This thesis is a study of colonialism and the university, and the relationship between knowledge, imperialism, empire and domination. It is influenced by those who have written on and lived through decolonisation, principally, Sylvia Wynter. The first chapter examines the history of the Westernised university as a Eurocentric narrative. It also considers the evolution of the discipline of the humanities as an imperial science of the human. The second chapter reflects on the effect of an imperial education on an individual’s relationship with their communities. Reading texts written during and after anti-colonial struggle, I consider how writing begins the process of communitarian ethical repair. Chapter 3 explores what it means to be included in the imperial university, and the cost of assimilation. The chapter focuses on texts from ‘outsiders’ to Oxford University who write back to an imperial centre. Chapter 4 revisits Wynter’s analysis of the Westernised institution in the context of 1968 Jamaica to reflect on the Westernised university’s internationalisation agenda. The chapter looks at the history of educational institutions in settler colonial plantations. The fifth chapter examines the evolution of the Westernised university as a site and agent of border control. It reviews the Tier 4 visa regime and Prevent legislation, examining the colonial history of the university as border control. In turning to the work of writer Leila Aboulela, the chapter explores how the creative imagination interprets the university, border control, race and emergent authoritarianism. The conclusion to this thesis is a dystopian short story. The narrative follows the journey of an international student at the University of Glasgow in 2050. Lecturers and books have been abolished. The violent collusion between university and state forces the protagonist into a choice. This thesis is intended as a sustained reflection on participation in Westernised higher education. The decision to conclude with a dilemma is a strategic one.

This thesis has examined the associational lives of the educated African elite described in the Lagos newspapers between 1880 and 1920, focusing especially on articles about memorial associations, industrial and agricultural associations, and associations relating to the ceremonies ofthe British Empire. There are two purposes underlying this research. The first is to re-examine early colonial Lagos, which has been described as a divided society. The second is to re-evaluate the roles of the early Lagos press. Based on extensive examination of the Lagos newspapers, this thesis argues that the descriptions of associational activities in Lagos newspapers were part of a conscious project of the press tore-construct Lagos society by encouraging "unity" for an "African"/"Nigerian" way of progress. In addition to the Black Atlantic influences on the development of the idea of an African way of progress, it demonstrates the impact of Japan in the intellectual history of Nigeria. This thesis seeks to contribute to an understanding of the social life of the educated African elite and of press activity in early colonial Lagos within historical context that reveals new aspects of Lagos society between 1880 and 1920.

The general aim of this descriptive study is to investigate how children from 3 to 9 plus 13- year-olds and adults use temporal elements to organize the macro temporal structure of narratives. In order to achieve this general aim, it specifically delineates how the emergence of story units differ relative to age / how the emergence of temporal elements differ relative to age and story units / and how the function of each temporal element differs relative to age and story unit in the narratives elicited from children from 3 to 9 plus 13-year-olds and adults, using Mercer Mayer&amp / #146 / s (1966) wordless, picture-book Frog, where are you? as stimulus. Participants are 98 children from 3 to 9-yearolds, as 14 informants in each age group / fourteen 13-year-olds and 14 adults. The orally collected data were transcribed and episode boundaries were coded according to Labov&amp / #146 / s (1972) story grammar. The occurrence of each temporal element within the coded episodes was counted. Frequency of each temporal element relative to age and story unit was identified. Functions of each temporal element relative to age and story units were analyzed. A great majority of the 3- and 4-year-olds produce narratives that do not count a story. 5- year-olds produce narratives that can be considered a story, however they fail to produce internal components of episodes. 7-year-olds are observed to produce episodes that contain necessary internal components. The emergence and function of temporal elements show differences relative to age and story unit.

