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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Contingências do trabalho docente na escola pública: ensinar a ler e a escrever num contexto de mudança / Contingencies of the theacher´s work in public schools: teaching to read and write within a context of change.

Bezerra, Gema Galgani Rodrigues 30 August 2010 (has links)
O problema que deu origem a essa investigação foi o conflito resultante do descompasso entre opções teóricas conscientes e a prática de ensino que conseguíamos efetivamente implementar, ao assumirmos aulas de Língua Portuguesa para turmas do ciclo II do Ensino Fundamental, em uma escola pública estadual, logo após a conclusão do mestrado em Educação. No intuito de priorizarmos práticas que favorecessem a formação de alunos leitores e produtores de textos, e não apenas copistas e decifradores, verificávamos a interferência de diversos aspectos que repercutiam negativamente em nossa prática. Assim, partindo do pressuposto de que o desenvolvimento dessas capacidades requer um ensino deliberado e contínuo ao longo de toda a escolaridade básica, por professores de diferentes disciplinas, propusemo-nos a buscar respostas para as seguintes questões: qual a natureza das dificuldades enfrentadas pelos professores ao buscarem promover a aprendizagem dos seus alunos? Que contingências relacionadas ao ensino da leitura e da escrita, deliberado ou não, estão presentes no trabalho do professor da escola pública, facilitando ou dificultando os processos de ensino e aprendizagem? Para responder a essas questões, empreendemos um estudo situado no paradigma da pesquisa qualitativa em educação, empregando, em algumas etapas, procedimentos inspirados na etnografia educacional (Ezpeleta e Rockwell, 1986; Fonseca, 1998; Erickson, 1989). A análise dos dados fundamentou-se em um critério essencialmente semântico, à luz de parâmetros da análise do conteúdo (Bardin, 1978). Os trabalhos de Tiramonti (2005), Azanha (1990, 2004), Souza (2002, 2006) e Lapo (2005), entre outros autores, subsidiaram teoricamente a nossa investigação, na medida em que propõem considerar aspectos do contexto mais amplo em que atuam os professores, focalizando situações concretas das quais emergem fontes de mal-estar e de bem-estar docente que intervêm em suas práticas. Os dados indicaram que o contexto da sala de aula não é, muitas vezes, propício ao trabalho cotidiano focado em práticas de leitura e produção de texto, em função de diversos fatores: número elevado de alunos, dificuldade de acompanhamento particularizado desses alunos pelos professores; necessidade de gerir demandas individuais e coletivas do grupo; dificuldades inerentes à manutenção de certa ordem que permita a realização de atividades complexas e significativas na sala de aula; interesses pessoais divergentes e por vezes conflitantes; recursos materiais às vezes escassos ou precários; tempo acelerado para gerir inúmeros procedimentos cotidianos, que acabam ocupando grande parte do tempo das aulas em questões não diretamente relacionadas ao ensino e aprendizagem dos conteúdos, entre uma infinidade de outros fatores. Além de questões de ordem objetiva, interferem também nas situações concretas de sala de aula aspectos de ordem subjetiva, que envolvem conhecimentos e características pessoais dos docentes, seus valores, crenças, necessidades e desejos, os quais determinam maneiras muito peculiares de avaliar o contexto, agir e reagir às contingências cotidianas. Todos esses elementos precisam ser considerados quando se propõem