A literatura trata a suavização do lucro líquido como uma das proxies para medir a qualidade da informação contábil (DECHOW; GE; SCHRAND, 2010). Porém, pesquisas sobre suavização do lucro líquido são divergentes em responder se essa suavização aumenta ou diminui a qualidade da informação. Existem trabalhos que testam se o aumento da suavização do lucro líquido aumenta a qualidade da informação por meio da persistência do lucro (TUCKER; ZAROWIN, 2006). Sabe-se, todavia, que os investidores não projetam fluxos de caixa futuros das empresas utilizando somente o lucro líquido, mas as contas de resultado que compõem esse lucro, pois são consideradas relevantes no processo de decisão sobre determinado investimento (BARTON; HANSEN; POWNALL, 2010). Entretanto, desconhecese qual o impacto da suavização sobre as contas de resultado que compõem o lucro líquido. Assim, esta pesquisa procura analisar como o objetivo de suavizar o lucro líquido afeta a persistência das contas de resultado que compõem esse lucro. Nesse sentido, as empresas que fazem parte da amostra foram separadas em empresas que mais e menos suavizam o lucro líquido de acordo com três modelos de suavização encontrados na literatura (LEUZ; NANDA; WYSOCKI , 2003; TUCKER; ZAROWIN, 2006). Posteriormente, foram testadas a persistência das contas de resultado, utilizando o modelo de persistência adaptado de Dechow; Ge e Schrand (2010). Os resultados apontam que as empresas que mais suavizam o lucro líquido possuem contas de resultado mais persistentes em relação às contas das empresas que menos suavizam esse lucro. Além disso, as empresas que mais suavizam o lucro líquido com maior quantidade de accruals discricionários possuem determinadas contas de resultado mais persistentes quando comparadas às empresas que mais suavizam esse lucro com menor quantidade de accruals discricionários. Portanto, os resultados sugerem que o gestor esteja suavizando o lucro artificialmente aumentando a persistência de determinadas contas de resultado, o que caracteriza estas persistências como artificiais. Assim, o investidor que projetar fluxos de caixa de empresas que mais suavizam o lucro líquido com maior quantidade de accruals discricionários poderá ter sua decisão prejudicada / The literature treats the income smoothing as one of the proxies to measure the earnings quality (DECHOW; GE; SCHRAND, 2010). However, research on the income smoothing diverges in whether this smoothing increases or decreases the earnings quality. There are studies that test whether the increase in income smoothing increases the quality of information through the earnings persistence (TUCKER; ZAROWIN, 2006). It is known, however, that investors do not project future cash flows of companies using only net income, but the profit and loss accounts that make up this profit since they are considered relevant in the decision process on an investment (BARTON; HANSEN; POWNALL, 2010). However, the impact of income smoothing on the income statements that make up net income is not known. Thus, this research seeks to analyze how the objective of smoothing the net profit affects the persistence of the income accounts that compose this profit. In this sense, the companies that are part of the sample were separated into companies that more and less smooth the net profit according to three models of income smoothing found in the literature (LEUZ; NANDA; WYSOCKI , 2003; TUCKER; ZAROWIN, 2006). Subsequently, the persistence of the profit and loss accounts was tested using the persistence model adapted from Dechow; Ge and Schrand (2010). The results show that the companies that smoothed the net profit have more persistent profit and loss accounts in relation to the accounts of the companies that least smooth their profit. In addition, companies that the most smoothed their net income with greater amount of discretionary accruals have more persistent profit and loss accounts when compared to the companies that most smooth their profit with less amount of discretionary accruals. Therefore, the results suggest that it is possible for the manager being artificially smoothing the profit, making certain profit and loss accounts more persistent, which characterizes persistence as artificial. Thus, the investor who projects future cash flow from companies that the most smooth the net income with greater discretionary accruals may have their decision impaired, since the projection of future cash flow may not represent the expected future financial performance of the company

