Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-124). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Tawfiq al-Hakim is known across the Arab world as a pioneer dramatist. He is one of many misunderstood writers and philosophers. My aim is to introduce him to the English-speaking public in order to shed some light on a specific period known to be one of the best in Egypt intellectually and culturally. Former President Nasser’s ideologies, and those of former President Sadat such as his “open-door” policy to the West, have contributed positively to the forming of an intellectual renaissance in Egypt. This rich period in Egyptian history is one that can directly shed light on the literary and philosophical contributions of al-Hakim, and on the social and cultural issues that should be revisited in order to gain an understanding of the problems that face Egyptians today. With this said, it is my hope that by reviving al-Hakim’s philosophical doctrines and by examining the major issues he addresses in his texts, I will be able to explain and clarify some misconceptions about this author, his philosophy and his work. I would also like to show ways in which his distinctive doctrine of equilibrium can be of use to us both in the East and the West. The objectives, accordingly, are twofold: (1) To introduce and critically examine al-Hakim’s equilibrium doctrine; and, (2) To identify the philosophical traits and Western influences that had an impact on his character and philosophy. The core problem that this work will indirectly address is the problem of how philosophy in the Arab world, according to Sari Nusseibeh’s article “The Arab World: What role for philosophy?” has been blatantly used as a tool in order to defend one version or another of the religious beliefs of those who pursued it. I ask what specific role a philosopher or intellectual can play in his or her society and how his philosophy can be put to use. This question is one that has been long forgotten in the Arab world. Freeing the Arab world from the colonizer, back in the 1930s, was clearly a goal for many intellectuals. Today, freeing the Arab mind by introducing a philosophy or an ideology that can be of use to the Muslim world as well as to the West would be a great task to accomplish.

本論文共一冊，約十萬字，分七章廿四節，內容係以中共的「社會主義計劃經濟制度 」及對外經濟政策為基礎，深入探討其外匯管理制度。 在「社會主義計劃經濟制度」下，中共當局恆常透過經濟計劃，對內部經濟活動維持 全面性的控管。中共統治地區的經濟運作，因而在世界經濟體系中保持一定的獨立性 ，相互依存的危彩淡薄。一九七八年年底以後，中共展開經濟體制改革，積極進行對 外經濟交流，目的在引進外部「一切可用」的資源，加速內部經濟發展，但訌劃經濟 基本架構並未隨之脫胎換骨，外匯管理制度亦有其不可變的核心內容。 本論文引用「國際收支平衡表」（Balance of Payments） 的模式為論述骨幹，主要 內容包括﹕中共管理外匯之理論架構、經營帳收支管理、資本帳收支管理、人民幣對 外之匯率制度，以及中共外匯管理制度之績效評估。論文最後，對該制度的未來演進 路徑，亦有所探討。 本論文儘量從經濟的角度，對中共外匯管理制度進行剖析，但必要時仍酌引政治因素 作論證，此乃中共為「高度的意識型態統治」性質政權之故也

本論文研究目的，乃試以路線政策、意識型態與權力鬥爭三個面向來研究現階段中共 改革派與保守派的衝突情形。全文一冊，共分六章十七節，約七萬餘言，各章大要如 下﹕ 第一章﹕導論。主要分為研究動機目的、研究範圍方法與名詞概念的界定澄清。 第二章﹕本章主要探討改革保守兩派在路線政策方面的衝突。共分四節一一政策路線 在中共派系衝突中所扮演的角色、「鄧小平路線」的形成與內涵、改革保守兩派的路 線糾結與衝突、經濟體制改革與「鄧小平路線」的出路。 第三章﹕本章主要探討改革保守兩派在意識型態面向的衝突。共分四節一一意識型態 在中共政權下的特殊地位、「鄧小平路線」與馬克思主義關係、改革保守兩派的思想 紛歧與論爭、現階段中共意識型態運作的取向與困境。 第四章﹕本章主要探討改革派、保守派的權力鬥爭。共分三節一一權力在中共派系衝 突中所占有的地位、鄧小平領導體系的結構與障礙、權力繼承與領導權的爭奪。 第五章﹕本章主要研究現階段中共派系衝突的方式與特徵。栱分三節一一中共黨內鬥 爭的原則、改革保守兩派衝突的方式、現階段中共派系衝突的特徵。 第六章﹕結論。先就本文做個小結。並依研究結果對中共派系衝突的演變做一評估。