ações de melhoria da educação pública. É preciso, pois, relativizar as expectativas quanto ao papel da escola e dos professores, que parecem superestimadas no conjunto de ações que a sociedade precisa implementar para que a qualidade do ensino melhore de modo significativo. / The problem that gave rise to this investigation was the conflict resulting from the dissonance between theoretical conscious options and the teaching practice that we have actually managed to implement when we took over the Portuguese Language classes for Cycle II groups of Brazilian Middle School at a state public school, soon after completing the Masters Degree in Education. Aimed at prioritizing practices that would favor the education of text readers and producers, not just copyists and decoders, we verified the interference of many aspects that had a negative impact on our practice. Thus, starting from the premise that the development of such skills requires a deliberate and continuous teaching during the whole basic education by teachers of different subjects, we have proposed to look after the answers for the following questions: what is the nature of the difficulties faced by teachers when trying to promote their students learning? Which contingencies related to teach reading and writing, deliberate or not, are present in the work of public school teachers, making the teaching and learning processes easy or difficult? To answer such questions, we undertook a study within the paradigm of the qualitative research in education, using, in some steps, procedures inspired in the educational ethnography (Ezpeleta and Rockwell, 1986; Fonseca, 1998; Erickson, 1989). The data analysis was grounded on essentially semantic criteria, in the light of content analysis parameters (Bardin, 1978). The works of Tiramonti (2005), Azanha (1990, 2004), Souza (2002, 2006) and Lapo (2005), among other authors, gave theoretical support to our investigation, insofar they propose to consider aspects of the broader context where teachers act, focusing on concrete situations from which sources of teachers uneasiness and easiness emerge that intervene in their practices. Data indicated that the classroom context is often not proper for the everyday work focused on the practices of reading and producing texts, in view of many factors: high number of students, difficulty of individualized follow-up of these students by teachers; need of managing the groups individual and collective demands; difficulties inherent to maintaining a certain order that allows performing complex and meaningful activities in classroom; divergent and often conflicting personal interests; sometimes scarce or precarious material resources; having to rush to manage multiple everyday tasks that eventually take large amount of class time in issues not directly related to teaching and learning of contents, among a multitude of other factors. Besides questions of objective order, aspects of subjective order do also interfere with concrete classroom situations, which involve knowledge and personal characteristics of teachers, their values, beliefs, needs and desires, which determine very peculiar ways of evaluating the context, acting and reacting to everyday contingencies. All these elements must be considered when improvement actions in public education are proposed. Thus, it is necessary to frame the expectations as to the role of school and teachers, which seem to be overestimated in the set of actions that the society must implement so that there is significant improvement in the teaching quality.
2

