Customer Reward Programs (CRP) have increasingly been used in many industries and markets worldwide with the purpose of gaining customers and retaining their loyalty through repeated purchases in exchange of rewards. Currently, most of the retailers in the Swedish grocery store sector have implemented CRP of different types, from simple discount-based programs to complex multipartnership structures. Previous works have been carried on the competitiveness of the grocery retail market in Sweden, but these haven’t addressed the role of the CRP. Therefore, the objective of this thesis was to analyze the performance of the CRP offered by Ica, Coop, Citygross, Willys and Hemköp from a customer loyalty perspective. The discount store Lidl was also included although they haven’t implemented a CRP. The retailers included in our study covered approximately 93% of the market share in Sweden.   Data was collected through anonymous online surveys that included 12 questions addressed to households living in several Swedish cities. The online surveys allowed us to gather demographics data and info about CRP memberships, purchasing habits, customer loyalty, reward preferences, and customer awareness. In total 134 households replied the survey.   We found high store loyalty among the respondents. However, the strong preference for conveniently located stores indicated that most customers enroll in the CRP to take advantage of the repeated visits they already do to a certain store, which has a favorable location. In other words, we suspect customers become store loyal and then they enroll in the CRP. This attitude is masked as true loyalty but in fact it only implies a behavioral loyalty. Further deeper analysis shall be performed to confirm this finding.   We observed a clear increase of the customer loyalty (measured by share of wallet and purchase frequency) in respondents enrolled in CRP compared to not-enrolled counterparts. Households with children and households with high income had a greater tendency to participate in CRP and these two groups exhibited higher customer loyalty. Our results showed that the package of benefits and rewards offered by the CRP alone does not capture many customers into the CRP. Instead, customers looked for store location, quality and price as the appealing factors to enroll a CRP.   The survey results confirmed the dominance that Ica has over the Swedish grocery retail market. Further analysis combining level of expenditures and frequency of purchase showed that Lidl, Hemköp and Citygross performed quite similar within a group that does not capture great portion of the customer expenditure combined to a low purchase frequency. An output of our research showed that Lidl compete quite well with retailers that have CRP in place like Citygross and Hemköp, or on the contrary, that Hemköp with an advanced CRP does not attract customers sufficiently when compared to Lidl. An analysis based on the double jeopardy effect theory showed that Willys exhibits an “excessive loyalty”. This means, Willys had a higher frequency of purchase and level of expenditure than expected when compared against its market penetration level. Therefore, we identified that Willys overachieve results compared to the others retailers and also to Coop, its closest competitor. We concluded that a CRP with larger benefit scheme does not necessarily increases the customer loyalty to the store. Moreover, boosting CRP with multi-partnership programs that offer several experience rewards (spa, ski resorts, music events and travel tickets) could be inefficient for the grocery retailers since customers feel primarily attracted to immediate rewards related with groceries discounts.

Digital currencies represent complementary alternatives to fiat money in the conventional mental models of exchange. Blockchain, as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, holds a potential to influence a peer-to-peer exchange in the perspective of trust and ownership. The underlying technologies of digital currencies may be part of concepts, where designers have a possibility to define their own exchange articles for specific needs of the exchange. The ambition of this report is to illustrate the possibilities for the initiation of a peer-to-peer exchange with use of the underlying technologies beyond Bitcoin. The explorative approach provided me material for the retrospective reflection to achieve this ambition. The thesis project consisted three iterations, one experiment, and a literature overview. The main conceptual work illustrates the result of explorative research, where blockchain ensures trust between participating parties. This ecosystem uses the principles of sharing economy for initialisation of exchange within the community. This concept demonstrates potential opportunities for future transactions, in which the exchange article replaces fiat money.