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-08-05T14:36:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jean Carlos Oliveira Seidler.pdf: 860848 bytes, checksum: 82f554c11bb4f3893cd7b7f66e1c5222 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-05T14:36:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jean Carlos Oliveira Seidler.pdf: 860848 bytes, checksum: 82f554c11bb4f3893cd7b7f66e1c5222 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-16 / Nenhuma / Diante da importância do lucro como indicador de desempenho financeiro das empresas e os questionamentos sobre a qualidade destas informações, o presente estudo objetivou classificar a qualidade de lucros (Earnings Quality) das empresas listadas no mercado de capitais no Brasil por meio de um índice de qualidade doslucros (IQL). A amostra utilizada foi composta por sociedades anônimas de capital aberto, listadas na BM&FBovespa, que negociaram ações entre os anos de 2003 a 2012. A base de dados foi extraída do software Economática® e obteve um total de 1746 observações. Foram apresentados os resultados dos modelos de persistência de Dechow e Schrand (2004), conservadorismo de Ball e Shivakumar (2005) e gerenciamento de resultados de Kang e Sivaramakrishnan (1995). Os resultados obtidos nestes modelos possibilitaram a elaboração do Índice de Qualidade dos Lucros (IQL), mediante a aplicação da técnica de análise de componentes principais (PCA). A análise proporcionou identificar as empresas Elekeiroz, Ambev, Energias BR, Tegma e Tecnisa como as companhias com maiores scores de IQL de toda a amostra. Já em relação ao segmento de mercado, destacaram-se o setor da Construção civil, com 6 empresas entre o Ranking dos 30 maiores IQL’s. O menor nível dequalidade dos lucros foi para empresa Eletrobras que ficou em último lugar no Ranking de IQL. Em relação aos piores índices por segmento de mercado, destacou-se o setor da têxtil, com 6 empresas entre o Ranking dos 30 menores IQL’s. Importante salientar que o setor de energia elétrica apareceu de forma expressiva tanto no segmento com melhores índices de IQL, como também, nos menores índices de IQL. Dessa forma, sugere-se estudo especifico com a finalidade de se verificar a influência da qualidade dos lucros em setores altamente regulados, como por, exemplo o setor de energia elétrica. / Given the importance of income as a financial performance indicator of the companies, and the questions about the quality of this information, this study aimed to classify the Earnings Quality of listed companies in the capital market in Brazil through a quality index of profits (IQL). The sample was composed of corporations publicly traded, listed on the BM&FBovespa, that negotiated actions between the years 2003 to 2012. The database was extracted from Economática® software and a total of 1746 observations were obtained. Were presented the results of the models the persistence of Dechow and Schrand (2004), conservatism Ball and Shivakumar (2005) and earnings management of Kang and Sivaramakrishnan (1995) . The results obtained in these models allowed the preparation of the Profit Quality Index (IQL), by applying the principal component analysis (PCA). The analysis provided identify Elekeiroz companies, Ambev, BR Energy, Tegma and Tecnisa as companies with higher scores IQL of the entire sample. In relation to the market segment, the highlights were the civil construction sector, with 6 companies among the Top 30 largest IQL's. The lowest level of quality of earnings was to Eletrobras company that ranked last in the IQL Ranking. Regarding the worst rates by market segment, the highlight was the textile sector, with 6 companies among the Top 30 smaller IQL's. Noteworthy that the electricity sector appeared significantly both in the segment with better rates of IQL, but also in lower rates of IQL. Thus, it is suggested specific study in order to investigate the influence of the quality of profits in highly regulated industries, such as, eg the electricity sector.

