<p>Syftet med vår uppsats är att undersöka några effekter på en definierad region kring Charlottenbergs Shoppingcenter som öppnade hösten 2006. De effekter vi valt att studera är effekten på flödet av människor och kapital. Vårt antagande är att ett köpcentrum påverkar en region utifrån ett funktionellt perspektiv. Vårt antagande är att ett köpcentrum påverkar en region huvudsakligen utifrån så stort upptagningsområde som merparten av besökare, kunder och anställda vid köpcentret bor inom. Forskningsfrågorna rörande effekten på flödet av människor fokuseras på boende och resande besökare, kunder och personal vid köpcentret. Forskningsfrågorna rörande effekten på flödet av kapital fokuseras på etablering, omlokalisering och nedläggning av butiker och serviceställen. Vår typ av studieobjekt, är relativt unik med hänsyn taget till de yttre förutsättningarna i form av perifer glesbygd och riksgräns, och därmed relativt obeforskad. Vi finner det därför bäst att använda oss av en explorativ metod för att bevara vår forskningsfråga. Vi använder oss av litteraturstudier, registermaterialstudier, intervjuer och enkäter. Vår slutsats är att Charlottenbergs Shoppingcenter vad gäller flödet av människor har två funktionella regioner. En funktionell region omfattar kunder och besökare där majoriteten kommer från östra delarna av Hedmarks fylke. Den andra funktionella regionen omfattar anställda i butiker och serviceställen på köpcentret där den dominerande delen kommer från Eda och Arvika kommuner. Vad gäller flödet av kapital finns ingen tydlig funktionell region på samma sätt som för flödet av människor.</p> / <p>The purpose with our paper is to examine some effects in a defined region surrounding “Charlottenbergs Shoppingcenter” witch opened in autumn 2006. The effects we have chosen to study are the effects on the flow of humans and capital. Our assumption is that a mall effects a region from a functional perspective. Our assumption is that a mall affects a region principally from the catchment area in witch the most part of the visitors, customers and employees lives in. The research questions concerning the effects on the flow of humans focus on housing and travelling for visitors, costumers and employees at the mall. The research questions concerning the effect on the flow of capital focus on establishment, relocations and close downs of shops and places of service. Our type of object of study, is relatively unique taking in concern the external conditions in form of a periphery sparsely-populated area and the national border, and for that reason relatively unresearched. For that reason we have chosen an explorative method to answer our research questions. We have studied literature, statistics, and done interviews and questionnaires. The result of our study is that “Charlottenbergs Shoppingcenter” has two functional regions the flow of humans. One functional region comprises customers and visitors, where the dominating part comes from the eastern parts of the county of Hedmark, Norway. The other functional region comprises the employees at the mall, where the dominating part comes from the municipalities of Eda and Arvika in Sweden.</p>

Millions of dollars are spent each year on sales promotion in grocery retailing. Despite this, no one really knows wheter promotions for individual items have positive, neutral, or negative effects on the store’s total profits. In this dissertation, an attempt is made to build a framework model that can be used to predict and evaluate how specific promotions affect item-level, category-level, and store-level profits. One major contribution is that the proposed model specifically incorporates store-traffic and cannibalization effects. The book consists of four parts: the first part is a review of the literature on sales promotion. The second part describes the development of a model for measuring the profit of retailer promotions. The third part shows the impact of sales promotion on profits for a number of hypothetical products. The fourth part measures the profit impact of sales promotions for 15 items in three product categories. The data used in this study were collected in a Swedish supermarket in cooperation with ICA. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 1995

The out-of-town retail establishments are part of the dramatic structural changes in the retailing of food and groceries. There are however strong indications suggesting these establishments result in negative externalities concerning areas such as pollution and urban environment. The purpose of this study is to describe and, from an economic perspective, analyse the Swedish political regulations and planning policies concerning the out-of-town supermarkets. The analysis establishes that the current regulations regarding out-of-town retailing do not, due to the occurrence of market failures, produce an optimal situation. It might therefore be necessary to change the planning policies in a more restrictive direction. Unfortunately, information regarding consumer preferences, necessary for an effective institutional regulation, are not available. Further research is thus needed to obtain this information.