The present work addresses the notions of poverty and poverty relief in Buddhist social and economic ethics, comparing them to current approaches to conceptualizing poverty used in the development community. Given the Buddhist preoccupation with ceasing suffering and removing its causes, and the key Buddhist principle of Right Livelihood that is found in the Ennobling Eightfold Path to enlightenment taught by the Buddha, economic ethics appear to be central to the Buddhist path and a concern for the suffering caused by extreme poverty therefore ought to be a key point of concern in Buddhist ethics. Buddhist ethics has developed into a field of study all its own over the last few decades, addressing issues in applied ethics from bioethics to human rights and environmental concerns, but little has been written by virtually any standard on the important topic of poverty relief. The present work makes a step toward filling that gap by examining relevant passages in the Pāli Canon as well as popular and influential Mahāyāna sūtras to demonstrate that a concern for deprivation or non-voluntary impoverishment is evident in key Buddhist doctrines and teachings from the earliest recorded history of the Buddhist tradition. The thesis further discusses the duties to relieve poverty outlined in Buddhist social ethics as well as the development of Buddhist economics and its critique of dominant mainstream economics. It also offers a comparison of Buddhist conceptions of poverty with contemporary notions of poverty, such as the capabilities approach to poverty developed by Amartya Sen and currently in use by the UNDP. In both of these cases poverty is portrayed in a comprehensive and multi-dimmensional manner which views income as only one aspect of poverty. Additionally, this dissertation examines the contemporary Socially Engaged Buddhist movement and identifies historical and contemporary examples of Buddhist poverty relief efforts.

There is a conceptual resonance between the rhizomatic habit in the world of plants and the perennial errancy in the (meta)physical world of man traversed by Mohammed Dib’s writing. In so far as reflective research and the practice of translation can ‘mirror’ the surface of their object, this project is a rhizomatic endeavour. It is a fragmentary journey into the desert, in search of the mysterious at’lāl, the trace of the sign, drawn and effaced and redrawn again by Mohammed Dib to reveal ephemeral truths about the self and its others. Dib’s focus migrates from early realist ‘socio-ethnographic’ novels in the 1950s to metaphysical explorations described by critics as ‘hermetic’, ‘mystical’ or ‘surreal’. The historical and the mystical, however, are two facets of the same inexorable acts of deterritorialization and reterritorialization in a precarious, often oneiric, universe. The ‘visions’ expressed in his poetics are couched in the elemental vocabularies of light and shadow, fire and water, space and duration and draw their substance from Sufi mystical scholars and poets. I posit that Dib’s nomadic contemporary writing arises from the place that lies between the sensible and the intelligible in Sufi mysticism, in a secular transposition of the Sufi Imagination: Dib neither constructs nor deconstructs. Rather, his singular style serves to hone an acutely experiential expression. Further, there is a sense in which each ouvrage is a heterotrope whereby his poetry and prose collections are inextricably embedded in each other, thus one is always in the middle of his universe. The ubiquitous entry point to this universe lies in the middle of his metaphorical desert, an aesthetic landscape stripped of idiocultural signification. Central to its lines of flight is the sign, both ephemeral and enduring, and what is enveloped in the sign is the non-signifying impact of its expression. I argue that Dib’s perennial re-assembling of ‘ces chaînes aux mailles d’acier qui sont mots’ (those chains with links of steel that are words) doesn’t so much ‘give rise to thought’ as ‘give rise to affect’.

