The abuse of prescription stimulants among college students is a growing public health concern. While these substances are often viewed as safe, “smart drugs”, they are associated with a number of maladaptive outcomes, ranging from poorer academic performance to cardiovascular incidents and even death. To date, the majority of research on the abuse of these substances have focused on demographic factors which are not amenable to intervention, such as race, Greek organization status, and class rank. The current study examined family factors, academic stress, and impulsivity as potential risk factors which are amenable to intervention. In a sample of 335 undergraduate students, no associations were found between family variables and prescription stimulant abuse or academic stress and prescription stimulant abuse. Inconsistent support was found for an association between impulsivity and prescription stimulant abuse.

Background Drug use has increased over recent decades, and is especially great among women and among people with mental health problems. To take advantage of the full potential of drugs and to avoid drug-related problems, drug prescription needs to be correct and the drugs need to be taken according to the prescribed regimens. Research on drug utilization is thus important to the public health. Aim To study the influence of gender and depression on drug utilization, prescription of drugs and self-reported use of drugs, i.e. adherence. Methods The thesis included two population-based questionnaires and data from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register (SPDR) covering Swedish citizens 18-84 years. The questionnaire in Study I and II included items on prescription drug use and adherence to treatment regimens; Study II also included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for self-estimation of anxiety/depression. The questionnaire in Study III included the HADS and data from the SPDR on prescribed antidepressants. Study IV included data from the SPDR on all types of prescribed drugs. Results Men and women differed in non-adherent behaviours and reasons for non-adherence, for example, men were more likely to report forgetting to take the drug, while women were more likely to report adverse drug reactions (ADRs) as a reason for non-adherence. Further, both anxiety and depression were associated with non-adherence and with ADRs as a reason for non-adherence. In addition, men reported depression to a greater extent than women did but used antidepressants to a lesser extent, while women used antidepressants without reporting depression more often than men did, which may be a sign of under-treatment among men and over-treatment among women. Moreover, the associations between antidepressants and other types of drugs differed by gender; they were often specific, or stronger, in women than in men, which may be a sign of a gender difference in comorbidity between depression and other conditions. Conclusions Although the cross-sectional study design prevented confirmation of causality, the thesis found that gender and depression influence both prescription of drugs and adherence, and are thus important to pay attention to in clinical practice as well as research.