Denna studie fokuserar på effekten av IFRS/IAS på earnings management. Huvudsyftet är att identifiera earnings management före och efter införandet av IFRS/IAS för att klargöra om de internationella redovisningsstandarderna har påverkat förekomsten av resultatmanipulering inom svenska börsbolag. Perioden som studeras är åren 2002-2008. För att identifiera earnings management används den modifierade Jones-modellen som går ut på att detektera förekomsten av godtyckliga periodiseringar som ett mått på resultatmanipulering. Vi kontrollerar även för om variablerna storlek och bransch kan förklara förekomsten av företeelsen före och efter införandet av IFRS/IAS. Urvalet är de 144 företag som var listade på Small-Cap, Mid-Cap och Large-Cap på stockholmsbörsen november 2011. Resultaten visar att IFRS/IAS inte har påverkat earnings management då förekomsten av godtyckliga periodiseringar förhåller sig relativt konstant under tidsperioden. Slutligen kunde vi finna resultat som visar att förekomsten av earnings management förekommer i större utsträckning bland företagen på Small-Cap och i IT- & Telekombranschen. / This study focuses on the effect of IFRS/IAS on earnings management. The main purpose is to identify earnings management before and after the adoption of IFRS/IAS to clarify if the international accounting standards have had any effect on the presence of earnings management in Swedish listed companies. The studied period is the years between 2002 and 2008. In order to identify earnings management we use the modified Jones-model which detects the presence of discretionary accruals as a measure of earnings management. Other variables such as firm-size and industry are also examined to see whether these firm specific features may explain the amount of discretionary accruals before and after implementation of IFRS/IAS. We consider a sample of 144 firms listed on Small-Cap, Mid-Cap and Large-Cap on the Swedish stock market in November 2011. The results show that IFRS/IAS has had no effect on earnings management, as discretionary accruals have remained relatively constant during the period before and after the adoption. Finally, the results indicate that firms listed on Small-Cap tend to manage earnings in a larger proportion than firms listed on Mid-Cap and Large-Cap. Also, there seems to occur significant more earnings management in firms of the Information Technology & Telecom Industry.

Denna studie behandlar nedskrivning av goodwill i svenska börsnoterade företag, och beaktar fyra möjliga förklaringar till detta. Relevant regelverk för den finansiella rapporteringen är IFRS. Genom en kvantitativ metod och ett deduktivt angreppssätt uppmärksammar vi problematiken kring att forskningen genererat olika förklaringar till att en nedskrivning äger rum.   Studien omfattar 1260 observationer i form av räkenskapsår, som sträcker sig mellan åren 2006 till 2013. Vårt empiriska material är inhämtat via databaser och omfattar finansiell information för vart och ett av företagen, fördelat på de olika åren. Nedskrivningskostnaden för goodwill är manuellt insamlat från de företag där goodwill som tillgångspost minskat från år t-1 till år t.   Från vårt teoretiska ramverk deduceras hypoteser som tillhandahåller eventuella orsaker till varför en nedskrivning kan ha ägt rum. Studien undersöker inledningsvis om en nedskrivning kan härledas till rådande företagsekonomiska förhållanden, där vedertagna undersökningsmått baserat på nyckeltal beräknade från årsredovisningar används. Vidare undersöks om nedskrivning av goodwill kan kopplas till resultatmanipulerande åtgärder genom stålbad eller vinstutjämning. Dessa kompententer i studien undersöks utifrån befintlig metodik tillhandahållen genom likartad forskning, men som utförts på andra geografiska marknader. Slutligen testas även, baserat på en egenhändigt framtagen operationalisering, finanskrisens inverkan på nedskrivning av goodwill.   Vår studies statistiska moment innehåller binära regressionsanalyser som med ett antal förklarande variabler prövar vad som kan förklara om en nedskrivning äger rum eller inte, samt en multipel regression som söker determinanter för nedskrivningens storlek.   Studiens resultat påvisar ett signifikant negativt samband mellan nedskrivning av goodwill och räntabilitet på totala tillgångar, vilket implicerar att bolag med sämre avkastning mer sannolikt kan komma att utföra en nedskrivning av goodwill. Även bolag med en hög andel goodwill i förhållande till totala tillgångar kan förväntas genomföra en nedskrivning, vilket visas genom ett signifikant positivt samband mellan beroende och förklarande variabel. Samma parameter, andel goodwill, kan även förklara storleken på en nedskrivning.   Vidare kan studien, genom statistisk signifikans, visa att nedskrivning av goodwill sker i samband med den resultatmanipulerande åtgärden stålbad, vilket innebär att bolag med ett redan dåligt resultat försämrar det ytterligare genom en nedskrivning. Att stålbadets motsats, vinstutjämning, förekommer som resultatmanipulerande åtgärd kan inte påvisas. Finanskrisens eventuella inverkan på vår beroende variabel kan inte styrkas.     Sammantaget visar studien att bolag med svag avkastningseffekt tenderar att oftare skriva ned goodwill än andra bolag, vilket eventuellt kan indikera att de följer de rekommendationer som standarden, IFRS, förespråkar. Indikationer på att resultatmanipulering genom stålbad förekommer på stockholmsbörsen kan också identifieras.