Para compreender o significado da carteira masculina de bolso e sua importância na história cotidiana humana, fez-se necessário, primeiramente, o resgate pela origem da palavra por meio do estudo etimológico e a busca por sua raiz, bem como seu aparecimento apresentado por uma datação. Para a inserção do objeto de estudo no âmbito do design de produto, apresentando-o como uma resposta as necessidades cotidianas em voga, foram necessárias incursões ao campo da moda, a compreensão de seus conceitos assim como suas áreas de atuação, onde, atualmente, se encontra instalada as raras informações a respeito da carteira masculina. Por fim, o resgate dos padrões monetários brasileiros, compreendendo e analisando-os formalmente, bem como a necessidade de levantamento das formas adquiridas pelo dinheiro monetário e pelos documentos pessoais portados nas carteiras como elementos possíveis de alterações de projeto do artefato deste estudo após o cruzamento de dados com exemplos de carteiras adquiridas ao longo do trabalho. / To understand the significance of the masculine pocket wallet and its importance in day by day human history, it was first necessary to recover the origin of the word through study and the search for its etymological root as well as its appearance presented by a dating. For the insertion of the object of study within the product design, presenting it as a response to everyday needs in vogue, it has been done necessary incursions into the field of fashion, the understanding of its concepts as well as their areas of expertise, where, currently, is installed the scarce information about the men\'s wallet. Finally, the recovering of Brazilian monetary standards, formally understanding and analyzing them as well as the need for survey the acquired shapes of money and personal documents ported in wallets as possible elements of design changes in the object of this study after matching data with examples of wallets acquired during the this work.

B.W. Vilakazi is regarded by many literary critics as the best poet of his time, who had he lived longer, would have marked his living years the Vilakazi era. It is for this reason that I decided to embark on the study of his poetry, and that which influenced him, mainly the English Romantic Poets. In doing this research I also emphasised typical aspects of Romantic poets so as to clarify whether Vilakazi does fall under this category (Romantic category). In the introduction of Inkondlo kaZulu Gumede remarks thus on B.W. Vilakazi's poetry: "UVilakazi tstqungo sokwakha izosha lezi usithole esiblgisini. Usebenzisa isiZulu kanye nemizekeliso yaso namalutha, ekhombisa ithuba lokuqhuba isiZulu sibe nenkinga yaso yezincwadi noma izosha lezi zincikile esiNgisini. Ube nesibindi sokuzisukela aqambe lolu hlobo lwezibongo zesiZulu wangagudluka endleleni endala." (l935:vi) "Vilakazi gets his poetic inspiration from English. He uses Zulu images and superstitions to show that Zulu can have its own literature even though it is related to English. It is very brave of him to compose new genre in Zulu praises, without diverting from the original version by older poets." The scope of the study will be as follows: Chapter One is an introductory chapter which includes: the aim of the study; preamble, literature review, research methodology, biographical notes on Vilakazi, Vilakazi's literary works (novels, anthologies of poetry, articles in journals), Vilakazi's lexicographical work (the Dictionary), Vilakazi's influences (his own personal experiences, traditional poetry, traditional prose narrative, Biblical influences and mostly the English Romantic Poets). This chapter includes the definition of Poetry and the definition of a poet, definition of a Bard 'Imbongi', it also defines Romanticism (as a movement and as a concept); and it gives various critical views on RW. Vilakazi. Chapter Two deals with the influence of English Romantic Poets on Vilakazi, and looks at certain poems of Wordsworth, Keats and Shelley. Chapter Three deals with Vilakazi as a Romantic poet (certain Poems with Romantic aspects). Chapter Four is the Conclusion looking at the extent that the Romantic poets influenced Vilakazi's writing. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2001.

Cox, Friedman, and Sadiraj (2008) develop a model of reciprocity, „Revealed Altruism‟, which posits that a „more generous than‟ (MGT) offer elicits a „more altruistic than‟ (MAT) response. A MGT ordering is defined by two conditions. Condition a) states that MGT is ordered by the maximum potential increase in income of the recipient, or that the more you stand to receive from an offer, the more generous it is to you. Condition b) states that the increase in maximum potential income of the recipient cannot be less than the maximum potential increase in income of the proposers. In other words, Condition b) states that an offer cannot be self-serving, but it is not specified in Cox, Friedman, and Sadiraj (2008) precisely how b) affects the MGT ordering. I propose that a violation of b) is considered self-serving and is less MGT than when b) is not violated. I then experimentally study the empirical relevance of b) using two designs that hold a) constant, comparing MGT differences implied by responses. The first design is a variant of the Lost Wallet Game (Dufwenberg & Gneezy, 2000) with a negative outside option, and the second design is a modified Investment Game (Berg, Dickhaut, & McCabe, 1995) with elements of the Dictator Game implemented by Andreoni and Miller (2002). I find no empirical support that b) affects the MGT ordering.

