Der Aufsatz argumentiert, dass der entscheidende Punkt an Ortholph Fuchspergers "Dialectica deutsch" der Nachweis ist, dass es möglich ist, in deutscher Sprache zu argumentieren. Dies richtet sich gegen die alleinige Verwendung der lateinischen Sprache als wissenschaftlicher Sprache. Fuchsperger zieht damit eine Konsequenz aus der humanistischen Umbestimmung des ars-Begriffes als einer deskriptiven und nicht normativen Verfahrensweise.

Economy of three generations of aristocrats from Pernstejn during the 16th century In my work I focus on the management of aristocrats from Pernstejn during the 16th century. On an example of three generations I am trying to show traditional forms of noble business, as well as new attempts for financial gain. I built my work on the data from sixteen urbary of Pernstejn manors reflecting the view of major aristocratic family on their own proactive approach to economic events in estates. Throughout the study I cover the history of aristocrats from Pernstejn from the beginnings to the end of the 16th century. Further I focus on the traditional forms of feudal profits also via more modern ways that started to be used during late medieval and early modern period. After that I describe the urbary and development of their studies. Furthermore, using an extant urbary I describe the economic situation in eight Pernstejn estates. In the final apendix I record all locations that are monitored in the urbary. Overall, I summarize the estates as outdated and not very profitable. According to me the self-interest of Pernstejn family in this area is minimal. Both facts led to financial bankruptcy of the family that during a certain period belonged to a political and property elite of the early modern Czech aristocracy. Key...

The diploma thesis The Figure of Saint Procopius in Historiographical and Hagiographical Texts of the 16th and 17th Century observes, how the earthly life and the posthumous effect of the saint are narrated in early modern historiographical and hagiographical literary relics. The thesis is also dedicated to miracles, which happened because of the intercession of Saint Procopius in the middle ages, and the fortune of the Slavonic monastic community of Sázava until the year 1097. It focuses on the changes, which Saint Procopius's theme has undergone in particular early modern works. It considers medieval legends of Saint Procopius, too. As a supplement to the thesis there is also a list of motifs connected with Saint Procopius, which are mentioned in early modern historiographical and hagiographical texts.

<p>In early modern Sweden, intentional blasphemy was regarded as one of the most serious crimes one could commit. Blasphemy was termed “Crimen Laesae Majestatis Divinae” – “a crime against Our Heavenly Majesty” and was subject to the death penalty. From the 1680´s it was possible to be pardoned from death sentences already delivered by the courts of appeal by applying to the “Judiciary Inspection”, (Sw. Justitierevisionen) In early modern times the definition of blasphemy was influenced by the medieval scholastic view according to which God was perfect. The sourcematerial for the present thesis are 110 petitions for mercy in cases of blasphemy that came up before the council during the period 1680-1789. The cases studied can be divided into the following categories: Blasphemy against God, blasphemy against the sacraments, deliberate assignations wiht the Devil and “other blasphemies”. There was no Church law in Sweden before 1686 and a common law for the whole country did not exist before 1734. The Bible´s ten Commandments where added as an appendix to the already existing medieval laws, reiterated in 1608. An individual found guilty of blasphemy underwent both secular and church punishment. At least nine individuals (we lack information about some cases due to material that has been lost) where not pardoned by the council. The secular punishments included death by beheading or burning at stake, when the sentence was reduced some kind of corporal punishment – running the sauntlet, flogging, imprisonment on a diet of bread and water or a life time of labor. Church punishment was public shaming and meant that the accused had to sit on a special chair in church during the services and publicly ask God and the members of the congregation for forgiveness. This kind of punishment was meted out in Sweden until the late 18th century.Blasphemy is a complicated act that should be defined according to the norms of the society in which it occurs. There are two processes that have to be taken into considerations when studing the crime of blasphemy in early modern Sweden – the centralization of the government and the unification of the church according to the Lutheran creed.In the early modern society people lived in what has been called a “religious culture”, where religion was self-evident, collective concern. Within this context atheism, in the modern meaning of the word, was supposedly unimaginable.The theoretical framework of the study is inspired by Peter Burke’s theories of the reformation of popular culture. Measurements taken by the elite have usually been regarded as active and aggressive, while popular culture has been regarded a homogeneous passive mass that adjustes itself to demands from above. One of the primary aims of this thesis is to study how verbal statements, actions and attitudes reflected popular conceptions that could either be close to or far distant from the learned ideas of the elite. By dividing popular attitudes discerned in the cases studied into four groups corresponding to a kind of mental strata, a more varied image of popular culture is achieved. Blasphemy in early modern Sweden was a crime committed mainly by men, especially when it comes to expressing ideas about the Devil or attempting to contact him. Very few women were accused of blasphemy; of 117 individuals accused, only nine were women.</p>