本文分別針對東南亞七經濟體，探究相對價格及供給面變數，對其主要來源國家觀光客-美、日、英、澳，選擇旅遊地點的影響，並了解各經濟體間替代及互補關係。實證結果發現：（1）大陸開放對香港、新加坡吸引英國觀光客呈現統計上顯著互補效果；而台灣、菲律賓對爭取美國觀光客上，呈現競爭替代關係。（2）天安門事件對香港國際旅遊，統計上皆存在顯著負面影響，且其在美、澳觀光客的明顯競爭對手為新加坡。（3）馬來西亞的國際觀光年在統計上皆是十分正面的效果，替代對象就美國觀光客部分為新加坡及菲律賓；就日本觀光客部分為台灣；就英國觀光客部分為新加坡及香港；就澳洲觀光客部分則為香港。（4）印尼的國際觀光年在統計上亦有顯著的成果。

Diploma thesis "Neoclassical Realism and the Dynamics of Power in Eastern Asia: U.S. Foreign Policy toward China" is testing specific theoretical propositions of neoclassical realism on the evolution of U.S. foreign policy toward China from 1950 until present. This single case study uses congruence method and process-tracing to test the effect of intervening variables on the foreign policy deviation from neorealist proposition. Paper assesses theoretical progressivity of neoclassical realism and on this basis analyzes possible future evolution of Sino-American relations and in similar fashion presents suggestions to effective U.S. foreign policy.

