Teachers face great demands on their time, energy, and level of commitment. Previous studies have established that high numbers of teachers leave the profession each year due to burnout. Burnout is frequently caused by difficulties with classroom management and behavior problems, as well as time pressures, and social isolation. Despite these obstacles, other teachers have been able to maintain positivity and dedication in their practice. Teachers' sense of self-efficacy has been found to be a predictor of better job satisfaction, less burnout, and more positive and productive interactions with students. The current study examined how burnout and self-efficacy may interact and how they might impact teachers' referral of at-risk students for additional school supports. Additionally, this study examined whether burnout and self-efficacy impacted teachers' identification of at-risk students using a screening measure developed to improve the school's ability to identify and start interventions for students experiencing difficulties. Results found a moderate correlation among burnout and self-efficacy, whereby teachers with higher self-efficacy experienced less burnout. Higher teacher self-efficacy was correlated with fewer referrals for students to the student support team and the identification of fewer students at-risk for emotional difficulties. Higher teacher burnout was not correlated with number of referrals but was found to be associated with the identification of more students at-risk for emotional difficulties as well as the number of total students identified as at-risk overall. Implications for practice, limitations, and future research directions are also discussed.

No description available.

This study sought to determine what factors could impact career development pathways for postsecondary film studies through survey research. The selected determining factors that offered eventual success as a filmmaking professional were students' personality characteristics and unique, innate abilities. The survey questions polled film study educators whose primary contact with film students was at college-level classrooms and could offer significant opinions about the factors measured. Only those educators with demographic characteristics that dealt with actual filmmaking procedures of production and post-production gave a measurable statistical result related to a single dependent variable. The differentiator between filmmaking disciplines was distinguished by those with direct interaction with the practical procedures of filmmaking, i.e., Screenwriting, Production, and Post-Production in contrast to those without, i.e., Theory, Critique, History, and Audiences. Of these seven film studies specialties represented, 37.5% agreed, 33.9% disagreed, and 26.7% neither agreed nor disagreed. The implications for future research suggest polling educators with direct practical film education activity at a secondary school level whose student/teacher relationships are significantly more intimate. Additionally, their presence is at a time when students are beginning to consider what college career studies they will follow. These participants could offer survey data to understand the suggested phenomenon more accurately. A more accurate study would further clarify the current dilemma that film students face when selecting their most appropriate career path for film studies.

Rumberger (2020) observed that "dropping out of school has economic and social consequences both for dropouts themselves and for the country as a whole" (p. 151). Every year, many Brazilians drop out of school due to work, early pregnancies, marriage, drug consumption, crime, etc. Dropping out of school can occur due to learning challenges, poor attendance, discipline problems, or a lack of access to high school institutions. Dropouts can experience depression and anxiety and are more likely to attempt suicide. The present dissertation includes two different papers about dropouts. The first paper uses fixed effect regression to show the main characteristics of dropouts who both left high school before completing it and registered for the Brazilian National Exam (ENEM). The results demonstrate that dropouts who take the ENEM are males, hail from low-income families, are younger (less than 17 years old), and are less likely to possess computers. When analyzing the 2015 and 2016 data set, which included dropouts who took the ENEM to receive high school certification, the results show that thew are more likely to have dropped out of school during their basic education (1st to 9th grade). In the second paper, I evaluated differences in achievement "between dropout registrants and current students, and dropout registrants and graduates" each comparison using the same data set (ENEM), but restricted to 2015 and 2016, due to the availability of a larger number of predictive variables of dropouts. The results indicate that dropout registrants did worse than all groups in essay writing but performed similarly to current students in math and language in 2016. When comparing the achievement of dropout registrants and graduates, the results show more pronounced differences, but in essay writing, the effect size varied from 0.22SD to 0.35SD.

No description available.