In early modern Sweden, intentional blasphemy was regarded as one of the most serious crimes one could commit. Blasphemy was termed “Crimen Laesae Majestatis Divinae” – “a crime against Our Heavenly Majesty” and was subject to the death penalty. From the 1680´s it was possible to be pardoned from death sentences already delivered by the courts of appeal by applying to the “Judiciary Inspection”, (Sw. Justitierevisionen) In early modern times the definition of blasphemy was influenced by the medieval scholastic view according to which God was perfect. The sourcematerial for the present thesis are 110 petitions for mercy in cases of blasphemy that came up before the council during the period 1680-1789. The cases studied can be divided into the following categories: Blasphemy against God, blasphemy against the sacraments, deliberate assignations wiht the Devil and “other blasphemies”. There was no Church law in Sweden before 1686 and a common law for the whole country did not exist before 1734. The Bible´s ten Commandments where added as an appendix to the already existing medieval laws, reiterated in 1608. An individual found guilty of blasphemy underwent both secular and church punishment. At least nine individuals (we lack information about some cases due to material that has been lost) where not pardoned by the council. The secular punishments included death by beheading or burning at stake, when the sentence was reduced some kind of corporal punishment – running the sauntlet, flogging, imprisonment on a diet of bread and water or a life time of labor. Church punishment was public shaming and meant that the accused had to sit on a special chair in church during the services and publicly ask God and the members of the congregation for forgiveness. This kind of punishment was meted out in Sweden until the late 18th century.Blasphemy is a complicated act that should be defined according to the norms of the society in which it occurs. There are two processes that have to be taken into considerations when studing the crime of blasphemy in early modern Sweden – the centralization of the government and the unification of the church according to the Lutheran creed.In the early modern society people lived in what has been called a “religious culture”, where religion was self-evident, collective concern. Within this context atheism, in the modern meaning of the word, was supposedly unimaginable.The theoretical framework of the study is inspired by Peter Burke’s theories of the reformation of popular culture. Measurements taken by the elite have usually been regarded as active and aggressive, while popular culture has been regarded a homogeneous passive mass that adjustes itself to demands from above. One of the primary aims of this thesis is to study how verbal statements, actions and attitudes reflected popular conceptions that could either be close to or far distant from the learned ideas of the elite. By dividing popular attitudes discerned in the cases studied into four groups corresponding to a kind of mental strata, a more varied image of popular culture is achieved. Blasphemy in early modern Sweden was a crime committed mainly by men, especially when it comes to expressing ideas about the Devil or attempting to contact him. Very few women were accused of blasphemy; of 117 individuals accused, only nine were women.