Si le Japon est reconnu comme un pays émetteur de touristes internationaux durant la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, son gouvernement met en œuvre dès le début du XXIe siècle des politiques visant à inverser cette tendance : l’Archipel veut s’imposer comme une destination touristique majeure au niveau international. L’enjeu que représentent les touristes étrangers dans les politiques nationales est souligné à travers l’histoire du pays. Un état des lieux sur la situation actuelle du tourisme des étrangers sur le territoire japonais est ensuite proposé sur la base de plusieurs indicateurs, débouchant sur des modèles structuraux. Parmi eux, le département d’Okinawa apparait comme la zone la plus touchée par le phénomène touristique, d’autant plus que la structure spatiale des espaces touristiques dans ce petit archipel reproduit le système observé à l’échelle nationale, justifiant de focaliser l’analyse sur cette collectivité territoriale. Pour évaluer la pertinence du tourisme international à Okinawa, l’approche adoptée repose sur une analyse cartographique et des travaux de terrain. Centrés sur le chef-lieu d’Okinawa, la ville de Naha, ces travaux regroupent des enquêtes d’opinion à propos des touristes étrangers menées auprès des commerçants, des entretiens avec des fonctionnaires et des entreprises, mais aussi des relevés relatifs à l’affichage des langues étrangères dans les boutiques. Les résultats de ces travaux sont ensuite décomposés en quatre catégories : l’impact économique, les rapports sociaux, les représentations symboliques et les échanges culturels. Des disparités émergent au sein de la ville, ainsi qu’un manque d’adaptation de la part des locaux vis-à-vis de la clientèle étrangère, notamment en matière de communication. L’appareil touristique local est conçu pour répondre à une clientèle domestique et, en ce sens, la croissance des arrivées de voyageurs étrangers s’accompagne d’une série de problèmes. Néanmoins, une « proximité culturelle » s’établit à l’égard de certaines nationalités de touristes. En parallèle, non seulement une hiérarchie des attraits culturels se dessinent mais aussi l’ensemble du système de représentation touristique se complexifie lorsqu’il est appréhendé à travers le spectre des touristes internationaux.Le champ d’observation prend ensuite du recul afin de recontextualiser cet état des lieux dans la perspective des politiques nationales. Ces dernières ont gagné en cohésion au fur et à mesure qu’émerge au Japon une volonté décentralisatrice. Aujourd’hui, le tourisme relève en grande partie de la responsabilité des collectivités territoriales, vis-à-vis desquelles Okinawa fait figure de précurseur, sinon de pilote. En outre, la gestion publique du tourisme est largement inscrite dans une tendance libérale, marquée par des privatisations et un rapprochement entre acteurs publics et privés. Le tourisme international apparait comme une solution pour résoudre en partie des problèmes internes (baisse démographique, contraction future de la demande intérieure, dynamisme socioéconomique des espaces en déclin), de même qu’il doit amener, du point de vue culturel, une meilleure compétitivité du pays en termes de rayonnement (en particulier par rapport aux autres pays asiatiques), ainsi qu’une « ouverture » identitaire.En somme, cette thèse emprunte essentiellement à la géographie du tourisme, usant de concepts tels que la touristification, l’attrait et l’attractivité culturelle. Elle propose une étude inédite du territoire japonais perçu en tant qu’espace du tourisme international, de même qu’elle intègre dans cette analyse la question du rapport à l’Autre, de l’interaction entre trois échelles (locale, nationale, transnationale). Surtout, elle met en lumière de nouveaux éléments de connaissance sur Okinawa, ce Japon « autre » qui révèle certaines réalités de l’Archipel. / Even though Japan is considered as a providing zone for international tourists during the second half of the twentieth century, since the early twenty-first century its government has been setting up policies aiming to reverse this trend. Japan wants to brand itself as an important tourist destination in the world. Inbound tourism is emphasized in Japanese history as an important stake in its national policies. The analysis on the current situation of inbound tourism in Japan is then proposed by a series of indicators, leading to structural models. In doing so, the Japanese territory “consumed” by foreign tourists is organized through a space trend called “multipolar binuclear”, including a main axis followed by pioneer fronts. In order to evaluate the relevance of inbound tourism in Okinawa, the proposed approach is based on map analysis and fieldworks. This was centered around Okinawa’s capital, Naha city. These fieldworks gathered surveys from shopkeepers about foreign tourists, interviews with the public and private actors and samples concerning the visibility of foreign languages in local shops. The results are divided in four categories: economic impact, social relations, symbolic representations and cultural exchanges. Disparities are revealed among the citizens, but also a lack of adaptation to foreign customer service, particularly in terms of communication. Local tourism production is still targeting toward Japanese customers, which is why the growth of foreign tourists arrivals is accompanied with a range of issues. However, a “cultural proximity” is felt towards two kind of foreign tourists, according to their nationality. Also, a hierarchy is drawn about the inner “cultural appeal elements”. While the entire system of tourist symbols is becoming more complex, it is observed through the prism of inbound tourism.The scope of observation is then widened in order to recontextualize these elements within the processes of national policies. Tourism related policies became gradually a coherent whole as the decentralization measures have developed in Japan. Nowadays, tourism is mainly handled by local governments, among whom Okinawa Prefecture is appearing as a precursor, as a guide. Besides, public administration of tourism is obviously involving in a liberal trend, leading to privatizations and hindered relations between public and private actors.Indeed, national policies are aiming to promote inbound tourism as a response to certain issues. The growth of foreign tourist arrivals is conceived as a solution to internal problems (demographic slump, upcoming contraction of the national demand, socioeconomic revitalization of declining areas). It also must lead to evolutions in terms of culture, meaning a reinforced influence worldwide (particularly towards Asian countries) and an identity-related “openness”.Concerning all these aspects, Okinawa Prefecture provides an important function as an experimental area. Each of its success are being reproduced in other parts of Japan. Furthermore, Okinawa is playing a complementary role, influencing and guiding national models in terms of public management, in symbolic representation, or even in terms of transculturality.In other words, this dissertation borrows some tools to the French geography of tourism, using concepts such as touristification, appealing elements and cultural attractiveness. It provides an unique analysis of the Japanese territory seen as an international tourism destination, including thoughts about the relation with the “Other” in Japan, about interactions between three scales (local, national, transnational). Above all, the thesis enlightens on a new kind of knowledge concerning Okinawa, this distinctive piece of Japan , which reveals unexpected realities of the nation.

The objective in this case study is to highlight typical problems of a planned hydropower dam project in Bokor National Park, Cambodia. The focal point in the line of questioning is the usage of public participation in larger exploration plans in a development country and to give a comprehensive survey of some of the participant involved. The study also discusses how the WCD report is used by non-govemental organisation to validate their claims. To be able to understand how the Cambodian society works, the study also includes a short briefing of recent Cambodian history. The study shows that the local people are more or less neglected in the preliminary investigations. Even if information meetings are held open, they are conducted in such a way that it is hard for common people to participate. The meetings are held in English and not in the domestic language Khmer. Critical groups are not formally invited but welcome to attend, most of their statements are withdrawn from the official protocols. The study also reveals that the leading entrepreneurs more or less neglects the environmental hazards in the construction by focus their information and calculations on the positive effects of the project. The study has been made as a field study, on location in Cambodia.