Cette thèse étudie la question des incitations dynamiques des agents économiques à frauder. Le premier chapitre introduit un modèle dynamique de fraude fiscale afin d’étudier l’impact de l’audit rétroactif sur le respect des obligations fiscales des agents économiques.Il permet de montrer qu’un accroissement de la période de prescription entraîne une diminution de la fraude fiscale et de déterminer le montant des recettes fiscales attendues par l’autorité fiscale pour différentes politiques d’audit. On établit que les audits rétroactifs génèrent des recettes fiscales espérées supérieures à celles des audits statiques. Le deuxième chapitre propose une approche théorique et expérimentale des incitations dynamiques des agents économiques à frauder. Les résultats expérimentaux confirment les prédictions théoriques : un accroissement de la période de prescription implique une augmentation des déclarations de revenus des agents. Le dernier chapitre introduit une deuxième étude expérimentale en laboratoire, dans le but de comparer l’efficience des deux politiques d’audit fiscal : l’audit rétroactif et l’audit statique (restreint à la période courante). Le principal résultat suggère que les politiques d’audit rétroactif sont plus efficaces pour réduire la fraude fiscale que les politiques d’audit statique fondées sur des fréquences d’audit élevées. / This thesis studies taxpayers' dynamic incentives to evade taxes. The first chapter introduces a dynamic model of tax evasion. We prove that higher limitation periods increase tax compliance. We also determine the expected tax revenues generated by retroactive and static auditing policies, with respect to the levels of tax rates and expected discounted penalties. We obtain that retroactive auditing generates higher expected tax revenues than static auditing. The second chapter provides theoretical and experimental evidence about subjects' incentives to evade taxes, with respect to a retroactive inspection policy. Our experimental results confirm theoretical predictions, i.e. higher limitation periods increase agents' compliance. The third chapter introduces a second laboratory experiment, in order to compare the efficiency of two main audit schemes: retroactive versus static auditing. We find that retroactive auditing policies are more efficient in enhancing tax compliance, than policies of static auditing accompanied by high audit rates.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Hypertension is a common chronic health problem worldwide due to contributing factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet and changes in lifestyle. The standard of care for hypertension in South Africa is prescription medication, as well as a stepwise programme; this treatment approach is for the treatment of hypertension according to severity using diuretics, beta-blockers, vasodilators in a stepwise progressive manner. In South Africa,traditional herbal medicines have been used to treat many ailments especially hypertension.Garlic and African olive has been reported as herbal medicines that have anti-hypertensive properties and may be used to control hypertension, either individually or in combination.The objective of this study is to 1) prevalence of these traditional herbal medicines will be investigated and 2) determine the prevalence of garlic and/ or African olive use among hypertensive patients lieu of/or in combination with prescription medication. The study design was cross-sectional, comprising of two phases. Phase one was the administration of questionnaires concerning the participants‘ demographics, medical/clinical history, chronic illness and traditional herbal treatment. One hundred and eighty participants from Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiological study (PURE) cohort were administered questionnaires. Of the 180 participants, 139 indicated that they are hypertensive, 30 hypertensive participants were selected to participate in the in-depth interviews. Phase two was divided into two parts which were detailed interviews including in-depth interviews and a focus group discussion. The focus group discussion was conducted with a convenience sample of 10 hypertensive patients who were available on the day of data collection. The questionnaire data was analysed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and the interviews and focus group discussion was analysed using thematic content analysis.The results show that the participants with hypertension who are on prescription medication are also using traditional herbs, garlic and African olive as part of a dualistic health care treatment for their hypertension. The use of garlic is more prevalent than the use of African olive, as African olive was not well known among the participants.The results will facilitate in the acknowledgment of traditional herbal medicine use for hypertension, as either a home remedy for (other) chronic conditions or treatment in combination with prescription medication. It also highlights the necessity to educate participants and healthcare providers in the use of traditional herbal medicine. Furthermore, healthcare workers needs to be trained about THM and should also be obligated to ask about traditional herbal medicine among their patients.

Sjuksköterskan har en betydande roll genom att vidta olika hälsofrämjande insatser som på olika sätt kan minska folkhälsoproblem såsom inaktivitet med syfte att förbättra folkhälsan. Fysisk aktivitet på recept är en metod för att minska stillasittande och främja fysisk aktivitet, vilken bygger på ett patientcentrerat synsätt, där samtalsmetodik och kunskap om motivation samt beteendeförändring är viktiga delar. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att undersöka vilken roll sjuksköterskan har vid fysisk aktivitet på recept. Resultatet är baserat på 11 vetenskapliga artiklar, fem kvalitativa och sex kvantitativa, vilka utmynnade i ett huvudtema; Sjuksköterskans roll och de hinder som finns. De subteman som framkom var; Motivation, Delaktighet, Tid, Kunskap och rutiner samt Externa faktorer. Sjuksköterskans roll är att regelbundet motivera till fysisk aktivitet och få patienten delaktig, samt att skydda och främja hälsa hos alla människor i världen. Tidsbrist, okunskap och bristande rutiner uppges var stora hinder till varför sjuksköterskan inte förskriver fysisk aktivitet på recept. Vidare belyses patientens ekonomi, tillgänglighet, samt samhällets resurser till fysisk aktivitet. Sjuksköterskans motiverande roll och tillämpningen av fysisk aktivitet på recept, är något som bör belysas och tydliggöras i den grundläggande sjuksköterskeutbildningen. Dessutom bör hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal fortsätta poängtera att fysisk aktivitet kan vara ett komplement till medicin. / Nurses has a significant role in health promotion efforts that can reduce public health problems, such as inactivity with a purpose to improve public health. Physical activity on prescription's a method of reducing inactivity and promoting physical activity, which is based on a patient-centered view, where communication and knowledge about motivation and behavioral change are important components. The aim of this literature study was to investigate the nurses' role in the physical activity of prescription. The result's based on 11 scientific articles, five qualitative and six quantitative, which featured in one main theme; Nurses role and barriers that exist. The subthemes that emerged were; Motivation, Participation, Time, Knowledge and Routines and also External Factors. The nurses' role is to regularly motivate physical activity and to involve patients, and also to protect and promote the health of all people. Lack of time, ignorance and lack of routines indicate great barriers to why nurses doesn't prescribe physical activity on prescription. Furthermore, the patients economy, accessibility, and societies resources for physical activity are highlighted. Nurses' motivational role and the application of physical activity on prescriptions, is something that should be highlighted and clarified in undergraduate nursing education. In addition, healthcare professionals should continue to point out that physical activity can be a complement to medicine.

