abstract: The South African Middle Stone Age (MSA), spanning the Middle to Late Pleistocene (Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 8-3) witnessed major climatic and environmental change and dramatic change in forager technological organization including lithic raw material selection. Homo sapiens emerged during the MSA and had to make decisions about how to organize technology to cope with environmental stressors, including lithic raw material selection, which can effect tool production and application, and mobility. This project studied the role and importance of lithic raw materials in the technological organization of foragers by focusing on why lithic raw material selection sometimes changed when the behavioral and environmental context changed. The study used the Pinnacle Point (PP) MSA record (MIS6-3) in the Mossel Bay region, South Africa as the test case. In this region, quartzite and silcrete with dramatically different properties were the two most frequently exploited raw materials, and their relative abundances change significantly through time. Several explanations intertwined with major research questions over the origins of modern humans have been proposed for this change. Two alternative lithic raw material procurement models were considered. The first, a computational model termed the Opportunistic Acquisition Model, posits that archaeological lithic raw material frequencies are due to opportunistic encounters during random walk. The second, an analytical model termed the Active-Choice Model drawn from the principles of Optimal Foraging Theory, posits that given a choice, individuals will choose the most cost effective means of producing durable cutting tools in their environment and will strategically select those raw materials. An evaluation of the competing models found that lithic raw material selection was a strategic behavior in the PP record. In MIS6 and MIS5, the selection of quartzite was driven by travel and search cost, while during the MIS4, the joint selection of quartzite and silcrete was facilitated by a mobility strategy that focused on longer or more frequent stays at PP coupled with place provisioning. Further, the result suggests that specific raw materials and technology were relied on to obtain food resources and perform processing tasks suggesting knowledge about raw material properties and suitability for tasks. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2017

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-12T12:56:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbara Lins Caldas de Moraes.pdf: 1002020 bytes, checksum: 55835be7452bb5679593acd3c7c7c122 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T12:56:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbara Lins Caldas de Moraes.pdf: 1002020 bytes, checksum: 55835be7452bb5679593acd3c7c7c122 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / Wild capuchin monkeys use stones tools to access food items that otherwise would be unavailable, as encapsulated fruits and seeds. The successful completion of this activity not only requires the selection of the suitable tool, but also the correct technique. In order to analyze if the stone tools used by the capuchin monkeys are adjusted to the type of food item consumed and if this adjustment entails variations or behavioral adaptations to accomplish the task, stone tools and techniques used by animals to process five distinct food items, were compared. The study was conducted in an area of Pernambuco’s semiarid Caatinga, located in Serra Talhada. Along 15 months, 257 sites were identified, characterized and monitored. Behaviors of using stones as tools were documented by camera traps. Accounted a ‘total of 395 stones, used as hammers to break of five food items: Syagrus oleracea, Manihot epruinosa, Pilosocereus pachycladus, Tacinga inamoena and Commiphora leptophloeos, these last three were not yet described as accessed auxiliary items by other populations of capuchin monkeys. The use of stones as tools to process the cactaceae revealed especially interested, such strategy is related to the presence of these item’s thorns. It was found also that the characteristics of food items such as hardness, size and the presence of spines influences the stone’s selection to be used as hammers. The postures adopted by the animals for activity breaks are similar to those already described in other studies, however behavioral adaptations in handling the tool are performed to increase its functionality. / Macacos-prego selvagens utilizam ferramentas de pedra para acessar itens alimentares que de outra forma estariam indisponíveis, como frutos encapsulados e sementes. O sucesso na realização desta atividade requer não só a seleção da ferramenta adequada, mas também a correta aplicação da técnica. A fim de analisar se as ferramentas de pedras utilizadas por macacos-prego são ajustadas de acordo com o tipo de item alimentar consumido e se esse ajuste acarreta variações ou adequações comportamentais para a realização da tarefa, ferramentas de pedras e técnicas aplicadas pelos animais, para o processamento de cinco itens alimentares distintos, foram comparadas. O estudo foi realizado em uma área de Caatinga no semiárido Pernambucano, localizada no município de Serra Talhada. Ao longo de 15 meses, 257 sítios de quebra