This practice-led research aimed to design letterforms for an ancient Thai script known as Khom Thai, to aid learning of the script by today’s Thai population. Khom is a script that was developed in Thailand around the 15th century. It was widely used as the country’s official script for historical documents and records in Pali, Sanskrit, and Thai until 1945. Now, very few members of younger generations can read the script, which poses a major obstacle for preserving the knowledge of Khom Thai and severely limits access to the country’s historical documents and heritage. Although there are some relationships between contemporary Thai letters and Khom Thai letters, the unfamiliar letterforms constitute the largest hurdle for Thai readers learning to read the Khom Thai script. This study’s goal was to resolve this problem by creating three new Khom Thai letterform designs for use as learning materials and writing models for beginners. This study investigated whether Khom Thai letterforms could be redesigned so that modern Thai readers could recognise them more easily. To explore this possibility, three letterform designs, TLK Deva, TLK Brahma and TLK Manussa, were developed. This practice-led research employed mixed methods, including interviews, a questionnaire, and a letter recognition study. The first section of the research discusses the theoretical framework regarding familiarity in enhancing letter recognition. Additionally, analyses on Thai, Khom Thai, and Khmer letterforms were also included in this part. The second section is about the design process resulted in three designs. Among the three, TLK Brahma and TLK Deva maintain a close connection to the proportions and writing style of the traditional script, and could potentially be used as writing models for those learning the script. By contrast, TLK Manussa is adapted to characteristics and proportions of the present-day Thai script and is intended to look more familiar to Thai readers. One potential use of TLK Manussa is as a mnemonic aid for learning Khom Thai characters. Interviews were conducted with Khom Thai palaeographic experts to gather opinions on the designs. A questionnaire was also used with 102 participants to establish which of the three TLK designs had most familiar characteristics for Thai readers. The results showed that TLK Manussa was the most familiar among the three. After further refinement of the designs, the third section describes the data collection procedures. A short-exposure technique was used with 32 participants who already had some knowledge of Khom Thai, to compare letter recognition. This method was used for gathering reader feedback on the designs. In general, the findings did not indicate any significant differences between the three designs regarding the accuracy rate of letter identification. However, certain individual letters that more closely resembled the Thai script received higher scores than did unfamiliar characters. The three TLK designs constitute the primary contribution to knowledge. However, further contributions made by this research are its analyses of Khom Thai characters and its systematic guidelines for developing Khom Thai letterforms, the guidelines will aid future type designers of Khom Thai on letterform design. The study contributes to the field of research in non-Latin type design by endorsing the role of design in enabling contemporary audiences to learn ancient Thai scripts.

This thesis offers a critical analysis of the implications of ideological mediations in the translation of English-Kurdish geopolitical texts. It makes an original contribution by enabling a deeper comprehension of the role of re-contextualisation of socio-political texts in situations of constant contemporary conflict in the Middle East. It does so by exploring the reproduction of stance and voice in the translations of a geopolitical commentarial genre commissioned by newspapers. The study provides an account of how patterns of translation choices are conveyed in newspaper commentary articles on the geopolitical issues originally published in English and then how these patterns are re-conveyed in full translations of these articles for four quality Kurdish-language newspapers with different editorial policies: Sbeiy, Kurdistan-i-New, Xendan, and Rudaw. The case study explores the Kurdish translation of English journalistic articles covering general political developments in Middle East and Kurdistan in particular over a significant four-year period of 2011-2014. It is employed as an example of the rewriting activity that has been effective in achieving significant geopolitical results in favour of the media agencies that are considered politically aligned outlets. The study questions the extent to which ideologies involved in leading translation practice and inquires what the Kurdish case-study apprises us about wider practice. The methodology is a hybrid of corpus- and critical narrative-analytical methods that operate within the discipline of descriptive translation studies. The study deployed tripartite models to analyse and depict the interplay between ideology and a translator’s behaviour within media contexts. It adapts Toury’s three-phase descriptive methodology and Chesterman’s concept of norms as complementary models in order to describe the type of norms operating within the context of Kurdish media translation. It also developed critical narrative analysis for further investigating and for describing the normative effects of socio- political factors on the behaviour of the translator within the same realm. The outcomes of the data analysis have revealed that media translation choices are driven by ideology. The socio-political ideology plays a significant role, both historically and currently in the occurrence of stylistic shifts. On the level of meaning, however, the majority of shifts occur due to the current political power dynamics in Kurdistan. The results have also shown that media translation in Iraqi Kurdistan is not neutral and it is largely affected by the policy of the parties to which the media news agencies are aligned. This study encompasses six chapters, a conclusion and appendices.

