Os materiais utilizados nas osteossínteses passam constantemente por avanços tecnológicos. Um dos mais recentes dispositivos é a chamada placa bloqueada, suas principais indicações são fraturas com alto grau de cominução, fraturas que não exigem uma redução anatômica, ossos osteopenicos, por exemplo, acometidos pela osteoporose, entre outras. Atualmente novos modelos de placas com bloqueio estão sendo desenvolvidos, onde a interface do parafuso e a placa são feito pela deformação do orifício, com a vantagem da instalação do parafuso em diversos ângulos. O presente projeto tem por objetivo estudar comparativamente a diferença entre os dois tipos de interface parafuso placa, como também realizar teste de quatro pontos comparando o sistema novo de bloqueio com o sistema convencional de bloqueio. Realizamos ensaios de arrancamento com sistema convencional de bloqueio (Synthes) e com o novo sistema de bloqueio (PAX) em parafusos 2,0mm; 2,4mm; 2,7mm e 3,5mm. Em todos os grupos testados o sistema convencional de bloqueio foi mais resistente e apresentou diferença significativa estatisticamente, teste de Mann- Witney (p< 0,05). Os valores de P obtidos foram: sistema 2.0mm p = 0,008; sistema 2.4 mm p= 0,008; sistema 2.7 mm p= 0,016; sistema 3.5 mm p= 0,008. No teste de 4 pontos utilizamos 20 placas da marca Synthes (sistema convencional de bloqueio) e 20 da marca PAX (novo sistema de bloqueio) e o sistema convencional de bloqueio se mostrou novamente mais resistente com diferença significativa. Os valores de P obtidos foram: sistema 2.0mm p = 0,008; sistema 2.4 mm p= 0,008; sistema 2.7 mm p= 0,008; sistema 3.5 mm p= 0,008. Conclui-se que o sistema convencional de bloqueio se mostrou mais resistente tanto no teste de arrancamento quanto no teste de flexão de quatro pontos. / The materials used in osteosynthesis constantly technological advances. One of the most recent devices is called the locking plate, its main indications are fractures with a high degree of comminution, fractures which do not require anatomical reduction, osteopenic bones, for example, affected by osteoporosis, among others. Currently new locking plate designs are being developed, where the screw interface and the plate are made by deformation of the hole, with the installation of the advantage screw at various angles. This study aims to compared the difference between the two types of interface screw - plate but also perform four-point test comparing the new locking system with the conventional system lock. Pullout tests conducted with conventional locking system (Synthes) and the new locking system (PAX) by screws 2.0mm; 2.4mm; 2.7mm and 3.5mm. In all groups tested the conventional system of blockade was stronger and showed a statistically significant difference, Mann-Witney test (p <0.05). P values were obtained: System 2.0mm P = 0.008; system 2.4 mm p = 0.008; System 2.7 mm p = 0.016; system 3.5 mm p = 0.008. In test points 4 used 20 Synthes plate mark (conventional blocking system) and 20 brand PAX (new locking system), the conventional locking system again showed a significant difference resistant. P values were obtained: System 2.0mm P = 0.008; system 2.4 mm p = 0.008; system 2.7 mm p = 0.008; system 3.5 mm p = 0.008. It follows that the conventional locking system has proved much more resistant peel test as in the four point bending test.