foram identificados, caracterizados e monitorados. Comportamentos de uso de pedras como ferramentas foram documentados através de armadilhas fotográficas. Contabilizamos um total de 395 pedras utilizadas como martelos para a quebra de cinco itens alimentares: Syagrus oleracea, Manihot epruinosa, Pilosocereus pachycladus, Tacinga inamoena e Commiphora leptophloeos, estes três últimos ainda não descritos como itens acessados com o auxílio de ferramentas por outras populações de macacos-prego. O uso de pedras como ferramentas para o processamento das cactáceas revelou-se especialmente interessante, pois tal estratégia está relacionada à presença de espinhos destes itens. Fatores como a distribuição e o tamanho do item alimentar parecem influenciar nas escolhas feitas pelos animais no uso das bigornas. Constatou-se, também, que características dos itens alimentares como rigidez, tamanho e presença de espinhos influenciam na seleção das pedras utilizadas como martelos. As posturas adotadas pelos animais para a atividade de quebra são semelhantes às já descritas em outros estudos, mas adequações comportamentais na manipulação da ferramenta são realizadas para aumentar a sua funcionalidade.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:53:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo1938_1.pdf: 2696606 bytes, checksum: c2ff3cbbb3029fd0f89eb8d67c0e4f08 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Manutenção e evolução de software são atividades caracterizadas pelo seu enorme custo e baixa velocidade de execução. Não obstante, elas são atividades inevitáveis para garantir a qualidade do software quase todo software bem sucedido estimula os usuários a fazer pedidos de mudanças e melhorias. Sommerville é ainda mais enfático e diz que mudanças em projetos de software são um fato. Além disso, diferentes estudos têm afirmado ao longo dos anos que as atividades de manutenção e evolução de software são as mais caras do ciclo de desenvolvimento, sendo responsável por cerca de até 90% dos custos. Todas essas peculiaridades da fase de manutenção e evolução de software leva o mundo acadêmico e industrial a investigar constantemente novas soluções para reduzir os custos dessas atividades. Neste contexto, Gerência de Configuração de Software (GCS) é um conjunto de atividades e normas para a gestão da evolução e manutenção de software; GCS define como são registradas e processadas todas as modificações, o impacto das mesmas em todo o sistema, dentre outros procedimentos. Para todas estas tarefas de GCM existem diferentes ferramentas de auxílio, tais como sistemas de controle de versão e bug trackers. No entanto, alguns problemas podem surgir devido ao uso das mesmas, como por exemplo o problema de atribuição automática de responsável por um bug report e o problema de duplicação de bug reports. Neste sentido, esta dissertação investiga o problema de duplicação de bug reports resultante da utilização de bug trackers em projetos de desenvolvimento de software. Tal problema é caracterizado pela submissão de dois ou mais bug reports que descrevem o mesmo problema referente a um software, tendo como principais conseqüências a sobrecarga de trabalho na busca e análise de bug reports, e o mal aproveitamento do tempo destinado a essa atividade

Fatores psicossociais não são rotineiramente identificados na avaliação fisioterapêutica e podem influenciar no prognóstico de pacientes com dor lombar. O questionário STarT Back Screening Tool (SBST) foi criado para distinguir subgrupos dentre pacientes com dor lombar em relação ao prognóstico no tratamento considerando fatores físicos e psicossociais, classificando-os em baixo, médio e alto risco de mau prognóstico. Objetivo: Traduzir e adaptar transculturalmente o SBST para Língua Portuguesa do Brasil, testar a confiabilidade e validade de construto. Métodos: A primeira etapa consistiu na tradução, síntese, retro-tradução, revisão pelo grupo de tradução, pré-teste e avaliação dos documentos pelo Comitê. A versão pré-final foi aplicada em duas amostras de 52 pacientes cada, com dor lombar, ambos os sexos, idade acima de 18 anos e níveis educacionais variados. Para verificação da confiabilidade intra-avaliador, foram realizadas duas entrevistas em outra amostra de 50 pacientes, e os resultados analisados pelo Kappa ponderado quadrado. Também foram calculados a consistência interna usando de Cronbach (n=105), o erro padrão da medida (n=50) e a validade de construto (n=151), correlacionando o SBST-Brasil com as versões brasileiras do Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Rolland Morris (Brasil- RM) e Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire para trabalho (FABQ-Work) e atividade física (FABQ-Phys). Resultados: O consenso foi atingido nas etapas de tradução e retrotradução, apenas o item 6 não foi compreendido e depois de reformulado foi reaplicado em outros 52 pacientes que não tiveram mais dúvida. A confiabilidade foi considerada substancial (0,79 - 95% IC 0,63 0,95), a consistência interna aceitável (0,74 pontuação total e 0,72 da subescala psicossocial), e o valor do erro de padrão da medida muito bom (1,9%). Em relação à validação, a pontuação total do SBST- Brasil mostrou alta correlação com o Brasil-RM (r=0,61), moderada correlação com o ODI (r = 0,56) e FABQ-Work (r=0,3) e fraca correlação com o FABQ-Phys (r = 