This study explores the argument that Postcolonial Africa has been the setting for competing external language spread policies (LSPs) by ex-colonial European countries at the turn of the 21st Century. To explore the topic I examine the case studies of Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau, in the time frame of the 1990s to the present. In both case studies is visible the pervasiveness of international European languages that has been fostered by the history, structure and functioning of the international system. African languages mostly remain circumscribed to non-official domains. This linguistic inequality reflects the power relations enacted in society and internationally. It further raises issues of linguistic/cultural human rights and the defence of language and cultural diversity that this study argues for. Associated with the European languages are foreign governments’ policies that support language spread in different measures and, in some cases, are at the origin of the internal language spread policy of the African countries. In Mozambique, my research identified overt external language spread policies undertaken by the governments of Portugal, Brazil, France, UK and Germany. In Guinea-Bissau, research identified external language spread policies undertaken by the government of Portugal, Brazil, France and Germany. Languages are dynamic and the linguistic situation in Africa should not be read as a simple dichotomy of European versus African languages in a positive/negative balance. As it has been deployed, the process of spread of official languages in Africa leads to their de facto supremacy and can be read as a ‘glottophagic’/language cannabalism process (Breton 1991, Calvet 2002b). It is thus imperative that a strong political will supports policies for African languages allowing the maxium participation of the people in the governing process and promoting socio-cultural independence from the outside world (Heine 1992). This study is based on transdisciplinary analysis using elements of sociology of language, sociolinguistics and international relations. Research for this study focused on the qualitative analysis of extensive documentary data and a series of elite interviews.

本論文主要研究目的在於探討中共四部害法之演變與社會變遷的互動關係，主要參考 文獻中外所出版的社會變遷理論書籍；中共方面所出版的「憲法」論文選；香港方面 所出版的中共「憲法」論文集；與中華民國方面所出版的有關研究中共「憲法」之書 籍與文章。本論文所採取的研究方法主要是以「社會變遷理論」與「比較憲法」研究 途徑為主，來分析並評述中共憲法之演變及其特性。本論文要研究內容重點為探討社 會主義憲法的特性及與一般自由世界憲法之區別；中共四部憲法制定過程；中共四部 憲法條文之演變及其所代表的意義；及中共憲法在法理上的規定及實際運作之間的差 距……等各部份。本論文研究結果顯示﹕社會主義憲法與一般自由世界憲法最大的差 別，在於社會主義憲法是以馬列主義學說為依據的，共產黨人將它視為階級鬥爭的總 結，是統治階級的意志表現和專政工具；社會主義憲法的內容是隨著階級力量的對比 關係的演變而變化，因而乃產生不斷更換憲法與修改憲法的現象。作為社會主義類型 憲法的中共憲法，其最大的特色，在於它是做為偽裝民主的「必需品」，憲政精神從 未真正貫徹，從研究中共憲法演變與社會變遷的過程中吾人得知，中共憲法所具體表 現的特性為「黨」大於「法」，「人治重於法治」，「權責不明，憲政不分」等現象 。

一、研究目的 去年以來，政府開放探親，隨著探親熱潮，海崍兩岸四十年來壁壘分明的態勢已漸有 改變，尤其是雙方透過第三國進行的轉口貿易已有日益增加的現象，在新台幣對美元 持續升值，國內廠商出口日益感受沈重壓力下，大陸市場已成為國內企業界注目的焦 點，這對海峽將來會造成什麼樣的影響？此等問題引發了本文研究的動機。本文主要 目的有三﹕（一）從台灣產業結構來探討大陸市場，今後在台灣經濟發展過程中，將 扮演何種角色。（二）現存轉口貿易型態的利弊得失。（三）從轉口貿易看海峽兩岸 的未來。 三、參考資料 本文主要參考資料包括﹕ （一）海峽兩岸已出版的經濟資料及文獻。 （一）台灣上市公司公開說明及財務資料。 （三）英文香港及日本報刊資枓。 三、研究方法 本文係針對台海兩岸經結構加以比較深入分析，全文分六章，第一章緒言，說明研究 主題背景、動機、目的、範圍與方法。第二章評述海峽轉口貿易的理論依據。第三章 針對現存轉口貿易的內涵及海峽兩岸經貿發展的階段加以分析比較。第四章探討現存 轉口貿易利弊得失。第五章從比較利益的觀點看轉口市場的未來，以及轉口貿易對海 峽兩岸未來關係的影響。第六章結論與建議。

This thesis considers ways in which African women writers are exploring the subject of violence against women. Any attempt to apply feminist criticism to novels by African women must be rooted in a satisfactorily African feminism. Therefore, the history of black feminist thought is outlined showing how African feminisms have been articulated in dialogue with western feminists, black feminisms (developed by women in the African-American diaspora), and through recognition of indigenous ideologies which allowed African women to protest against oppression. Links will be established between the texts, despite their differences, which suggest that, collectively, these novels support the notion that gender violence affects the lives of a majority of African women (from all backgrounds) to a greater or lesser extent. This is because it is supported by the social structures developed and sustained in cultures underpinned by patriarchal ideologies. A range of strategies for managing violence arise from a cross-textual reading of the novels. These will be analysed in terms of their efficacy and rootedness in African feminisms’ principles. The more effective strategies being adopted are found in works by Ama Ata Aidoo and Lindsey Collen and these focus particularly on changing the meanings of motherhood and marriage.

