The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of gender role and eating disorders characteristics. The Drive for Thinness, Bulimia, and Body Dissatisfaction subscales from the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) were used to examine eating disorder characteristics (Garner, 1991). The Personal Description Questionnaire (PDQ) was used to examine gender roles based on masculine positive, masculine negative, feminine positive, and feminine negative (Antill, Cunningham, Russell, & Thompson, 1981). The two independent variable of this study were gender (male, female) and gender role (masculine positive, masculine negative, feminine positive, feminine negative). The dependent variables consisted of three subscales of the EDI-2 which were Drive for Thinness, Bulimia, and Body Dissatisfaction. It was purported that gender roles are related to the development of eating disorders; women who exhibit exaggerated masculine or feminine gender roles have been found to have an increase in prevalence of eating disorders. Men who exhibited characteristics of the feminine gender role have also exhibited a higher incidence of eating disorders, especially those in the homosexual community. Participants included 232 individuals (102 men, 130 women). Two hundred one of the participants were Caucasian and 131 of the subjects were freshmen. One hundred and ninety eight of the subjects were single. Subjects were students enrolled in undergraduate psychology courses at East Tennessee State University. The Personal Description Questionnaire Form A, three subscales from the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 and a demographic questionnaire with items to assess age, gender, race, academic year, and marital status were administered to all participants. This study, employing a 2 (Gender) x 4 (Gender Roles) independent groups factorial design, looked at the four levels of gender roles and two levels of gender. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used in analyzing each dependent variable on all hypotheses at the .05 level of significance. Results of the MANOVA revealed main effects for sex and gender role identification. One interaction effect was significant. Univariate statistics (ANOVAs) were used to analyze the dependent variables on all hypothesis. The results revealed two main effects for sex and two for gender role identification.

Substantial research documents higher rates of eating disorders (EDs) in transgender and gender diverse (TGD) samples as compared to cisgender samples. The purpose of this literature review is to explore the vulnerability factors that explain poorer mental health outcomes in the TGD community and the resiliency factors that inform prevention and treatment strategies. The vulnerability factors identified include minority stress, particularly for TGD individuals with multiple nonprivileged identities; inadequate access to health care; experiences of trauma and abuse; food insecurity; co-occurring mental health disorders; and body dissatisfaction rooted in gender dysphoria. The resiliency factors identified include access to gender-affirming healthcare, community support, and family support. The implications section integrates the research on vulnerability factors and resilience factors and offers guidance for working with the TGD community in the prevention and treatment of eating disorders. These strategies include screening TGD patients for EDs with the goal of early intervention, screening ED patients for gender dysphoria, treating gender dysphoria concurrently with the ED, integrating gender issues in treatment, connecting TGD patients with community resources, supporting the families of TGD patients with EDs, and addressing access to care issues. The limitations of this body of research include the overrepresentation of privileged identities within the TGD community; complications arising from catch-all diagnostic categories; the use of instruments not designed or normed on the TGD community; insufficient statistical power of small sample sizes; discrepancies in the language; and inconsistent adherence to proposed ethical standards for conducting research about the TGD community. The lack of research on eating disorders in the TGD community means significant potential for future research. Future study is needed to determine lifetime prevalence of EDs in the TGD community, introduce or refine an assessment tool that screens for EDs in TGD samples, identify additional resiliency factors, parse out subgroup gender differences, understand intersections of privileged and nonprivileged identities, assess the effectiveness of community level interventions, and develop strategies that address access to care issues.

Antalet människor som har diagnostiserats med ADHD respektive med ätstörning har ökat i jämförelse med tidigare år. Det har påvisats en koppling mellan dessa, en samsjuklighet mellan ADHD och ätstörning. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka ätstörningsbehandlares erfarenhet och reflektioner kring samsjukligheten mellan ADHD och ätstörning. Det genomfördes åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med verksamma ätstörningsbehandlare. Utifrån tematiseringen av intervjuerna framkom fyra teman. De identifierade temana var: likartade symtom vid ADHD som vid ätstörning, ADHD som en (bort)förklaring, ADHD påverkar behandlingen och Behandlarnas utbildningsbehov. Resultatet visade bland annat att behandlarna upplevde svårigheter att identifiera samsjukligheten mellan ätstörning och ADHD. I linje med tidigare forskning kan denna svårighet resultera i utmaningar vid bedömning av omvårdnadsdiagnostik vilket är ett hinder för att upprätta en korrekt individuell vårdplan. Ätstörningsbehandlarna uppmärksammade även ett behov av utbildning av samsjukligheten mellan ADHD och ätstörning i syfte att underlätta arbetet med den typen av patientgrupp.

This study investigated the extent biological, cultural, and psychological factors predispose individuals to eating disorders and compared the prevalence between (N = 103) male and female students (18-27 years of age) from Mississippi State University (MSU). Data was collected from the Eating Disorder Screen for Primary Care (ESP), a media consumption questionnaire, the Contour Drawing Rating Scale (CDRS), the Diet History Questionnaire III (DHQ III), the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), and the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale. Age of onset was collected if participants identified as having an eating disorder. Data was analyzed using the Mann-Whitey U test and Pearson correlations to determine biological, cultural, and psychological susceptibility. This study determined that there are significant biological, cultural, and psychological predispositions that should be considered when diagnosing and treating individuals with eating disorders. Findings from MSU students were compared to current evidence and provides a basis for the development of future studies.

Diagnostic practices utilized in studies of participants with Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge-Eating Disorder were investigated. A reliable coding system was used by two reviewers to analyze the diagnostic documentation practices in articles from the top-thirty most cited articles for each diagnostic category. Interrater agreements were all above .95. Results showed that many important diagnostic practices and criteria are either not being employed or not being documented. Uniform reporting procedures are necessary to help readers know how each article’s sampling procedure and subject pool differs from other samples used in the literature. Researchers reported the most details about sample characteristics with the recently proposed Binge-Eating Disorder category. Discussion focuses on identifying the specific diagnostic and sampling procedures deserving better documentation in the eating disorder literatures.

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