0,18). Já a subescala psicossocial mostrou correlação moderada com o Brasil-RM (r =0,49) e ODI (r =0,47) e fraca correlação com o FABQ-Work (r =0,24) e FABQ-Phys (r =0,21). Além disso, a estratificação dos grupos de risco do SBST-Brasil foi compatível com os valores de classificação do ODI, Brasil-RM e FABQ-Phys para risco de mau prognóstico. Conclusão: O SBST-Brasil mostrou-se confiável e válido para avaliar a influência de fatores psicossociais em pacientes com dor lombar. / Psychosocial factors are not usually identified on physiotherapy assessment, what influences on low back pain prognosis. The questionnaire STarT Back Screening Tool\" (SBST) was created to identify patients with potentially treatment modifiable prognostic influenced by physical and psychosocial indicators which are relevant to initial decision making, classifying them into low, medium and high risk categories. Aim: Translation and cross-culturally adaptation of the SBST into Brazilian-Portuguese, assess its reliability and construct validity. Methods: The translation and cross-cultural adaptation process involved the steps of Translation, Synthesis, Back-translation, Committee Revision, Pretesting and Submission the documents to the Committee. The pre-final version was applied to two samples of 52 patients each, with low back pain, both sexes, aged over 18 years, from different education levels. After that, two interviews assessed intra-rater reliability on a different sample of 50 patients, and the quadratic weighted Kappa was used for statistical analysis. The Cronbach´s alpha was also calculated for internal consistency (n=105), standard error measurement (n=50) and construct validity (n=151) analyzing the correlation between the SBST-Brasil and the Brazilian version of Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Rolland Morris (Brasil- RM) and Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire for work (FABQ-Work) and physical activity (FABQ-Phys). Results: Consensus was found on translations and back-translations processes, and only the item 6, which patients had some difficulty in understanding, was reviewed and re-applied to 52 additional subjects with no difficulties being reported. The reliability was classified as substantial (0.79 - 95% CI 0.63 0.95), the internal consistency acceptable (0.74 for total score and 0.72 for psychosocial subscale score) and a very good standard measurement error (1.9%). The correlation between the SBST-Brasil total score and Brasil- RM was high (r =0.61), moderate with ODI (r = 0.56) and with FABQ-Work (r = 0.3), and low correlation with FABQ-Phys (r = 0,18). Moderate correlation was found with SBST psychosocial subscale score and Brasil-RM (r = 0.49), also with ODI (r = 0.47), and low correlation with FABQ-Work (r = 0.24) and FABQ-Phys (r = 0.21). After that, the stratification of SBST-Brasil risk groups was compatible with ODI, Brasil-RM and FABQPhys classification for risk of poor prognosis. Conclusion: The SBST-Brasil has shown a reliable and valid tool to screen and identify low back pain patients influenced by psychosocial factors.

This master thesis investigates the principal capability of artificial evolution to produce tool use behavior in adaptive agents, excluding the application of life-time learning or adaptation mechanisms. Tool use is one aspect of complex behavior that is expected from autonomous agents acting in real-world environments. In order to achieve tool use behavior an agent needs to identify environmental objects as potential tools before it can use the tools in a problem-solving task. Up to now research in robotics has focused on life-time learning mechanisms in order to achieve this. However, these techniques impose great demands on resources, e.g. in terms of memory or computational power. All of them have shown limited results with respect to a general adaptivity. One might argue that even nature does not present any kind of omni-adaptive agent. While humans seem to be a good example of natural agents that master an impressive variety of life conditions and environments (at least from a human perspective, other examples are spectacular survivability observations of octopuses, scorpions or various viruses) even the most advanced engineering approaches can hardly compete with the simplest life-forms in terms of adaptation. This thesis tries to contribute to engineering approaches by promoting the application of artificial evolution as a complementing element with the presentation of successful pioneering experiments. The results of these experiments show that artificial evolution is indeed capable to render tool use behavior at different levels of complexity and shows that the application of artificial evolution might be a good complement to life-time approaches in order to create agents that are able to implicitly extract concepts and display tool use behavior. The author believes that off-loading at least parts of the concept retrieval process to artificial evolution will reduce resource efforts at life-time when creating autonomous agents with complex behavior such as tool use. This might be a first step towards the vision of a higher level of autonomy and adaptability. Moreover, it shows the demand for an experimental verification of commonly accepted limits between qualities of learned and evolved tool use capabilities.