本論文的研究論題，主要探討日治臺灣漢文通俗小說，如何在東／西文化的交互影響下生成；以及由東亞、西洋文學的脈絡出發，探究它對雙方小說的接受、移植與再造。就研究時間而言，本文論述範疇集中於日治時期（1895-1945）；就研究對象而言，主要是以刊載於各份報紙上的漢文通俗小說為文本分析對象，探究其敍事組成、文體變化與內容思想。外緣資料則考察此時期流動於東亞各地與臺灣間的小說書籍為重點，析論日治臺灣圖書文化如何與東亞脈絡相接軌，兩者相輔相成，以勾勒日治臺灣漢文通俗市場的面貌。 立基於上述議題，本論文由漢文通俗小說如何對東亞小說與西洋小說進行「接受」、「移植」與「再造」等各項觀點出發，考察日治臺灣漢文通俗小說生成的原由，探討日治臺灣漢文通俗小說如何在跨領域、跨文化的思考模式下，擁有匯聚各方文化的特點，並追問臺灣文人在對中國、日本或西洋翻譯小說閱讀後，如何將之透過傳抄、模擬的方法，再造為臺灣漢文通俗小說的形式與內容，最後傳達給日治臺灣讀者閱讀，日治臺灣閱讀者因此能從中接受到東、西文化交錯下多層次的閱讀體驗。 在內容、章節架構安排上，本論文由日治臺灣漢文通俗小說敍事手法和文體變化的討論為起點，以文本精讀的方式，分章論述小說敍事背景、敍事模式和敍事角度等問題。文體變化方面則探討漢文通俗小說由文言到白話的歷時性變化，以及文體分類的共時性問題。其次，論述中國、日本兩地小說書籍如何代銷和傳播進入日治時期的臺灣，此圖書傳播／接受的現象，將可作為東亞脈絡下臺灣與各地圖書往來互動的例證。最後，分別論述中國演義傳統、日本講談文化和西方翻譯小說在日治臺灣漢文通俗小說中的承衍、紮根和譯介過程，並研析其所表現出如「桃花源」意涵、忠孝精神的宣揚、復仇觀的建立，以及與西方啓蒙精神、政治隱寓和奇幻特點的交互融合。經由上述各項議題的研究，日治臺灣漢文通俗小說跨界容納多元文化，以成就己身繁盛面貌的特點，將被本論文所彰顯，而同時，日治臺灣通俗小說的研究價值也將更被學界所肯定。 / This research aims at the creation of Taiwanese popular fiction during the Japanese colonial period. The literary works were produced in the interaction with Eastern and Western cultures. Therefore, this research elaborates on the permeation, transplantation and reformation in the context of different cultures. In the time scale, it focus on the Japanese colonial period（1895-1945）In the main material, it emphasizes on the popular fiction published in the newspapers, and pays close attention on its narrative, genre and content. Besides, I also consider the catalogue of fiction prevailed over Eastern Asia, seeing how Taiwanese culture associated with Eastern world. In this way, we can have a better understanding of Taiwanese book market in Japanese colonial period. This thesis begins with the ideas of permeation, transplantation and reformation. It is my conviction that Taiwanese popular fiction possesses the characteristics of various cultures. When Taiwanese literati read the fiction translated from Chinese, Japan and Western world, we can notice that they are influenced and stimulated by this reading experiences, and create the new form and content as Taiwanese popular fiction. In the meantime, the reader live in the Japanese colonial period can experience styles combined with Eastern and Western cultures. In the structure of this thesis, I start with the discussion of narrative and genre. I take the close reading as the main strategy to discuss the narrative background, mode, angle and so on. In the transformation of the genre, it not only elaborates on the diachronic change from Classical Chinese to vernacular Chinese, but also researches on the synchrony existed in genre. Secondly, it demonstrates the situation that various books from Chinese and Japan was sold and transported into colonial Taiwan. This special transportation can be considered as a good example of the interaction between Taiwan and Eastern Asia. Finally, it illustrates the process of inheritance, reinforcement and translation of the Chinese novel tradition, Japanese Kōdan culture and the Western fiction, such as the metaphor as the “Utopia”, the spirit of loyalty and piety, the concept of revenge, and the integration of political metaphor and fantasy. After this research, it manifests the truth that Taiwanese popular fiction possesses the great importance in history.