This paper analyzes the impact of the 2012 legalization of recreational marijuana in Washington State on opioid abuse. Using synthetic control methodology, this paper finds that the legislation prevented 638 overdose deaths and lead to over 3,600 individuals seeking treatment for opioid abuse disorders. Due to the large health, social, and economic impacts of the opioid epidemic, further research should be conducted into ways to reduce the number of opioid prescriptions, the number of opioid overdoses, and opioid abuse generally.

The theme of this thesis "Analysis of medicine policy reform in Slovakia" is an analysis of current legislation in the field and the impact of changes to the citizen. The objective of the work to bring changes that have occurred and their impact on citizens. At work I use a content analysis of the legislation, literature and confirm it on the opinions of experts and laypersons to the topic. basis of the work is analysis of statistical data, analysis of changes in the cost of a model citizen questionnaire and analysis of public opinion on drug policy. The conclusion of this work is to evaluate the impact of changes in drug policy.

Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / Infusions, decoctions, alcoholic preparations and other dosage forms of Artemisia afra are frequently used in South African traditional medicine. Generally when these preparations are made without applying good manufacturing practices they do not meet microbial quality control standards, safety and toxicity criteria and encourage poor patients compliance. To overcome the aforementioned disadvantages of traditional dosage forms a sold dosage form, i.e. a table might be recommended. The first objective of this study was to formulate and manufacture a rapid release tablet dosage of Artemisia afra that would contain an amount of plant material equivalent to that found in its traditional liquid dosage forms and that would meet conventional pharmaceutical standards. The second objective was to conduct a pilot study to obtain a preliminary profile of the bioavailability of select flavonoids presents in both the tablet and traditional liquid preparation of Artemisia afra in humans. / South Africa

In this article, the issue around abandonment in judicial proceedings (Procedural abandonment) related with the imprescriptible pretensions will be analyzed, with a special mention to those relative to the right to property. The issue discussed in the National Jurisdictional Plenary of Civil Law and Civil Procedure of 2016 will be criticized. The true issue to be solved is revealed, it’s the one related to the imprescriptible pretensions as case of inappropriateness of abandonment. It raises reasons that put in question the normative provision that links the procedural abandonment with those pretensions. Precisely because of the lack of strong arguments to justify the relation, a necessary legislative amendment is proposed. / En el presente artículo se analiza el problema del abandono en los procesos judiciales relacionados con las pretensiones imprescriptibles, con una especial mención de aquellas relativas al derecho de propiedad. Se critica la cuestión analizada en el Pleno Jurisdiccional Nacional Civil y Procesal Civil de 2016 sobre el particular. Se pone de manifiesto que la verdadera cuestión a resolverse es la referida a las pretensiones imprescriptibles como supuestos de improcedencia de abandono. Se expone razones que ponen en entredicho la disposición normativa que vincula el abandono procesal con dichas pretensiones. Justamente por la falta de argumentos fuertes que justifiquen tal relación, se propone (delege ferenda) su necesaria enmienda legislativa.