In the first essay titled "The Information Role of Analysts' Contrarian Revisions," I study a special group of revisions: contrarian revisions, defined as recommendation changes that are inconsistent with sizable stock price movements during the past week. I find that contrarian revisions are relatively more informative than trending revisions. In particular, contrarian revisions are associated with a both statistically and economically larger post-announcement drift. I also find contrarian downgrades are less likely to be issued by all-star analysts and analysts with more experience. After implementation of Regulation RD, the market reaction to contrarian revisions issued by all-stars significantly decreases, indicating private information contained in contrarian recommendations has declined. Overall, our results suggest analyst recommendations are important information sources for market participants. In the second essay titled "Market Reaction to Earnings When Investors Disagree," I investigate how the divergence of opinions between individual and institutional investors affects stock price movements around public news events, specifically earnings announcements. I use a discrete static market equilibrium model to illustrate that divergence of investors' opinions has a significant impact on stock price movements around earnings announcements. Specifically, the divergence of opinion has a negative relation with the immediate market reaction but a positive relation with the subsequent stock price drift. I also investigate trading volume around earnings announcements to explore how traders respond to changes in the divergence of investors' opinions. Empirical evidence supports the model implications and indicates announcement trading volume decreases inversely to the divergence of opinions.

Introduktion/Problembakgrund: Earnings management (EM) är ett problem för både det enskilda företaget och samhället. EM innebär att företagsledningen manipulerar resultatet i syfte att vilseleda externa intressenter. Konsekvenserna av EM är ett minskat förtroende för den finansiella rapporteringen, vilket resulterar i en ineffektiv kapitalallokering. Tidigare studier i Nya Zeeland har konstaterat att sammansättningen av fastighetsportföljen påverkar benägenheten till EM. Däremot går resultatet inte att generalisera i andra länder, eftersom det finns skillnader i lagstiftningen. Det är därför av intresse att genomföra en studie för svenska börsnoterade fastighetsföretag. Det behövs för att skapa ett ramverk, vilket kan hjälpa externa intressenter att förstå, upptäcka och förebygga beteenden som ger upphov till EM. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur fastighetsportföljen påverkar benägenheten till EM hos svenska börsnoterade fastighetsföretag. Vidare har studien även som syfte att kartlägga sammansättning av företagens fastighetsportföljer. Estimera EM för fastighetsföretagen och studera hur fastighetsportföljen påverkar benägenheten till EM. Studien har även som syfte att undersöka hur EM påverkar fastighetsföretagens finansiella rapportering i avseende på tillförlitlighet och relevans. Teori: De teorier som använts i studien baseras på tidigare EM-studier, orsaken är att vi avser att använda de mest relevanta teorierna för att besvara studiens problemformulering. Studiens teoretiska referensram omfattas av; 1) EM 2) informations asymmetri, 3) earnings quality, 4) principal-agent teorin, 5) stewardship teorin, 6) signaleringsteorin och 7) prospect-teorin. Vidare beskrivs fastighetsmarknaden. Metod/Data: Studien baseras på en kvantitativ metod, en deduktiv ansats och ett objektivistiskt synsätt. Vi har inhämtat data från finansiella databaser och från fastighetsföretagens finansiella rapporter. I de finansiella rapporterna har vi manuellt inhämtat data för sammansättningen av fastighetsportföljerna utifrån fastighetskategori och fastighetsregion under åren 2005-2013. Vidare har vi skattat två kategorier av EM, accruals management (AM) och real activities manipulation (RAM). Vi har sedan skattat fastighetsportföljens inverkan på benägenheten till EM. Resultat/analys: Skattningarna av AM och RAM är i likhet med tidigare studier. Vidare tenderar fastighetsportföljen utifrån fastighetskategori att uppvisa flertal signifikanta resultat i jämförelse med fastighetsportföljen som baseras på fastighetsregion. Sammansättningen av företagens fastighetsportföljer tenderar att utgå ifrån en fastighetskategori i en fastighetsregion, vilket innebär att fastighetsföretagen tenderar att förvalta, äga och utveckla en viss fastighetskategori i en viss region. Slutsatser: I studien har vi kommit fram till att fastighetsportföljen tenderar att påverkar benägenheten till EM. Det innebär att traditionella teorier inom EM även bör beakta att sammansättningen av fastighetsportföljen påverkar benägenheten till EM. Utifrån resultatet konstaterar vi att tillförlitlighet och relevans i den finansiella rapporteringen minskar. Studiens resultat kan förklaras utifrån fastighetsrelaterade marknadsfaktorer.