This study analyses the administrative and economic career of Francesco De Gratta (1613–1676) as Royal Postmaster, Royal Secretary, and trader within the postal and fiscal systems of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This investigation focuses mainly on his network and career strategies and is based on various sources from a number of European archives and libraries, mainly those situated in Italy, Poland and Germany. The study presents the family De Gratta and the familial social actions that Francesco used in order to root his children and family in the Polish-Lithuanian noble culture. Next, the analysis shows that the career of Francesco De Gratta was inextricably correlated with the establishment of the early modern royal postal system in Gdańsk (the city of Gdańsk fulfilled an important bridging role within the Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth) as well as his close contacts with different Polish kings and queens. The career followed distinct stages, tying him ever closer with the Crown, the nobility as well as the merchants in Gdańsk. It all started with his position as Head Postmaster in Gdańsk, in 1654. In 1661, he became Postmaster General of Royal Prussia, Courland, Semigallia and Livonia. After these initial steps, Francesco immersed in creditor activities and close contacts with the Royal Prussian cities, royal authorities, and not the least different Polish mint masters. He also got involved in the potash trade with his later son-in-law Jan Wawrzyniec Wodzicki, first as his factor and later as a co-owner of Wodzicki’s company. The study finally traces his social and economic advancement by the analysis of Francesco De Gratta’s legacies and their importance for his heirs’ social status. The summary compares the career of Francesco De Gratta with that of other postmasters and mint masters of Italian origin in Poland-Lithuania. / Denna studie analyserar Francesco De Grattas (1613-1676) ekonomiska och administrativa karriär som kunglig postmästare, kunglig sekreterare och köpman i det polsk-litauiska samväldet. Denna undersökning är främst inriktad på nätverks- och karriärsanalys och bygger på olika arkivkällor från en rad europeiska arkiv och bibliotek, främst från Italien, Polen och Tyskland. Studien presenterar familjen De Gratta och de familjära sociala strategier som Francesco använde för att förankra sin familj i det polsk-litauiska samväldets adelskultur. Därefter visar analysen att De Grattas karriär kan förstås mot bakgrund av upprättandet av det tidigmoderna kungliga postsystemet i Gdańsk (Gdańsk hade en viktig överbryggande roll inom Polen-Litauen), liksom hans nära kontakter med olika polska kungar och drottningar. Hans karriär följde olika distinkta steg som möjliggjorde för honom att närma sig kronan, adeln och köpmännen i Gdańsk. År 1654 blev han huvudpostmästare i Gdańsk och 1661 fick han ämbetet som huvudpostmästare för Kungliga Preussen, Kurland, Semgallen och Livland. Senare utvecklade Francesco De Gratta sin kreditverksamhet parallellt med utbyggnaden av sitt kontaktnätverk med kungliga preussiska städer, kungliga myndigheter och inte minst olika polska myntmästare. Han blev också involverad i handel med pottaska (kaliumkarbonat) tillsammans med sin svärson Jan Wawrzyniec Wodzicki, först som hans agent och senare som delägare i Wodzickis företag. Slutligen spårar studien Francesco De Grattas sociala och ekonomiska framåtskridande genom en analys av hans arv och dess betydelse för hans arvingars sociala status. Sammanfattningsvis jämförs Francesco De Grattas karriär med andra postmästare och myntmästare av italienskt ursprung i Polen-Litauen. / Information Infrastructure in the Baltic Area. Nodes, News and News Agents, c. 1650 - 1700

The Development of Relations to Education in the 17th Century in the Context of Burgher Testaments (the Example of New Prague Town) Abstract Early modern testaments represent a unique source of information about many areas of life at a given historical period. They are frequently used in various areas of historical research, including Czech historiography and its new cultural history. Although the cultural history covers many topics, surprisingly, the field of education has been somewhat forgotten. The testaments, which unite the official information and personal testimonies, provide a unique chance to see the attitude of the society towards education in a historical context of a certain era. The testaments might become important especially when researching those periods of the development of scholarly systems and education that have been overlooked by historians, e.g. the development of town schools; respectively, the development of urban education in the period after the Battle of White Mountain (1620). The limited interest of historians has been caused mainly by the lack of information sources that could explain the changes in the organization of the newly formed confessional educational system after the Battle of White Mountain. These changes launched the process of recatholization of the Czech lands...