The psychometric properties of a parent-completed developmental questionnaire for children at 6 years of age were investigated. Currently, few developmental screening instruments for 6-year-old children have been validated, and most available instruments are designed to be completed by teachers or professionals, who may not witness an optimal sample of child behavior. Thus a screening tool with robust psychometric properties is needed that can be completed by parents or caregivers who see the child across settings and time. A total of 169 children participated in this research. Data collection included online and paper completion during well child visits, in clinics, at preschool programs, and in parents' homes. A random subsample was asked to participate in reliability and convergent validity studies. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure internal consistency reliability. Results indicated a Cronbach alpha of agreement with the Child Development Inventory was used. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis with categorical data confirmed the 6-Year Ages and Stages Questionnaire domains, e.g., communication, personal social, fine motor, gross motor, and problem solving. Limitations of the current study and directions for future research are discussed. / 10000-01-01

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar e discutir a identificação precoce de sinais de risco de autismo. Caracterizada como uma pesquisa bibliográfica de cunho qualitativo, a investigação realiza uma análise da produção científica sobre o tema, tomando como eixos analíticos suas tendências, tensões e lacunas. Pesquisas epidemiológicas apontam para o crescimento do número de casos dessa síndrome. No âmbito escolar, também tem sido frequente a preocupação dos professores em relação ao aumento do número de matrículas desses alunos. Há estudiosos que se referem a uma epidemia devido ao grande crescimento da prevalência dessa síndrome em um curto espaço de tempo. Apesar disso, as possíveis motivações explicativas sobre a ocorrência desse aumento tendem a ser alvo de grandes controvérsias. Ao longo da tese, procurou-se conferir prioridade aos percursos teórico-metodológicos condizentes com a compreensão complexa do fenômeno pesquisado, com base nas reflexões atinentes à Educação Especial e à Saúde Mental, por meio de referencial teórico vinculado à abordagem sistêmica representada por autores como Gregory Bateson e Humberto Maturana. A análise do conhecimento acerca do tema central da pesquisa colocou em evidência a dimensão histórica, as diferentes ênfases conceituais, além do debate relativo aos sistemas de classificação diagnóstica implicados no processo de identificação precoce de risco. Discutiu-se o conceito de risco em saúde mental e, em modo particular, o sentido de risco de autismo em momentos iniciais da infância. Assim, torna-se possível reconhecer a pertinência de uma ampla gama de questões, entre elas: como tem ocorrido a identificação precoce de sinais de risco de autismo? Quais premissas podem ser identificadas como integrantes dessas práticas? Quais as características constitutivas ou predominantes dos processos de investigação e qual o papel atribuído à ação do investigador ou do profissional que a realiza? A identificação precoce tem contribuído para o aumento da prevalência dos casos de autismo no Brasil? Quais seriam os caminhos escolares trilhados pela criança que é alvo da identificação e intervenção precoces? Ao analisar tais questionamentos, demos destaque para a dimensão que define como foco os processos de identificação e seus nexos com a prática pedagógica que orienta as intervenções. Evidenciamos que diversos estudos têm destacado a imprescindibilidade da identificação precoce de sinais de risco de autismo para que se tenha a oportunidade de intervir previamente, permitindo o melhor aproveitamento da sensível fase do desenvolvimento humano que é o início da vida. As controvérsias relativas à avaliação de sujeitos que apresentam comprometimentos psíquicos podem ser assinaladas como predominantes no que se refere à suposição de uma objetividade e abrangência generalizadora dos procedimentos. Esta investigação analisou o fenômeno do autismo e suas tendências definidoras e descritivas com especial atenção aos processos de identificação da síndrome como um risco na vida da criança, sendo discutidas, ainda, as vantagens e os perigos relacionados à nomeação precoce, a qual se associa a inferências acerca de um desenvolvimento marcado pela possibilidade de um transtorno que age como nexo organizador das relações futuras e da ocupação de espaços sociais como aqueles vinculados à escolarização. Concebendo o autismo como um fenômeno complexo que não pode ser explicado a partir da análise de fragmentos de indícios tomados isoladamente, entendemos que os procedimentos de identificação deveriam ser realizados processualmente. / The present study had the purpose to analyze and discuss the early identification of signs of autism risk. Characterized as a qualitative bibliographical research, the research performs an analysis of the scientific production on the subject, taking as analytical axes its tendencies, tensions and gaps. Epidemiological researches points to the increase in the number of cases of this syndrome. In the school context, there has also been a frequent concern among teachers about the increase in the number of these students. There are authors who refer to an epidemic because of the great growth of the prevalence of this syndrome in a short time. Despite