In the first essay, I examine the association between auditor industry specialization and earnings management choices. Prior research suggests that industry specialist auditors constrain accounting-based earnings management. But such actions may cause client companies to seek alternative means to manage earnings. Specifically, companies that hire industry specialist auditors may alter operating decisions to meet earnings targets, referred to as real activities manipulation. This essay investigates whether clients of industry specialist auditors that have an incentive to manage earnings are constrained from managing earnings through accruals manipulation and, therefore, are more likely to engage in real activities manipulation. Further, I examine whether operating performance declines for firms suspected of real activities manipulation. My findings indicate that clients of industry specialist auditors with incentives to manage earnings have lower absolute value of accruals relative to firms with incentives to manage earnings that do not hire industry specialist auditors. These clients of industry specialist auditors are also more likely to engage in real activities manipulation, suggesting this is a possible unintended consequence of hiring an industry specialist auditor. I also document evidence that firms suspected of real activities manipulation have lower future operating performance relative to firms not suspected of real activities manipulation. In the second essay, I examine the association between the tightness of accounting standards and earnings management choices. Prior studies suggest that managers switch from accounting-based earnings management to real activities manipulation in response to tightening accounting standards. My study investigates this line of reasoning. I develop an analytical model and conduct an experimental examination of the effect of flexibility of accounting standards under different institutional environments. I find that managers switch from accounting-based earnings management to real activities manipulation with tightening accounting standards only when the institutional investors have a short-term investment horizon. In contrast, when managers are monitored by institutional investors with a long-term investment horizon, they do not engage in such behavior.

A literatura trata a suavização do lucro líquido como uma das proxies para medir a qualidade da informação contábil (DECHOW; GE; SCHRAND, 2010). Porém, pesquisas sobre suavização do lucro líquido são divergentes em responder se essa suavização aumenta ou diminui a qualidade da informação. Existem trabalhos que testam se o aumento da suavização do lucro líquido aumenta a qualidade da informação por meio da persistência do lucro (TUCKER; ZAROWIN, 2006). Sabe-se, todavia, que os investidores não projetam fluxos de caixa futuros das empresas utilizando somente o lucro líquido, mas as contas de resultado que compõem esse lucro, pois são consideradas relevantes no processo de decisão sobre determinado investimento (BARTON; HANSEN; POWNALL, 2010). Entretanto, desconhecese qual o impacto da suavização sobre as contas de resultado que compõem o lucro líquido. Assim, esta pesquisa procura analisar como o objetivo de suavizar o lucro líquido afeta a persistência das contas de resultado que compõem esse lucro. Nesse sentido, as empresas que fazem parte da amostra foram separadas em empresas que mais e menos suavizam o lucro líquido de acordo com três modelos de suavização encontrados na literatura (LEUZ; NANDA; WYSOCKI , 2003; TUCKER; ZAROWIN, 2006). Posteriormente, foram testadas a persistência das contas de resultado, utilizando o modelo de persistência adaptado de Dechow; Ge e Schrand (2010). Os resultados apontam que as empresas que mais suavizam o lucro líquido possuem contas de resultado mais persistentes em relação às contas das empresas que menos suavizam esse lucro. Além disso, as empresas que mais suavizam o lucro líquido com maior quantidade de accruals discricionários possuem determinadas contas de resultado mais persistentes quando comparadas às empresas que mais suavizam esse lucro com menor quantidade de accruals discricionários. Portanto, os resultados sugerem que o gestor esteja suavizando o lucro artificialmente aumentando a persistência de determinadas contas de resultado, o que caracteriza estas persistências como artificiais. Assim, o investidor que projetar fluxos de caixa de empresas que mais suavizam o lucro líquido com maior quantidade de accruals discricionários poderá ter sua decisão prejudicada / The literature treats the income smoothing as one of the proxies to measure the