Ce travail est consacré à l’étude des interactions d’un grand nombre de solitons dans un laser à fibre dopée erbium/ytterbium. Les impulsions interagissent entre elles et se structurent pour former des distributions plus ou moins organisées. Deux cavités ont été réalisées, l’une basée sur la rotation non-linéaire de la polarisation (RNLP) et l’autre sur le miroir optique à boucle non-linéaire (NOLM) en configuration de laser en forme de huit. Avec la RNLP, nous nous sommes intéressés d’abord à une distribution où les impulsions sont liées (cristal de solitons). Ce cristal, stable pour des puissances moyennes, devient instable lorsque la puissance augmente : il se disloque. Les solitons se réorganisent pour former un régime de verrouillage harmonique (HLM) de 50 cristaux. Nous avons ensuite cherché s’il était possible de contrôler les distributions de solitons par l’injection d’une composante continue externe. Nous avons montré que le HLM peut être forcé par l’injection de cette composante. Nous avons développé deux approches afin de modéliser un laser verrouillé en phase et soumis à l'injection d'une composante continue, l'une est scalaire et l'autre vectorielle. Ces modèles démontrent que le signal injecté peut modifier les interactions entre les solitons. Enfin, le NOLM a permis d’observer plusieurs dynamiques : pluie de solitons, gaz de solitons, liquide de solitons, poly-cristal de solitons, multi-cristal de solitons, cristal de solitons, états liés et verrouillage harmonique d’états liés. Ce laser a permis également d’observer une émission laser continue et impulsionnelle autour de 1600 nm. / This work has been devoted to study the interaction of the large number of solitons in the erbium/ytterbium doped fiber laser. The interaction of pulses with each other causes to form more or less organized distribution. Two laser cavities have been constructed, one based on the non-linear polarization rotation (NLPR) and the other based on the nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) in a figure-eight laser configuration. With the NLPR, we were interested to the distribution of coherent pulses (crystal solitons). This crystal, stable for moderate power, becomes unstable at high power, which means to get loose from the initial soliton. These solitons rearrange their relative position to form one harmonic-mode locking regime (HML) of 50 crystals. Afterward, we have investigated the possibility of controlling the solitons distribution by injecting an external continuous wave (cw). It has been observed that cw could force the laser to operate at HLM regime. Moreover, we have developed two theoretical approaches, such as scalar and vectorial, to model the passively mode-locked fiber laser submitted to the cw. Both models confirm that the injected signal could modify the interactions between the solitons. Finally, the NOLM allowed us to observe several dynamics, including rain solitons, gas solitons, liquid solutions, poly-crystal solitons, multi-crystal solitons, crystal solitons, bound states and harmonic-mode locking of bound states. Furthermore, it made possible to observe the continuous as well as pulsed laser emission around 1600 nm.

La méthode isogéométrique (IGA) récemment proposée en tant que méthode numérique générique offre de réelles perspectives dans l’unification des modèles géométriques et computationnel. La méthode isogéométrique est intiment liée à la méthode des éléments finis (FEM) étant donné que la méthode est basée sur le même cadre variationnel. Cette méthode a montré dans de nombreuses circonstances de très bonne qualités numériques notamment avec des maillages grossiers (précision numérique, capacité à supporter de grandes déformations…). Notre objectif final dans ce travail est de fournir un environnement de base, numérique et logiciel, pour la simulation de problèmes à champs et physiques multiples pour des pièces élastomériques de type industriel. Dans ce contexte, les points numériques à développer pour l’IGA sont le traitement de l’incompressibilité et le caractère multi-champs du problème thermique dans la formulation de Galerkin. Ainsi dans ce travail nous proposons en premier, un paradigme objet de l’IGA intégré au sein d’une architecture orientée objet en Java, initialement con?ue pour résoudre des problèmes multi-champs couplés en transformations finies. L’approche proposée s’appuie pleinement sur le contexte variationnel existant dans le code dans le cadre des éléments finis pour réduire les développements pour MEF et IGA (une formulation développée en IGA tourne en MEF et vice versa). Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié le problème de l’incompressibilité pour notamment réduire le verrouillage numérique existant toujours sur l’IGA standard. Par un souci de simplicité, nous adoptons des formulations mixtes à 2 champs (déplacement/pression). Afin d’essayer de satisfaire la condition inf-sup en relachant la contrainte sur le déplacement, nous avons développé deux idées de la littérature (naturelle en NURBS) qui consiste à soit dupliquer une fois les n?uds intérieurs du patch des déplacements ou subdiviser les éléments du patch des déplacements. Nous avons étendu ce type d’éléments aux transformations finies. Enfin, et de manière originale, nous avons adopté la même stratégie pour les problèmes à 2-champs pour la thermomécanique. Différentes simulations à petites et grandes déformations confirment le potentiel de l’approche. Enfin, nous évaluons l’ensemble sur un modèle quasi-incompressible thermo-visco-élastique de type Zener sur des éprouvettes classiques dans un contexte physique complexe. / Recently proposed as a general purpose numerical method, the Isogeometric Analysis (IGA) offers great perspective to bridge the gap between CAD and CAE. The IGA is closely related to the finite element method (FEM) as the method is based on the same variational framework. Moreover, this method has shown in many circumstances to be have a better accuracy than the FEM (large mesh distortions…). Our final aim in this work is to simulate complex multiphysics problems for elastomers industrial parts. As matter of fact, the two main numerical issues in this context is the incompressibility/quasi-incompressibility of the material and the thermochemical coupling in Galerkin formulations. First, we propose, a programming paradigm of the IGA in an existing Java object-oriented hierarchy initially designed for solving multi-fields coupled problems at finite strains. We develop an approach that fully take benefit of the original architecture to reduce developments for both FEM and IGA (one problem developed in FEM can be run in IGA and vice versa). Second, we investigate volumetric locking issues persisting for low order NURBS element observed with standard displacement formulation as finite elements. To cure the problem, we adopt two-fields mixed formulation (displacement/pressure) for the sake of simplicity and target at assessing different discretizations in stability (inf-sup condition). The basic idea is to first to increase the internal knot’s multiplicity or to subdivide the patch for displacements. These ideas that are directly inspired from patches properties, have been found in the literature for the Stokes problem and extended to large strain in solid mechanics. The comparison between the two-fields mixed formulation and a strain projection method is lead at small and large strains. At last, we originally adopt a similar strategy for thermomechanical problem at small and large strains. In the context two-fields formulation, displacement/temperature, the LBB stability condition must be fulfilled to guaranty stability. Thus, we investigate the choices of patches for two-fields formulation displacement/temperature fields for IGA applied to thermoelasticity. Several numerical results for thermomechanical problems at small and finite strains, linear and nonlinear have been presented. At last, an incompressible viscous thermo-hyperelastic model is evaluated in the IGA framework with the proposed approach.