Des études de terrain, expérimentales et numériques ont été menées pour rendre compte de l'incision des rivières à fond rocheux par le transport sédimentaire. Toutefois, le caractère fluctuant du système étudié rend difficile l'établissement de lois générales. La thèse s'articule autour de l'analyse des résultats fournis par un programme informatique qui simule la mise en mouvement de sédiments par un écoulement turbulent. La modélisation et l'intégration des interactions entre les sédiments et le fluide ainsi que les contacts entre sédiments se basent sur la description mécanistique du système. La validation du modèle numérique a été effectuée par la comparaison de paramètres dont les valeurs pour des rivières naturelles ou expérimentales sont abondantes dans la littérature. Le nombre de Shields critique de mise en mouvement, la relation entre la vitesse du fluide et le débit de sédiment sont ces grandeurs de références. Le travail échangé entre les sédiments et le fond est comptabilisé et ce flux d'énergie est rattaché au taux d'érosion avec des paramètres mécaniques de la roche. Nous avons établi une relation entre le taux d'érosion et le nombre de Shields. Les variations du taux d'incision avec masse de sédiment présente dans le lit de la rivière montrent que nous reproduisons le « tool-effect » et le « cover-effect ». Nous prédisons l'existence d'un nombre de Shields critique propre à l'incision qui est supérieur au nombre de Shields critique de transport. Les travaux échangés entre la couverture sédimentaire et les parois du canal permettent de quantifie le taux d'érosion latérale. Les travaux échangés au sein de la couverture sédimentaire sont utilisés pour évaluer le taux d'usure des sédiments. À partir du bilan de puissance du sous-système couverture sédimentaire, nous proposons un scénario pour la croissance du chenal d'une rivière à fond rocheux. Plusieurs études paramétriques rendent compte de l'influence de la rugosité du fond, du coefficient de restitution et de la gravité. / Field measurements, empirical studies and numerical approaches had been led in order to explain bedrock river incision due to transport of sediments. However, the studied system is roughly fluctuating, what make difficult to establish general laws. The thesis is based on the analysis of data extracted from a numerical code that simulate the motion of sediment by a turbulent flow. The interactions between the sediments and the fluid and the contact between sediments are modeled on physical basis and integrated following the principles of mechanics. The numerical process has been validated by comparison between two parameters extracted from natural rivers and experimental setup. The critical Shields number for sediment transport and the relationship between flow velocity and flux of sediments has been compared to values taken from literature. The work of dissipative forces between sediments and bedrock is computed. We propose a quantification of vertical incision rate based on rock resistance parameters. We have established a relationship between incision rate and Shields number that fit with a power law. We reproduce the two antagonistic effects that rules incision process: tool-effect and cover-effect. We predict the existence of a critical Shields number for incision that is higher than sediment transport threshold. We quantify the lateral incision rate with the work of dissipative forces between channel benches and sediments. We also quantify the attrition rate of the sediments with the value of energy dissipated within the sediment cover. The power balance of the sub-system sediment cover gives basis that lead to a scenario for bedrock river channel growth. Other results about influence of bedrock roughness, coefficient of restitution and surface gravity on incision rate are exposed.

Abstract This report accompanies my Master project in the fields of ceramic and glass, the CRAFT! MA program, Konstfack. In this project I fuse my industrial design toolbox and my current engagement in open-source 3D printing technology with my ceramic and glass craft practice. The first pair brings in notions of innovation and an active approach towards technological change, while the second carry ancient craft methods and knowledge. I develop and make 3D printers for clay and use them as an experimental ceramic work method. In this research based practice I use ceramics as the material for 3D printed glassblowing moulds. This act represents a link between ceramic and glass crafts, one that was known to the ancient Roman craftsmen.  A view on craft and digital innovation Although the computer is in use for several decades now, in most crafts it is still used mainly as an assistive device and we seem not to look at it as a professional tool; as a craft tool. New methods of making are out there. We need to have two toolboxes now: Our traditional one and our new digital one. We can already CAD our concepts, control CNC machines and build 3D-printers customised to our growing new practice. We share our new knowledge on open-source platforms, teach each other through the web (and around the globe) how to apply digital techniques to our craft. We now have the opportunity to join hands with the movements of democratisation of contemporary manufacturing techniques and reinvent our practice, our tools and what new-craft could be.