earnings quality (DECHOW; GE; SCHRAND, 2010). However, research on the income smoothing diverges in whether this smoothing increases or decreases the earnings quality. There are studies that test whether the increase in income smoothing increases the quality of information through the earnings persistence (TUCKER; ZAROWIN, 2006). It is known, however, that investors do not project future cash flows of companies using only net income, but the profit and loss accounts that make up this profit since they are considered relevant in the decision process on an investment (BARTON; HANSEN; POWNALL, 2010). However, the impact of income smoothing on the income statements that make up net income is not known. Thus, this research seeks to analyze how the objective of smoothing the net profit affects the persistence of the income accounts that compose this profit. In this sense, the companies that are part of the sample were separated into companies that more and less smooth the net profit according to three models of income smoothing found in the literature (LEUZ; NANDA; WYSOCKI , 2003; TUCKER; ZAROWIN, 2006). Subsequently, the persistence of the profit and loss accounts was tested using the persistence model adapted from Dechow; Ge and Schrand (2010). The results show that the companies that smoothed the net profit have more persistent profit and loss accounts in relation to the accounts of the companies that least smooth their profit. In addition, companies that the most smoothed their net income with greater amount of discretionary accruals have more persistent profit and loss accounts when compared to the companies that most smooth their profit with less amount of discretionary accruals. Therefore, the results suggest that it is possible for the manager being artificially smoothing the profit, making certain profit and loss accounts more persistent, which characterizes persistence as artificial. Thus, the investor who projects future cash flow from companies that the most smooth the net income with greater discretionary accruals may have their decision impaired, since the projection of future cash flow may not represent the expected future financial performance of the company

Using the sample of three largest stocks from seven main market sectors in the US, the thesis examines the effect of information content of earnings announce­ ments on market reaction across sectors. Our findings prove the asymmetry of market reaction to different earnings surprise categories with negative-surprise reaction being the most profound. The financial markets tend to be less ef­ ficient in response to negative earnings surprises. Leakage of information is not present suggesting that insider trading is well-mitigated on the US capital markets. Furthermore, we investigate the market reaction to earnings surprises in different sectors separately and find that Consumer Staples and IT sector tend to be the most sensitive, on the contrary Telecommunication and Energy sector tend to be the least sensitive. G14; G15; G30JEL Classification Keywords Earnings announcement; Market reaction; Mar­ ket efficiency; Cross-sector analysis; Corpo­ rate disclosure; Insider trading; Post-earnings- announcement drift A u th o r's e-m ail p a v e l.prucekSgm ail. com S u p erv iso r's e-m ail kocenda@f s v . c u n i. cz

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explain how the implementation of IFRS 16 Leaseshas affected how publicly listed firms on the Scandinavian stock exchange markets useearnings management activities. Methodology: This thesis has used a quantitative method using a deductive approach with ageneral positivistic philosophy. The database Datastream, provided via Jönköping University,was used in the data collection. To analyze the data, a Pearson and Spearman’s Rho correlationwas conducted, as well as a multiple linear regression analysis. Findings: The findings suggest that operating leasing has not been used as a substitute to otherkinds of earnings management. Further, Scandinavian public companies show no increasedincentive to use income increasing earnings management via discretionary accruals. Moreover,the findings also show that the implementation of IFRS 16 Leases does not appear to have hadas incremental effects on the Scandinavian public companies as initially expected. Theoretical perspectives: The thesis uses earlier literature within earnings management, aswell as the Agency theory, the Positive accounting theory, and the Signaling theory to enablean explanation to how IFRS 16 Leases has affected how publicly listed firms on theScandinavian stock exchange markets use earnings management activities.