A systematic study of microscopic many-body dynamics is used to analyze a strategy for how to generate ultrashort mode locked pulses in the vertical external-cavity surface-emitting lasers with a saturable absorber mirror. The field propagation is simulated using Maxwell's equations and is coupled to the polarization from the quantum wells using the semiconductor Bloch equations. Simulations on the level of second Born-Markov are used to fit coefficients for microscopic higher order correlation effects such as dephasing of the polarization, carrier-carrier scattering and carrier relaxation. We numerically examine recent published experimental results on mode locked pulses, as well as the self phase modulation in the gain chip and SESAM.

The presented diploma thesis deals with stress-strain analysis of the intact human knee joint and the knee joint after reconstruction using fixation plate. Finite element method is used to determine the biomechanical response of the knee under loading with the FE software Ansys. The three-dimensional finite element model is consisted of bony structures (femur and tibia) which were created using computed tomography (CT) data, articular cartilages and both menisci. Model of the locking plate (LCP) was created based on producer's technical guide. Three models of the knee joint with LCP fixation plate are created for three different sizes of condylar fragment based on the intact model. On all variants is applied loading corresponding to maximum loading in a gait cycle. The results show that reconstruction of the knee joint with locking plate has no effect on changing in contact pressure on tibial plateau.

This thesis consists of two parts. The first one contains a research about different kinds of divorces in tractors. There is also a description of a modelling in MATLAB, Simulink and Stateflow programs. The second part focuses on designing an algorithm of an automatic locking differential and connection front-wheel drive and its testing on a model of tractor. Furthermore the thesis solves an implementation process of the algorithm into the control unit.

Headlong Developments' application HeadmasterDev is currently adapted for a single user. To turn their application into a multi-user system the programming language Swift will be used. Furthermore, this thesis will evaluate whether Swift is an appropriate programming language for developing a server application, how to handle concurrency of shared resources and if it is possible to deploy the application on a operative system other than macOS. The result is that the concurrency model is dependent on the system's needs and that one should not commit to using Swift as the programming language for a server application, with some regard to the size of the application and it's uses. / Headlong Developments applikation HeadmasterDev är endast anpassad för en användare. För att kunna transformera deras applikation till ett fleranvändarsystem så kommer detta arbete att använda sig av programmeringsspråket Swift. Utöver detta kommer det även undersökas om programmeringsspråket Swift är lämpligt för denna typ av applikation, hur man bäst hanterar samtidighet av delade resurser och om det är möjligt att använda applikationen på en annan plattform än macOS. Resultatet kom att bli att hur man löser samtidighetsproblemen beror på systemets behov och att Swift inte är lämpligt för denna applikation med tanke på dess storlek och användningsområden.