Contingências do trabalho docente na escola pública: ensinar a ler e a escrever num contexto de mudança / Contingencies of the theacher´s work in public schools: teaching to read and write within a context of change.

Gema Galgani Rodrigues Bezerra 30 August 2010 (has links)
O problema que deu origem a essa investigação foi o conflito resultante do descompasso entre opções teóricas conscientes e a prática de ensino que conseguíamos efetivamente implementar, ao assumirmos aulas de Língua Portuguesa para turmas do ciclo II do Ensino Fundamental, em uma escola pública estadual, logo após a conclusão do mestrado em Educação. No intuito de priorizarmos práticas que favorecessem a formação de alunos leitores e produtores de textos, e não apenas copistas e decifradores, verificávamos a interferência de diversos aspectos que repercutiam negativamente em nossa prática. Assim, partindo do pressuposto de que o desenvolvimento dessas capacidades requer um ensino deliberado e contínuo ao longo de toda a escolaridade básica, por professores de diferentes disciplinas, propusemo-nos a buscar respostas para as seguintes questões: qual a natureza das dificuldades enfrentadas pelos professores ao buscarem promover a aprendizagem dos seus alunos? Que contingências relacionadas ao ensino da leitura e da escrita, deliberado ou não, estão presentes no trabalho do professor da escola pública, facilitando ou dificultando os processos de ensino e aprendizagem? Para responder a essas questões, empreendemos um estudo situado no paradigma da pesquisa qualitativa em educação, empregando, em algumas etapas, procedimentos inspirados na etnografia educacional (Ezpeleta e Rockwell, 1986; Fonseca, 1998; Erickson, 1989). A análise dos dados fundamentou-se em um critério essencialmente semântico, à luz de parâmetros da análise do conteúdo (Bardin, 1978). Os trabalhos de Tiramonti (2005), Azanha (1990, 2004), Souza (2002, 2006) e Lapo (2005), entre outros autores, subsidiaram teoricamente a nossa investigação, na medida em que propõem considerar aspectos do contexto mais amplo em que atuam os professores, focalizando situações concretas das quais emergem fontes de mal-estar e de bem-estar docente que intervêm em suas práticas. Os dados indicaram que o contexto da sala de aula não é, muitas vezes, propício ao trabalho cotidiano focado em práticas de leitura e produção de texto, em função de diversos fatores: número elevado de alunos, dificuldade de acompanhamento particularizado desses alunos pelos professores; necessidade de gerir demandas individuais e coletivas do grupo; dificuldades inerentes à manutenção de certa ordem que permita a realização de atividades complexas e significativas na sala de aula; interesses pessoais divergentes e por vezes conflitantes; recursos materiais às vezes escassos ou precários; tempo acelerado para gerir inúmeros procedimentos cotidianos, que acabam ocupando grande parte do tempo das aulas em questões não diretamente relacionadas ao ensino e aprendizagem dos conteúdos, entre uma infinidade de outros fatores. Além de questões de ordem objetiva, interferem também nas situações concretas de sala de aula aspectos de ordem subjetiva, que envolvem conhecimentos e características pessoais dos docentes, seus valores, crenças, necessidades e desejos, os quais determinam maneiras muito peculiares de avaliar o contexto, agir e reagir às contingências cotidianas. Todos esses elementos precisam ser considerados quando se propõem ações de melhoria da educação pública. É preciso, pois, relativizar as expectativas quanto ao papel da escola e dos professores, que parecem superestimadas no conjunto de ações que a sociedade precisa implementar para que a qualidade do ensino melhore de modo significativo. / The problem that gave rise to this investigation was the conflict resulting from the dissonance between theoretical conscious options and the teaching practice that we have actually managed to implement when we took over the Portuguese Language classes for Cycle II groups of Brazilian Middle School at a state public school, soon after completing the Masters Degree in Education. Aimed at prioritizing practices that would favor the education of text readers and producers, not just copyists and decoders, we verified the interference of many aspects that had a negative impact on our practice. Thus, starting from the premise that the development of such skills requires a deliberate and continuous teaching during the whole basic education by teachers of different subjects, we have proposed to look after the answers for the following questions: what is the nature of the difficulties faced by teachers when trying to promote their students learning? Which contingencies related to teach reading and writing, deliberate or not, are present in the work of public school teachers, making the teaching and learning processes easy or difficult? To answer such questions, we undertook a study within the paradigm of the qualitative research in education, using, in some steps, procedures inspired in the educational ethnography (Ezpeleta and Rockwell, 1986; Fonseca, 1998; Erickson, 1989). The data analysis was grounded on essentially semantic criteria, in the light of content analysis parameters (Bardin, 1978). The works of Tiramonti (2005), Azanha (1990, 2004), Souza (2002, 2006) and Lapo (2005), among other authors, gave theoretical support to our investigation, insofar they propose to consider aspects of the broader context where teachers act, focusing on concrete situations from which sources of teachers uneasiness and easiness emerge that intervene in their practices. Data indicated that the classroom context is often not proper for the everyday work focused on the practices of reading and producing texts, in view of many factors: high number of students, difficulty of individualized follow-up of these students by teachers; need of managing the groups individual and collective demands; difficulties inherent to maintaining a certain order that allows performing complex and meaningful activities in classroom; divergent and often conflicting personal interests; sometimes scarce or precarious material resources; having to rush to manage multiple everyday tasks that eventually take large amount of class time in issues not directly related to teaching and learning of contents, among a multitude of other factors. Besides questions of objective order, aspects of subjective order do also interfere with concrete classroom situations, which involve knowledge and personal characteristics of teachers, their values, beliefs, needs and desires, which determine very peculiar ways of evaluating the context, acting and reacting to everyday contingencies. All these elements must be considered when improvement actions in public education are proposed. Thus, it is necessary to frame the expectations as to the role of school and teachers, which seem to be overestimated in the set of actions that the society must implement so that there is significant improvement in the teaching quality.
3

