are 11 and 8 years respectively. After designing the DH piping system in the buildings, estimating the total costs of the investment and studying the project’s feasibility by suggesting different payment options, some possible energy savings are recommended.   The first of the options refers to the transmission losses trough the windowswhose values’ are considerably high. Using a glass with a lower U-value, theselosses can decrease until 66% (with triple glass windows). Consequently, thepower required for space heating can also be reduced until 26%. Regarding the ventilation, rotating heat exchangers are currently used, whichentails the problem of smells mixture detected by the users of the buildings. By changing them with flat-plate heat exchangers, the problem is solved and the efficiency is increased from 66% to 85%. The new heat exchanger cost is340387 SEK and it has a payback of 10 years.

The aim of this Project is to study the influence of high return temperatures in district heating on the costs for heat and power production in a CHP plant.When the temperatures of the water coming back to the heating plant are so high, the overall performance of heat and power production is decreased and, consequently, also the production costs. Along the project, the influence of this temperature on the different parts of a CHP plant are analysed as well as the economical impact it has. At the same time, some general impacts on the entire network are mentioned.   A real network is used in this project, and it is the net of district heating in Gävle (Sweden), and the most of the study is focus in its bigger combined heat and power production plant (CHP), called Johannes.

Det här är ett examensarbete som handlar om en fastighet som står på Norra Kungsgatan 37-43 som har både en värmepump och fjärrvärme för uppvärmning. Värmepumpen används i första hand och fjärrvärmen används som spets när värmepumpen inte räcker till. Detta är en ganska ovanlig kombination. Syftet med arbetet är att ta reda på om detta är en bra lösning och om lösningen är lönsam. För att få fram hur stort fastighetens energibehov är så görs beräkningar utifrån fjärrvärmedata från tidigare år samt en gammal värmepump som är utbytt sedan 2011. Byggnadens energibehov uppskattas vara ungefär 895 MWh/år och värmepumpen beräknas täcka 54 % av värmebehovet. Utifrån detta jämförs sedan kostnaden för uppvärmning av fastigheten med endast fjärrvärme med kostnaden för uppvärmning med både värmepumpen och fjärrvärme. Genom att använda värmepumpen så sparas drygt 140 000 kr per år. Det innebär att värmepumpen är lönsam rent ekonomiskt. Däremot kan användningen av högkvalitativ energi för uppvärmning diskuteras. Värme som är energi med lägre kvalitet borde i första hand användas för uppvärmning. Det för att inte slösa på våra dyrbara energiresurser och på så sätt få en hållbar utveckling. / This is an essay about a property at Norra Kungsgatan 37-43 who is heated with both a heat pump and district heating. The heat pump is used primarily and district heating is used as a tip when the heat from the heat pump is not enough. This is a pretty rare combination. The purpose of this essay is to find out if this is a good solution and if the solution is economically viable. To determine the heat demand of the property, calculations based on district heating data and heat pump data from previously years has been used. The heat demand of the building is estimated to be approximately 895 MWh/year and the heat pump is estimated to cover 54% of the heat demand. Based on this, the cost for heating the building with district heating is compared with the cost of heating the building with the heat pump and district heating. By using the heat pump, more than 140 000 kronor per year can be saved. This means that the heat pump is economically viable. However, the use of high-quality energy for heating is discussed. Heat is energy with lower quality and should be used primarily for heating. We can not waste our precious energy resources if we want to achieve sustainable development.