The ultrafast carrier dynamics of epitaxial ZnO and BaTiO3 thin films after intense excitation at 3.10 eV and 4.66 eV photon energy has been studied by femtosecond absorption spectroscopy. Modelling the transient transmission changes on the basis of spectroscopic ellipsometry data and pertinent equilibrium model dielectric functions extended by additional terms for the effects at high carrier density (P-band luminescence and stimulated emission from electron-hole-plasma), a self-consistent parameterized description was obtained for both materials. Excited carrier lifetimes in the range of ≈2 to ≈60 ps and long-lived thermal effects after several hundred ps have been identified in both materials. These findings form a reliable basis to quantitatively describe future femtosecond studies on ZnO/BaTiO3 heterolayer systems.

The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine whether temporal coding in the auditory system was the same for younger and older listeners. Temporal coding was assessed by amplitude-modulated auditory steady-state responses (AM ASSRs) as a physiologic measure of phase-locking capability. The secondary purpose of this study was to determine whether AM ASSRs were related to behavioral speech understanding ability. AM ASSRs showed that the ability of the auditory system to phase lock to a temporally altered signal is dependent on modulation rate, carrier frequency, and age of the listener. Specifically, the interaction of frequency and age showed that younger listeners had more phase locking than old listeners at 500 Hz. The number of phase-locked responses for the 500 Hz carrier frequency was significantly correlated to word-recognition performance. In conclusion, the effect of aging on temporal processing, as measured by phase locking with AM ASSRs, was found for low-frequency stimuli where phase locking in the auditory system should be optimal. The exploration, and use, of electrophysiologic responses to measure auditory timing analysis in humans has the potential to facilitate the understanding of speech perception difficulties in older listeners.

Localized geodetic deformation of an approximately arctangent shape around locked strike-slip faults is widely reported, but there are also important exceptions showing distributed interseismic deformation. Understanding the controlling mechanism is important to the interpretation of geodetic observations for hazard assessment and geodynamic analysis. In this thesis, I use simple finite element models to separately study the two major contributors to the deformation: far-field loading and previous earthquakes. The models feature a vertical strike-slip fault in an elastic layer overlying a viscoelastic substrate of Maxwell or Burgers rheology, with or without weaknesses representing extensions of the fault either along strike or to greater depth. If the locked fault is loaded only from the far field without the effects of previous earthquakes, localized deformation occurs only if local mechanical weaknesses below the fault and/or somewhere along strike are introduced. I first show that the effects of far-field loading are rather limited even in the presence of extreme weaknesses. Then I use idealized earthquake cycle models to investigate the effects of past seismic events in a viscoelastic Earth. I demonstrate that, after a phase of fast postseismic deformation just after the earthquake, the localization of interseismic deformation is controlled mainly by the recurrence interval of past earthquakes. Given viscosity, shorter recurrence leads to greater interseismic localization, regardless of the rheological model used. The presence of a low-viscosity deep fault zone does not change this conclusion, although it tends to lessen localization by promoting faster postseismic stress relaxation. Distributed interseismic deformation, although less reported in the literature, is a natural consequence of very long recurrence and in theory should be as common as localized deformation. The apparent propensity of the latter is likely associated with the much greater quantity and better quality of geodetic observations from higher-rate and shorter-recurrence faults. Using viscoelastic earthquake-cycle models, I also explore the role of nearby earthquakes and creeping segments along the same fault. For faults of relatively short recurrence, frequent ruptures of nearby segments, modelled using a migrating rupture sequence with or without temporal clustering, further enhance localization. For faults of very long recurrence, faster near-fault deformation induced by a recent earthquake may give a false impression of localized interseismic deformation. / Graduate