Para compreender o significado da carteira masculina de bolso e sua importância na história cotidiana humana, fez-se necessário, primeiramente, o resgate pela origem da palavra por meio do estudo etimológico e a busca por sua raiz, bem como seu aparecimento apresentado por uma datação. Para a inserção do objeto de estudo no âmbito do design de produto, apresentando-o como uma resposta as necessidades cotidianas em voga, foram necessárias incursões ao campo da moda, a compreensão de seus conceitos assim como suas áreas de atuação, onde, atualmente, se encontra instalada as raras informações a respeito da carteira masculina. Por fim, o resgate dos padrões monetários brasileiros, compreendendo e analisando-os formalmente, bem como a necessidade de levantamento das formas adquiridas pelo dinheiro monetário e pelos documentos pessoais portados nas carteiras como elementos possíveis de alterações de projeto do artefato deste estudo após o cruzamento de dados com exemplos de carteiras adquiridas ao longo do trabalho. / To understand the significance of the masculine pocket wallet and its importance in day by day human history, it was first necessary to recover the origin of the word through study and the search for its etymological root as well as its appearance presented by a dating. For the insertion of the object of study within the product design, presenting it as a response to everyday needs in vogue, it has been done necessary incursions into the field of fashion, the understanding of its concepts as well as their areas of expertise, where, currently, is installed the scarce information about the men\'s wallet. Finally, the recovering of Brazilian monetary standards, formally understanding and analyzing them as well as the need for survey the acquired shapes of money and personal documents ported in wallets as possible elements of design changes in the object of this study after matching data with examples of wallets acquired during the this work.

nÃo hà / Este trabalho utiliza a fronteira eficiente desenvolvida no Ãmbito da Teoria Moderna de Carteiras, objetivando atender as peculiaridades do setor e promover uma maior aproximaÃÃo com as prÃticas atuais de finanÃas. Neste sentido, o destaque fica por conta da inclusÃo do conceito de value-at-risk â VaR como instrumento de anÃlise. A verificaÃÃo da eficÃcia do modelo serà realizada tanto de forma qualitativa, atravÃs da discussÃo sobre a carteira eficiente tradicional e a carteira eficiente modificada, quanto no aspecto quantitativo, atravÃs da aplicaÃÃo prÃtica do modelo na Caixa de PrevidÃncia dos FuncionÃrios do Banco do Nordeste do Brasil - CAPEF, Entidade Fechada de PrevidÃncia Complementar patrocinada pelo Banco do Nordeste, pela Caixa de AssistÃncia MÃdica dos FuncionÃrios do Banco do Nordeste e pela prÃpria CAPEF. Tal aplicaÃÃo prÃtica permitirà mostrar a viabilidade da pesquisa dentro da Ãrea de investimentos dos Fundos de PensÃo / This work uses the efficient border developed in the scope of the Modern Wallet Theory, objectifying to take care of the peculiarities of the practical sector and to promote a bigger approach with the current ones of finances. In this direction, the prominence is on account of the inclusion of the concept of value-at-risk - VaR as analysis instrument. The verification of the effectiveness of the model will be carried through in such a way of qualitative form, through the quarrel on the traditional efficient wallet and the modified efficient wallet, how much in the quantitative aspect, through the practical application of the model in the Box of Providence of the Employees of the northeast Bank of Brazil - CAPEF, Closed Entity of Complementary Providence sponsored by the northeast Bank, the Box of Medical Assistance of the Employees of the northeast Bank and by the proper CAPEF. Such practical application will allow to inside show the viability of the research of the area of investments of the Pension funds.