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Master’s Thesis in Logistics and Supply Chain Management _____________________________________________________ Title:                 Postponement in Retailing Industry- A case study of SIBA Authors:         Ahmed Kemal &amp; Naqvi Syed Mohammad Tutor:               Helgi Valur Fredriksson, Dr. Date:               May, 2010 Key Words:   Speculation, Postponement, Customer Order Decoupling point, Retailing, Supply Chain Flexibility, Agility ______________________________________________________________ Abstract Problem: Today's business environment is characterized by changing customer demands, increasing cost pressures on retailers, shorter product life cycles and products becoming obsolete shortly after their introduction. The above factors make it difficult for electronics retailers to balance the costs of dealing with excessive inventory and not be out of stock. To be competitive, retailers should delay some of their activities until customer demand becomes visible. This brings us to the phenomenon of postponement. Electronics market in Sweden faces continuous growth, although at a declining rate. This is indicative of a saturation that this sector, as a whole, is approaching to. The above problems are due to the speculative approaches and standardized products policies that are in practice. Loss of sales and customers result from these practices. The current study analyses the importance of postponement strategy and the benefits it offers. This study also tries to explore the potential solutions for retailers that postponement may relate to.   Purpose: The scope of this study is to identify possible postponement strategies needed for SIBA. Method: A case study approach has been taken. The choice of the method is qualitative with an inductive approach. This involved personal communications during interviews with the managers of SIBA, using semi structured questions to collect data.   Results: The concepts of postponement, supply chain flexibility, agility and customer order decoupling points (CODP) are closely related to one another and it has been shown that as the depth of postponement increase from right to left in the CODP continuum, the CODP changes its position, moving along the CODP continuum from right to left and towards the upstream. With this movement, the flexibility and agility in the chain increases. Our finds suggest that postponement is rather underutilized and that wastes (by way of lost sales and customers, obsolete inventory costs and storage costs) in the retailing process occur due to speculative approaches in application at the retail level. We have suggested logistics postponement for two out of three product categories and enumerated the ensuing benefits that the retailer can derive by way of enhanced flexibility, agility and reductions in wastages and satisfied customers.

Background: The Swedish pharmaceutical retailing market was re-regulated in February 2010, which enabled competition. Hence, it has now become important to stand out through having a strong brand. In order for a brand to be strong, the brand identity and the brand image need to be congruent. This study investigates brand awareness, brand identity and brand image in the biggest newly established pharmaceutical retailing company, Apotek Hjärtat. Since brand develops over time, the researchers believe that the newness of the company provides an interesting aspect. Purpose: The aim of this study is to explore if there is a gap between Apotek Hjärtat’s brand identity and brand image. Method: This study uses a mixed method approach. The qualitative method is used in forms of interviews, in order to obtain information concerning the brand identity of Apotek Hjärtat. The quantitative method refers to a survey conducted on the customers of Apotek Hjärtat, which generated information concerning the brand image. Conclusion: Apotek Hjärtat has a strong and coherently communicated brand identity. However, the brand image is not mirroring the brand identity, partly due to the fact that many customers have not yet made up their mind concerning Apotek Hjärtat.

Through interaction with customers, companies can acquire knowledge about- and satisfy the needs of customers. In retailing, the ranges of products are standardized and staffing numbers are scarce. How do companies in retailing deal with adaptation towards their customers given the small staffing numbers? The purpose of this study is to examine if and if so, how companies in the Swedish retailing industry are making adaptations towards their customers and also why these adaptations are being made. To answer this purpose, observations in the retailing industry are conducted and the results show that companies adapt to customers’ needs. However, this is not done through personalization. Finally, this study shows that companies in the retailing industry adapt to their customers mainly through mass-customization. / Genom interaktion med kunder kan företag skaffa sig kunskap om kundernas behov och tillgodose dessa. Inom dagligvaruhandeln är sortimenten standardiserade och personalstyrkan liten, något som torde missgynna interaktionen mellan parterna. Hur arbetar företag i dagligvaruhandeln med anpassningar till sina kunders behov när personaltätheten är förhållandevis låg? Syftet med studien är att undersöka om och i sådana fall hur ett företag inom den svenska dagligvaruhandeln anpassar sig till sina kunders behov, samt varför detta sker. För att besvara syftet görs observationer inom dagligvaruhandeln och resultaten visar att anpassning görs, dock ej personlig anpassning till enskilda kunders behov. Avslutningsvis visar studien att anpassning sker inom dagligvaruhandeln och att detta främst sker genom massanpassning. / Betyg: VG