this, the possible explanatory motivations about the occurrence of this increase tend to be the object of great controversies. Throughout the thesis, we sought to prioritize the theoretical-methodological pathways consistent with the complex understanding of the phenomenon under study, based on the reflections related to Special Education and Mental Health, through a theoretical reference linked to the systemic approach represented by authors such as Gregory Bateson and Humberto Maturana. The analysis of knowledge about the central theme of the research highlighted the historical dimension, the different conceptual emphases, as well as the debate regarding the diagnostic classification systems involved in the process of early identification of risk. The concept of risk in mental health and, in particular, the risk of autism in the early stages of childhood was discussed. Thus, it becomes possible to recognize the pertinence of a wide range of questions, including: how has early identification of signs of autism risk occurred? What assumptions can be identified as part of these practices? What are the constitutive or predominant characteristics of the investigative processes and what is the role assigned to the action of the researcher or the professional who carries it out? Has early identification contributed to the increased prevalence of autism cases in Brazil? What are the school paths that the child is the target of early identification and intervention? In analyzing these questions, we have highlighted the dimension that defines how to focus the processes of identification and their links with the pedagogical practice that guides the interventions. We have shown that several studies have emphasized the indispensability of early identification of signs of autism risk so that we have the opportunity to intervene in advance, allowing the best use of the sensitive phase of human development that is the beginning of life. Controversies related to the evaluation of subjects with psychic impairments can be pointed out as predominant with regard to the assumption of an objectivity and generalizability of procedures. This study analyzed the phenomenon of autism and its defining and descriptive tendencies with special attention to the processes of identification of the syndrome as a risk in the life of the child, and discussed the advantages and dangers related to early naming, which is associated with Inferences about a development marked by the possibility of a disorder that acts as an organizing nexus for future relations and the occupation of social spaces such as those related to schooling. Conceiving autism as a complex phenomenon that can not be explained from the analysis of fragments of clues taken in isolation, we understand that the identification procedures should be carried out procedurally.

The aim of the present thesis was to examine the cognitive and language profile in children with poor reading comprehension using a longitudinal perspective. Even though comprehension skills are closely connected to educational success, comprehension deficits in children have been neglected in reading research. Understanding factors underlying reading is important as it improves possibilities of early identification of children at risk of developing reading problems. In addition, targeted interventions may prevent or reduce future problems. Descriptions of the cognitive and language profile in children with different types of reading problems from an early age and over time is an important first step. The three studies included in this thesis have been conducted using data from the International Longitudinal Twin Study (ILTS). In the ILTS, parallel data have been collected in the US, Australia, Sweden and Norway. Altogether, more than 1000 twin pairs have been examined between the ages 5 and 15 years using well known predictors of reading, along with decoding, spelling, reading comprehension and oral language measures. In the three studies, the Simple View of Reading has been used as a theoretical framework and children who exhibited different kinds of comprehension related difficulties have been identified at different ages. The studies include both retrospective and prospective analyses. The results across studies indicated a robust oral language deficit in all subtypes displaying comprehension problems. The oral language deficit was widespread and included vocabulary, grammar and verbal memory. In addition, the oral language deficit was manifested as compromised phonological awareness and print knowledge prior to reading instruction. Reading comprehension deficits were late emerging across studies in children with comprehension difficulties. / Syftet med avhandlingen har varit att undersöka den kognitiva och språkliga profilen hos barn med läsförståelseproblem i ett longitudinellt perspektiv. Förståelserelaterade problem är eftersatt del av läsforskningen, trots att denna typ av svårigheter har visat sig få stora konsekvenser för fortsatt framgång i skolan. Att förstå underliggande faktorer när det gäller läsning är viktigt för att kunna identifiera barn tidigt i utvecklingen och anpassa undervisningen efter deras behov. Att beskriva barnens kognitiva och språkliga profil från tidig ålder och över tid är ett viktigt första steg i detta arbete. De tre studierna som ingår i avhandlingen har baserats på data från the International Longitudinal Twin Study (ILTS). I projektet har data samlats in i USA, Australien, Sverige och Norge. Sammanlagt har mer än 1000 tvillingpar testas vid upprepade tillfällen i åldersspannet 5 till 15 år. Testmaterialet innefattar ett stort batteri av språkliga och kognitiva tester, samt tester i läsning och stavning. Med utgångspunk i the Simple View of Reading har grupper av barn med olika typer av förståelseproblem identifierats vid olika tidpunkter i utvecklingen. Studierna innehåller både retrospektiva och prospektiva analyser. Resultaten visar en tydligt bred språklig nedsättning hos barnen med förståelserelaterade problem som visar sig tydligt i mätningar av ordförråd, grammatik och verbalt minne. Problemen är stabila över tid och visar sig tidigt i utvecklingen även som fonologiska svårigheter. Svag språklig profil påverkar inte läsförståelse förrän barnen gått i skolan ett antal år.