Optimierung von Messinstrumenten im Large-scale Assessment

Hecht, Martin 21 July 2015 (has links)
Messinstrumente stellen in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung ein wesentliches Element zur Erkenntnisgewinnung dar. Das Besondere an Messinstrumenten im Large-scale Assessment in der Bildungsforschung ist, dass diese normalerweise für jede Studie neu konstruiert werden und dass die Testteilnehmer verschiedene Versionen des Tests bekommen. Hierbei ergeben sich potentielle Gefahren für die Akkuratheit und Validität der Messung. Um solche Gefahren zu minimieren, sollten (a) die Ursachen für Verzerrungen der Messung und (b) mögliche Strategien zur Optimierung der Messinstrumente eruiert werden. Deshalb wird in der vorliegenden Dissertation spezifischen Fragestellungen im Rahmen dieser beiden Forschungsanliegen nachgegangen. / Measurement instruments are essential elements in the acquisition of knowledge in scientific research. Special features of measurement instruments in large-scale assessments of student achievement are their frequent reconstruction and the usage of different test versions. Here, threats for the accuracy and validity of the measurement may emerge. To minimize such threats, (a) sources for potential bias of measurement and (b) strategies to optimize measuring instruments should be explored. Therefore, the present dissertation investigates several specific topics within these two research areas.
4

Réalisme pictural : pour une étude anthropo-comparative transculturelle sur l'expérience esthétique / Pictorial realism : for an anthropo-comparative transcultural study on the aesthetic experience

Hwang, Ju-Yeon 01 June 2018 (has links)
Le réalisme pictural peut être conçu, par-delà la pensée ontologique dualiste, comme expérience perceptive cognitive du spectateur d’avoir l’impression de voir le « réel » dans une configuration imagée picturale. Cette impression de réel n’est pas illusoire, mais subjectivement factuelle, sans être nécessairement consciente. Elle pourrait résulter de la facilité perceptive ou de la fluidité opérationnelle du processus perceptif cognitif. Lorsque l’activité perceptive cognitive opérante dans l’expérience du réalisme pictural est régulée par la valence hédonique immanente à cette fluidité opérationnelle sous-jacente à l’impression de réel, cette expérience « subjective » peut être également « esthétique » pour cette autosuffisance fonctionnelle de la « conduite cognitive » du spectateur. Cependant, l’expérience du réalisme pictural comporte une dimension anthropo-transculutrelle, comme on peut le constater notamment dans les récits littéraires des spectateurs coréens du 18e siècle qui illustrent leurs expériences visuelles des peintures occidentales « illusionnistes » réalisées par des missionnaires jésuites à Pékin. La culture est néanmoins opérante dans l’expérience « esthétique » du réalisme pictural. Son effet est double. D’une part, la culture fonctionne comme une des variables de la fonction complexe de l’apprentissage perceptif qui pourrait modifier la dynamique du processus perceptif cognitif ainsi que l’attention perceptive visuelle. D’autre part, elle pourrait opérer un effet dans la valence hédonique globale en participant à la modélisation de l’« affect idéal » distingué de l’« affect effectif ». / The pictorial realism can be conceived, beyond ontological dualistic thought, as beholder’s perceptual cognitive experience to have the impression of seeing the “real” in a picture. This impression or feeling of real is not illusory, but subjectively factual, without being necessarily conscious. It may result from perceptual easiness or from perceptual cognitive processing fluency. When the perceptual cognitive activity working in the pictorial realism experience is regulated by hedonic valence immanent in this processing fluency that underlies the impression of real, this subjective experience can also be “aesthetic” by functional self-sufficiency of beholder’s “cognitive conduct”. However, the experience of pictorial realism contains an anthropo-transcultural dimension, as we can observe especially in the stories written by 18th century Korean beholders, which illustrate their visual experiences of the western “illusionist” paintings produced by jesuit missionary painters in Beijing. Nevertheless, the culture comes into play in the “esthetic experience” of pictorial realism. Its effect is double. On the one hand, the culture acts as one of the variables of the complexe function of perceptual learning which could make difference in the perceptual cognitive processing dynamics and in the visual or perceptual attention. On the other hand, the culture might influence the global state of hedonic valence by participating in the modeling of “ideal affect” distinguished from “actual affect”.

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