In Turkey, the retailing sector is in a modernization process with the increase in the market share of supermarkets since 1990s. This process has important implications on general economy with changing consumption characteristics. This thesis analyzes the impact of increasing market share of supermarkets on the prices of fast moving consumer goods in traditional retailers. By means of a household panel, a panel data econometric approach is used for assessing the impacts of different supermarket formats between 2002 and 2006 in 12 sectors. The results indicates that increasing market share supermarkets decreases the price levels observed in traditional retailers in some of the sectors and these impacts vary according to supermarket formats and sectors.

<p><strong>Master’s Thesis in Logistics and Supply Chain Management</strong></p><p><strong>_____________________________________________________</strong></p><p><strong>Title:                 Postponement in Retailing Industry- A case study of SIBA</strong></p><p><strong>Authors:         Ahmed Kemal & Naqvi Syed Mohammad</strong></p><p><strong>Tutor:               Helgi Valur Fredriksson, Dr.</strong></p><p><strong>Date:               May, 2010</strong></p><p><strong>Key Words:   Speculation, Postponement, Customer Order Decoupling point,</strong></p><p><strong> Retailing, Supply Chain Flexibility, Agility</strong></p><p><strong>______________________________________________________________</strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Problem: </strong>Today's business environment is characterized by changing customer demands, increasing cost pressures on retailers, shorter product life cycles and products becoming obsolete shortly after their introduction. The above factors make it difficult for electronics retailers to balance the costs of dealing with excessive inventory and not be out of stock. To be competitive, retailers should delay some of their activities until customer demand becomes visible. This brings us to the phenomenon of postponement. Electronics market in Sweden faces continuous growth, although at a declining rate. This is indicative of a saturation that this sector, as a whole, is approaching to. The above problems are due to the speculative approaches and standardized products policies that are in practice. Loss of sales and customers result from these practices. The current study analyses the importance of postponement strategy and the benefits it offers. This study also tries to explore the potential solutions for retailers that postponement may relate to.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Purpose:</strong> The scope of this study is to identify possible postponement strategies needed for SIBA.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A case study approach has been taken. The choice of the method is qualitative with an inductive approach. This involved personal communications during interviews with the managers of SIBA, using semi structured questions to collect data.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The concepts of postponement, supply chain flexibility, agility and customer order decoupling points (CODP) are closely related to one another and it has been shown that as the depth of postponement increase from right to left in the CODP continuum, the CODP changes its position, moving along the CODP continuum from right to left and towards the upstream. With this movement, the flexibility and agility in the chain increases. Our finds suggest that postponement is rather underutilized and that wastes (by way of lost sales and customers, obsolete inventory costs and storage costs) in the retailing process occur due to speculative approaches in application at the retail level. We have suggested logistics postponement for two out of three product categories and enumerated the ensuing benefits that the retailer can derive by way of enhanced flexibility, agility and reductions in wastages and satisfied customers.</p>

<p>Background: The Swedish pharmaceutical retailing market was re-regulated in February 2010, which enabled competition. Hence, it has now become important to stand out through having a strong brand. In order for a brand to be strong, the brand identity and the brand image need to be congruent. This study investigates brand awareness, brand identity and brand image in the biggest newly established pharmaceutical retailing company, Apotek Hjärtat. Since brand develops over time, the researchers believe that the newness of the company provides an interesting aspect.</p><p>Purpose: The aim of this study is to explore if there is a gap between Apotek Hjärtat’s brand identity and brand image.</p><p>Method: This study uses a mixed method approach. The qualitative method is used in forms of interviews, in order to obtain information concerning the brand identity of Apotek Hjärtat. The quantitative method refers to a survey conducted on the customers of Apotek Hjärtat, which generated information concerning the brand image.</p><p>Conclusion: Apotek Hjärtat has a strong and coherently communicated brand identity. However, the brand image is not mirroring the brand identity, partly due to the fact that many customers have not yet made up their mind concerning Apotek Hjärtat.</p>