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar e discutir a identificação precoce de sinais de risco de autismo. Caracterizada como uma pesquisa bibliográfica de cunho qualitativo, a investigação realiza uma análise da produção científica sobre o tema, tomando como eixos analíticos suas tendências, tensões e lacunas. Pesquisas epidemiológicas apontam para o crescimento do número de casos dessa síndrome. No âmbito escolar, também tem sido frequente a preocupação dos professores em relação ao aumento do número de matrículas desses alunos. Há estudiosos que se referem a uma epidemia devido ao grande crescimento da prevalência dessa síndrome em um curto espaço de tempo. Apesar disso, as possíveis motivações explicativas sobre a ocorrência desse aumento tendem a ser alvo de grandes controvérsias. Ao longo da tese, procurou-se conferir prioridade aos percursos teórico-metodológicos condizentes com a compreensão complexa do fenômeno pesquisado, com base nas reflexões atinentes à Educação Especial e à Saúde Mental, por meio de referencial teórico vinculado à abordagem sistêmica representada por autores como Gregory Bateson e Humberto Maturana. A análise do conhecimento acerca do tema central da pesquisa colocou em evidência a dimensão histórica, as diferentes ênfases conceituais, além do debate relativo aos sistemas de classificação diagnóstica implicados no processo de identificação precoce de risco. Discutiu-se o conceito de risco em saúde mental e, em modo particular, o sentido de risco de autismo em momentos iniciais da infância. Assim, torna-se possível reconhecer a pertinência de uma ampla gama de questões, entre elas: como tem ocorrido a identificação precoce de sinais de risco de autismo? Quais premissas podem ser identificadas como integrantes dessas práticas? Quais as características constitutivas ou predominantes dos processos de investigação e qual o papel atribuído à ação do investigador ou do profissional que a realiza? A identificação precoce tem contribuído para o aumento da prevalência dos casos de autismo no Brasil? Quais seriam os caminhos escolares trilhados pela criança que é alvo da identificação e intervenção precoces? Ao analisar tais questionamentos, demos destaque para a dimensão que define como foco os processos de identificação e seus nexos com a prática pedagógica que orienta as intervenções. Evidenciamos que diversos estudos têm destacado a imprescindibilidade da identificação precoce de sinais de risco de autismo para que se tenha a oportunidade de intervir previamente, permitindo o melhor aproveitamento da sensível fase do desenvolvimento humano que é o início da vida. As controvérsias relativas à avaliação de sujeitos que apresentam comprometimentos psíquicos podem ser assinaladas como predominantes no que se refere à suposição de uma objetividade e abrangência generalizadora dos procedimentos. Esta investigação analisou o fenômeno do autismo e suas tendências definidoras e descritivas com especial atenção aos processos de identificação da síndrome como um risco na vida da criança, sendo discutidas, ainda, as vantagens e os perigos relacionados à nomeação precoce, a qual se associa a inferências acerca de um desenvolvimento marcado pela possibilidade de um transtorno que age como nexo organizador das relações futuras e da ocupação de espaços sociais como aqueles vinculados à escolarização. Concebendo o autismo como um fenômeno complexo que não pode ser explicado a partir da análise de fragmentos de indícios tomados isoladamente, entendemos que os procedimentos de identificação deveriam ser realizados processualmente. / The present study had the purpose to analyze and discuss the early identification of signs of autism risk. Characterized as a qualitative bibliographical research, the research performs an analysis of the scientific production on the subject, taking as analytical axes its tendencies, tensions and gaps. Epidemiological researches points to the increase in the number of cases of this syndrome. In the school context, there has also been a frequent concern among teachers about the increase in the number of these students. There are authors who refer to an epidemic because of the great growth of the prevalence of this syndrome in a short time. Despite this, the possible explanatory motivations about the occurrence of this increase tend to be the object of great controversies. Throughout the thesis, we sought to prioritize the theoretical-methodological pathways consistent with the complex understanding of the phenomenon under study, based on the reflections related to Special Education and Mental Health, through a theoretical reference linked to the systemic approach represented by authors such as Gregory Bateson and Humberto Maturana. The analysis of knowledge about the central theme of the research highlighted the historical