In der Erforschung der Städtebaukunst stehen die bildenden Künste im Vordergrund. Die Frage nach den technischen Künsten wird kaum gestellt, obwohl der Entwurf des Architekten nicht nur von individueller Intuition, sondern im gleichen Maße auch vom technisch Machbaren geprägt ist. Um aber das der Planung frühneuzeitlicher Städte zugrunde liegende Konstruktionsschema und die Planungsintention erkennen zu können, ist es notwendig die Städtebau- mit der Technikgeschichte zu verbinden. Die in den Tratakten zur geometria practica und zur architectura militaris beschriebenen Konstruktions- und Vermessungsmethoden werden städtebaulichen Planungen der Frühen Neuzeit gegenübergestellt. An einzelnen Fallstudien, die vom Ende der mittelalterlichen Stadtplanung bis hin zu barocken Stadterweiterungen reichen, wird untersucht, wie das Planungswerkzeug die Entwurfssprache des Architekten beeinflusste und die Formensprache der Stadt- und Landschaftsplanung nachhaltig veränderte. Der Paradigmenwechsel im Städtebau vollzog sich in Mitteleuropa um die Wende vom 15. zum 16. Jh. mit dem Bau der Erzgebirgsstädte Annaberg und Marienberg. Die in Annaberg noch praktizierte rhythmische und räumliche Grundrissgestaltung wurde in Marienberg zugunsten eines egalisierten Stadtgrundrisses aufgegeben. Überlegungen zur Stadtstruktur und Hygiene führten zu diesem Wandel, die Aufteilung des Grundrisses selber aber wurde durch das verwendete Instrumentarium bestimmt. Im Barock stand den Planern Geometrie als allgemeine Kulturtechnik zur Verfügung, das Denken in geometrischen Formen und Proportionen bestimmte den Entwurfsprozess. Geometrie war nicht mehr nur Planungsmittel, sondern wurde - wie bei der Anlage der Berliner Torplätze zu Beginn des 18. Jh. zu sehen ist - Planungsziel. Die Rekonstruktion der Planungsmaße beweist, dass nicht nur die Namensgebung - Rondell, Oktogon und Quarré – auf die Quadratur des Kreises hinweist, sondern die Proportion der Plätze aus ihr heraus entwickelt wurde. / In the research of the art of urban development, the fine arts are mainly taken into account. The question of the technical arts is seldom raised, even though the architect’s design is a work of personal intuition as well as of the technically possible. In order to recognize the construction scheme and the planning intention in the urban planning of Early Modern Times it is necessary to merge the history of urban development with the history of technology. The construction and surveying methods described in the essays of the geometria practica and the architectura militaris are compared to the urban planning of the Early Modern Times. In case studies reaching from urban planning at the close of the Middle Ages to Baroque city expansion it is shown how the planning tools influenced the design language of the architect and the form language of urban development. The paradigm shift in Middle European urban planning took place at the end of the 15th century with the construction of Annaberg and Marienberg in the Ore Mountains. The rhythmic and spatial floor plan design still used in Annaberg was abandoned for a leveled out town plan in Marienberg. Deliberations of city structure and hygiene lead to this change. The design of the layout itself, however, was dictated by the implemented tool. In the Baroque period, geometry was available to the planers as general cultural knowledge and technology: the use of geometrical forms and proportions determined the design process. Geometry was not only planning method, but became planning intention – as can be seen by the Berlin Gate Plazas built in the beginning of the 18th Century. Not only do the names given - Rondell, Oktogon and Quarré – refer to the squaring of the circle, but the reconstruction of the design measurements proves the connection. Only the development of practical geometry enabled the variable form language of Baroque city construction.

The research into the student hall of residence founded in 1907 thanks to the impulse, plans, personal effort, and mainly to the large donation of Josef Hlávka has so far left out the fact that there was a long tradition of student halls of residence in Prague and elsewhere beforehand. The author of the thesis attempts to prove that some aspects of Hlávka's project, particularly it's charitable and nationalist motivations, existed much earlier. However, unlike other charity institutions of this kind, Josef Hlávka aimed to provide talented and hard- working but evincibly underfunded Czech students with education in foreign languages and with additional education in upper class etiquette including fencing lessons. What may have been support to Czech students and enhancement of their opportunities came to be, after the foundation of Czechoslovakia in 1918, an old-fashioned and outlived part of education of new academic juveniles.

Dieser Vortrag beschäftigte sich mit einer chronologischen Nahtstelle nicht nur der Archäologie, mit dem Übergang zwischen Mittelalter und Neuzeit, im Spiegel archäologischer Quellen. Ausgangspunkt ist die Frage, ob es an dieser Nahtstelle archäologisch fassbare Unterschiede im Quellenbestand gibt. Vorgestellt werden die vier im Titel genannten Fundgruppen, die im zweiten Teil mit den kulturellen und historischen Zäsuren und Transformationen dieses Epochenwechsels verbunden werden. / This lecture deals with the changes from the Middle Ages to early modern times in the archaeological finds. It begins with the question whether there are differences in the finds. Four groups (letter, stove tiles, sundials, pipes) are presented. In the second part these groups are combined with the cultural and historical breaks and transformation of this era.