Den här uppsatsen handlar om vad som påverkar konsumenten till att vilja använda en digital plånbok. Den digitala plånboken är femte generationens betalningsmedel och har nu kommit för att digitalisera flera av de funktioner som den fysiska plånboken erbjuder. En transaktion med den digitala plånboken sker genom konsumentens Smartphone. Förutsatt att Smartphones blir mobila plånböcker kan det antas att konsumenterna skulle vänja sig vid tanken att lämna den fysiska plånboken hemma. Det har tidigare gjorts studier på adoption av mobiltelefoner och hur människor i allmänhet tar till sig vissa tjänster men den digitala plånboken är ett relativt nytt fenomen och därför handlar vår uppsats om adoption av den digitala plånboken som tjänst. De slutsatser vi kan dra av uppsatsen är att säkerhet, enkelhet och kompabilitet kring den digitala plånboken påverkar om konsumenten väljer att använda tjänsten. För att företagen som levererar digitala plånbokstjänster ska nå största nytta bör de även se säkerhet, enkelhet och kompabilitet som centrala delar vid presentation och lansering av tjänsten. / This essay is about what influences consumers to want to use a digital wallet. The digital wallet is the fifth generation of payment and have now come to digitize several features that the physical wallet offers. A transaction with the digital wallet is made by the consumer Smartphone. Assuming that Smartphones are becoming mobile wallets can be assumed that consumers would get used to the idea of leaving the physical wallet at home. It has previously been studies on adoption of mobile phones and how to generally embrace certain services but the digital wallet is a relatively new phenomenon and, therefore, is our thesis about the adoption of the digital wallet services. The conclusions we can draw from this paper is that security, simplicity, and interoperability on the digital wallet will affect whether the consumer chooses to use the service or not. For companies that deliver digital wallet services to achieve the greatest benefit, they should also ensure security, simplicity and compatibility as key elements in the presentation and launch of the service.

Technology development always makes the life easier and faster thus it also impacts the way we do business in our lives. As the widespread usage of mobile devices in recent years mobile technology has created an environment in which people around the world are getting closer. Recently the popularity of personal mobile devices like Ipad and Iphone leads to the appearance of opportunities to improve payments more fast and efficient. And for the past years various services and applications for mobile payment have been developed by the companies which are eager for the leader positions in the new market. With the development of mobile payment and the important relationship between payment and our lives, a lot of security risks associated with this field should be extensively studied. This thesis aims to analyze the security risks related to the mobile payment. This thesis uses an explorative method to research the stakeholders, critical assets and vulnerabilities within mobile payment by utilizing case studies of Square and Google Wallet. The information gathered from the case studies and security analysis is further analyzed by the dynamic network analysis tool (ORA) in order to discover the security risks. The results of this thesis indicate that accounts and business data are the most critical assets in mobile payment because accounts are the foundation to perform payment transactions. Further, the mobile payment service provider, merchant and consumer are the stakeholders affected most by the security risks. And this thesis concludes that all the stakeholders should be aware of the security risks within the mobile payment environment, and further if service and device providers want to keep continuous business they should make more effort to cooperate with each other to protect the users against these risks.

The mobile payments industry, which is currently at an early stage of development, is taking the direction to be established mainly as an NFC-based industry, and, moreover, led by the mobile digital wallets setting. A mobile digital wallet is a complete payment app for your NFC-enabled mobile phone that enables consumers to pay at stores at the point of sale with a mobile phone. The digital wallet, which is associated with a credit card, integrates all payment-related services like the management and storage of receipts, coupons and offers, and loyalty cards. Currently, there are three big partnerships going ahead of the NFC mPayments stream: Google Wallet, VISA’s Digital Wallet and ISIS Mobile Wallet. Each one of these three mobile digital wallets is led by an actor coming from a different industry of origin. Google Wallet is led by Google, an internet and technology actor. VISA’s Digital Wallet is managed by Visa, a traditional payment processor. And ISIS Mobile Wallet is led by three of the largest US telecom operators: AT&T, T-Mobile and Verizon. Thus, applying a business network theory to analyse how the industry of origin of the mobile digital wallet affects the interaction within the partnership formed is a unique and perfectly fitted opportunity. The aim of this Master Thesis was to analyse the influence, regarding interaction, of the origin industry of the leading partners on the NFC-based mobile digital wallet partnerships of the mobile payments developing industry. A literature review on business network theory was conducted, in order to identify key features of the business landscape affecting interaction on business networks, as well as an industry analysis of the mobile payments developing industry. Then, the business network theory approach was applied to the study of the mobile payments digital wallet setting, conducting a discussion based both on the industry analysis performed and a set of interviews with experts on the mobile payments industry.