dimension, the different conceptual emphases, as well as the debate regarding the diagnostic classification systems involved in the process of early identification of risk. The concept of risk in mental health and, in particular, the risk of autism in the early stages of childhood was discussed. Thus, it becomes possible to recognize the pertinence of a wide range of questions, including: how has early identification of signs of autism risk occurred? What assumptions can be identified as part of these practices? What are the constitutive or predominant characteristics of the investigative processes and what is the role assigned to the action of the researcher or the professional who carries it out? Has early identification contributed to the increased prevalence of autism cases in Brazil? What are the school paths that the child is the target of early identification and intervention? In analyzing these questions, we have highlighted the dimension that defines how to focus the processes of identification and their links with the pedagogical practice that guides the interventions. We have shown that several studies have emphasized the indispensability of early identification of signs of autism risk so that we have the opportunity to intervene in advance, allowing the best use of the sensitive phase of human development that is the beginning of life. Controversies related to the evaluation of subjects with psychic impairments can be pointed out as predominant with regard to the assumption of an objectivity and generalizability of procedures. This study analyzed the phenomenon of autism and its defining and descriptive tendencies with special attention to the processes of identification of the syndrome as a risk in the life of the child, and discussed the advantages and dangers related to early naming, which is associated with Inferences about a development marked by the possibility of a disorder that acts as an organizing nexus for future relations and the occupation of social spaces such as those related to schooling. Conceiving autism as a complex phenomenon that can not be explained from the analysis of fragments of clues taken in isolation, we understand that the identification procedures should be carried out procedurally.

[pt] O reconhecimento de sinais precoces do autismo é crucial para o encaminhamento de crianças à intervenção precoce. Um corpo de conhecimento consistente de sinais de risco no segundo ano de vida foi estabelecido a partir de estudos retrospectivos de vídeos familiares. A identificação de sinais de risco no primeiro ano de vida passou a ser um desafio na área de autismo. A metodologia utilizada na busca de tais sinais é de acompanhamento prospectivo de bebês de risco, irmãos de crianças com autismo, por terem chances aumentadas de diagnóstico. O presente estudo prospectivo de casos múltiplos teve o objetivo de acompanhar o desenvolvimento de dois bebês de risco entre 3 e 12 meses, compará-lo ao de dois bebês sem histórico familiar de autismo, e identificar diferenças no desenvolvimento deles que pudessem sinalizar risco de autismo. Estes bebês foram filmados mensalmente em interações sociais com um adulto que foram analisadas de acordo com categorias afetivas, interativas e manejo. Narrativas históricas do desenvolvimento deles foram elaboradas. Os resultados da análise das categorias não mostraram diferenças entre os bebês. Entretanto, as narrativas históricas mostraram que, entre 8 e 12 meses, um dos bebês de risco teve dificuldade de igualar a intensidade de seu afeto com a intensidade do afeto do adulto e de rastrear a face do adulto durante jogo de esconder a face. Aos 21 meses este bebê foi encaminhado preventivamente para intervenção precoce. O uso de categorias afetivas e análise qualitativa da equiparação do afeto do bebê com o do adulto na avaliação de bebês de risco e em protocolos de rastreamento de autismo é discutido. / [en] Recognition of early signs of autism is crucial to early intervention. Signs of autism in the second year of life have already been established through retrospective home video studies of children diagnosed with autism. On the aim of having infants reaching intervention earlier than two years old, research has been conducted with a promising methodology. It consisted of following prospectively development of high risk infants. Since autism diagnosis is more frequent in younger siblings of children with autism, they are considered to be at increased risk for the disorder. On the other hand, infants without family history of autism are considered to be at low risk for autism. In the present prospective multiple case study, development of two high risk infants were followed during the first year and compared to development of two low risk infants. Interactions of these infants with an adult were recorded in video monthly. These videos were analyzed according to affective, interactive and coping categories. Historical narratives of interactions from 3 to 12 months were conducted as well. Results of categories analysis did not showed differences among infants of both groups. Interestingly, historical narratives showed that, between 8 and 12 month, one of the high risk infants had difficulties in matching his affect intensity with affect intensity of his interactive partner and also on tracking adults face during peek-a-boo game. At 21 months this infant was preventively referred to early intervention. Implications of using affective categories and affective matching in assessing high risk infants as well as in screening instruments are discussed.