La période de 3500 à 2500 avant notre ère est marquée par une mutation profonde des sociétés. Dans l’espace provençal, on constate un éclatement du complexe néolithique moyen, Ces bouleversements se traduisent, au niveau des industries lithiques, par un changement d’ordre technologique, concernant notamment l’approvisionnement en matière première. Notre étude se concentre sur 6 sites d’habitat de l’espace provençal. Ces occupations sont les plus à même de révéler des informations d’ordre socio-économique. Elles présentent à la fois des industries produites sur les sites et des produits importés provenant d’ateliers spécialisés. L’intérêt est de prendre en compte tous les composants des assemblages lithiques, afin de noter quelles peuvent être les différences de gestion et de consommation entre ces outillages qui procèdent de deux chaines opératoires, d’une part à l’échelle du site, puis entre les sites. Pour cela, la méthode de sélection des outils a été lourde, demandant beaucoup de temps et a été fondée sur l’observation à l’œil nu et à faible grossissement, en amont des observations microscopiques. Les déterminations faites à partir des observations microscopiques ont été confrontées à des référentiels expérimentaux existants. Certaines comparaisons ont nécessité le recours aux référentiels expérimentaux ou ethnographiques d’autres chercheurs. De plus, après l’observation de certaines pièces archéologiques, des expérimentations spécifiques ont été réalisées afin de répondre précisément à certaines problématiques de notre étude, permettant de développer un corpus de pièces de référence encore très peu représentées pour le moment. / The period from 3500 to 2500 BC is marked by a profound transformation of societies. In the Provence area, there is a breakdown of the Middle Neolithic complex. Changes are reflected by lithic industries. We can observe technological changes, including raw material supply. New production methods are emerging . Large blades from specialized workshops begin to spread.Our study focuses on six settlement of the Provence area. These occupations give socio-economic information. Indeed, they have both stone industries produced on sites and blades imported from workshops. The interest is to take into account all the components of the lithic assemblages, to note what are the differences in consumption and management between the tools, first across the site and between sites.For this, the method of selection of tools was cumbersome, time-consuming and was based on observation with the naked eye and low magnification before microscopic observations. The determinations made from microscopic observations were compared with existing experimental repositories. Some comparisons have required the use of experimental ethnographic repositories. After the observation of certain archaeological tools, specific experiments were performed to specifically address some issues of our study to develop a new corpus poorly represented at the moment.

This thesis is focused on proposal of new version of production proces of part stem-arbor, proposal of suitable edge tools, which should be used for new verion of production proces a their comparison based on their lifetime. The lifetime has been got from brought out sample production order. There is based on these results suitable edge tools and cutting conditions during machining according to new version of production proces. There is evaluated either quality control or figured out savings in production.

Ph.D. thesis is focused on the design of the method for simulation of energy demands of machine tool in operation at the stage of its development. Proposed method is developer on the basis of literature search in science and in industry. The method itself is composed of five related steps, that must be realised in the proper order in order to create a relevant energy profile of a machine tool. The output from the method are simulated data providing a course of comsumed energy and required power which are time dependent. Output data are obtained on the basis of the drive system simulation of machine tool through G-code, that is interpreted for simulation by the compiler into the matrix. It contains data necessary for controlling of machine tool, such as the required end points of the tool and required feed rates, to which is assigned a time value. G-code is partially time parametrized. It is then followed by full time parametrization through a of mathematical model of drive mechanisms and due the synergy of software for drive mechanisms control (Matlab Simulink) and software for physical simulation (MSC Adams) is processed into output data. As an input parameter figures also coefficient used as multiplier of the normal force of driving mechanisms, which is a function of feed rate. This loss function is obtained experimantally. In the context of Ph.D. thesis were conducted two experiments, used to verify the developed method. For each experiment is proceeded according to estabilished method and it is included a comparsion of simulation and measured data for various operating modes. The proposed method, described in the Ph.D. thesis, allows designers to summarize the energy demand of the proposed machine before its production. When correctly interpreted, the results of the method can serve as a basis for improving the energy profile and thereby increasing the energy efficiency of the machine tool.