Nos últimos anos, a atividade docente tem sido alvo de diversas pesquisas no campo educacional, e trabalhos variados, sob diferentes enfoques, buscam apontar métodos e concepções teóricas que resultem em fatores como eficiência e qualidade na educação. Contudo, poucos são os estudos que pontuam a atividade docente como trabalho numa perspectiva discursiva, já que, ao longo dos anos, essa profissão foi sócio-historicamente construída no imaginário coletivo como uma `missão, um `dom. Por isso, a dificuldade e a resistência de muitos em concebê-la como um trabalho na concepção geral do termo, ou seja, um agir humano planejado. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os Conteúdos Básicos Comuns de Língua Estrangeira do estado de Minas Gerais, observando quais as representações sobre o trabalho docente esse documento prefigura. Como referencial teórico, valemo-nos das pesquisas desenvolvidas pelo Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo (ISD), (BRONCKART, 2003; 2004; 2006; 2008) pela Ergonomia da Atividade (AMIGUES, 2002 e 2004, SAUJAT 2002 e 2004), pela Clínica da Atividade (CLOT 2006, CLOT E FAITA 2000, FAITA, 2004) e pela perspectiva discursiva de ensino como trabalho (SOUSA-E-SILVA E FAITA 2002; MACHADO 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010; MACHADO E BRONCKART 2004; MACHADO E MATENCIO 2006; AMIGUES 2004; FILLIETAZ 2004). Metodologicamente, buscou-se aplicar os procedimentos utilizados pelo ISD na interpretação e análise de textos, desenvolvidos por Bronckart (1999/2003), Bronckart & Machado (2004) e Machado (2009). Os resultados apontam para uma concepção de o trabalho docente ser uma mera aplicação de técnicas e conteúdos pedagógicos desenvolvidos por outrem e que se estabelece de forma passiva em sala de aula. Da mesma forma, a figura do profissional docente é relegada a um segundo plano, ficando à sombra de artefatos, metodologias e recursos didáticos considerados os actantes principais deste contexto de interação. O estudo aponta ainda para a necessidade de reflexão sobre os textos de caráter prescritivo no campo educacional e sobre as representações neles veiculadas. / In recent years, teaching activity has been subject of several researches in education, many works, under different approaches, seeking to identify methods and theoretical concepts that result in factors such as efficiency and quality in education. However, there are few studies that punctuate the teaching activity as work, in a discursive perspective, since over the years, the profession was socio-historically conceited in the collective imagination as a `mission, a `gift. Therefore, the difficulty and resistance of many people about conceiving it as a work, in the general term conception, ie, a human action plan. The present study aims to analyze Common Basic Contents of Second Language in the state of Minas Gerais, noting that the representations of teachers work prefigures this document. As theoretical framework, we avail ourselves from research developed by Sociodiscursive Interactionism (ISD), (Bronckart, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008) Ergonomic Activity (AMIGUES, 2002 and 2004, SAUJAT 2002 and 2004), by Clinic Activity ( 2006 CLOT, CLOT 2000 AND FAITA; FAITA, 2004) and discursive perspective of teaching as work (SOUSA-E-SILVA E FAITA 2002; MACHADO 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010; MACHADO E BRONCKART 2004; MACHADO E MATENCIO 2006; AMIGUES 2004; FILLIETAZ 2004). Methodologically, we sought to apply the procedures used by the Sociodiscrusive Interacionism about the interpretation and analysis of text Bronckart (1999/2003) and Bronckart & Machado (2004), Machado (2009).The results point to a conception of teaching profession as a mere application of technical and educational content developed by others and that is established passively in the classroom. Similarly, teacher profession is relegated to a second, overshadowed by artifacts, methodologies and teaching resources which are considered the main actants in this interactional context. The study also points to the need for reflection about prescriptive texts on educational field and their representations.