Reliability is of the utmost importance for safety of electronic systems built for the automotive, industrial, and medical sectors. In these systems, the embedded memory is especially sensitive due to the large number of minimum-sized devices in the cell arrays. Memory failures which occur after the manufacture-time burnin testing phase are particularly difficult to address since redundancy allocation is no longer available and fault detection schemes currently used in industry generally focus on the cell array while leaving the peripheral logic vulnerable to faults. Even in the cell array, conventional error control coding (ECC) has been limited in its ability to detect and correct failures greater than a few bits, due to the high latency or area overhead of correction [43]. Consequently, improvements to conventional memory resilience techniques are of great importance to continued reliable operation and to counter the raw bit error rate of the memory arrays in future technologies at economically feasible design points [11, 36, 37, 53, 56, 70]. In this thesis we examine the landscape of design techniques for reliability, and introduce two novel contributions for improving reliability with low overhead. To address failures occurring in the cell array, we have implemented an erasurebased ECC scheme (EB-ECC) that can extend conventional ECC already used in memory to correct and detect multiple erroneous bits with low overhead. An important component of this scheme is the method for detecting erasures at runtime; we propose a novel ternary-output sense amplifier design which can reduce the risk of undetected read latency failures in small-swing bitline designs. While most study has focused on the static random access memory (SRAM) cell array, for high-reliability products, it is important to examine the effects of failures on the peripheral logic as well. We have designed a wordline assertion comparator (WLAC) which has lower area overhead in large cache designs than competing techniques in the literature to detect address decoder failure.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_rs__me_bot_int.pdf: 836357 bytes, checksum: 0aee1415ea86903f46e6a546c7ae32bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-10 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Para entender melhor a influência da nutrição na eficiência reprodutiva de vacas Nelore lactantes, utilizou-se o seguinte experimento: 593 primíparas, 423 secundíparas e 893 multíparas Nelore lactantes foram sincronizadas com 38,3 ± 0,4 DPP, utilizando protocolo de IATF à base de P4/E2, e inseminadas 49,2 ± 0,3 DPP. Trinta dias após IATF foi realizado DG para ressincronização das vacas não gestantes, e 30 dias após termino da EM um segundo DG foi realizado. O ECC das vacas foi avaliado no parto, na IA e no DG. O peso corporal das matrizes foi mensurado na IA e no DG, e o peso corporal dos bezerros no desmame. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 535 vacas (sendo, 38% de primíparas, 24% de secundíparas e 38% de multíparas) após o parto (21 ± 0,4 DPP), na IA e no DG para dosagem das concentrações séricas de IGF-I e BHB, por ELISA. Os dados do experimento foram analisados através do programa SAS® 9.4 (SAS Inst., Cary, NC). O efeito de DPP sobre o ECC se comportou de maneira diferente de acordo com a paridade, em que as secundíparas e as multíparas começaram a se recuperar entre 20 e 60 DPP e as primíparas seguiram perdendo ECC até 80 DPP (P < 0,0001). Um maior ECC ao parto melhorou os resultados reprodutivos durante a EM, em diferentes intensidades de acordo com ECC e com a paridade (P < 0,05). Não foi identificado o efeito da alteração de ECC entre o parto e a IA nos resultados da primeira IATF (P > 0,26). Maior ECC na inseminação melhorou a taxa de prenhez à primeira IATF, independente da paridade (P < 0,08). Houve efeito positivo do aumento do ECC pós-IATF na taxa de prenhez à primeira IATF (P < 0,07), exceto em multíparas com ECC ≥ 2,75 na IA, onde houve efeito quadrático com baixa variação dos resultados (P < 0,02). As concentrações séricas de IGF-1 influenciaram de forma quadrática em primíparas no pós-parto e IA, em secundíparas no DG e em multíparas na IA a taxa de prenhez à primeira IATF (P < 0,05). As concentrações séricas de BHB demonstraram ter baixa influência na probabilidade de prenhez à primeira IATF. A alteração negativa do ECC das vacas nos primeiros 80 DPP, independente do ECC no parto ou paridade, aumentou o peso dos bezerros no desmame (P < 0,05). Adequado ECC ao parto, por si só, não foi capaz de garantir altos índices produtivos em todas as situações, no entanto demonstrou ser fundamental para garantir boa eficiência dentro do sistema de cria, devido à dificuldade em se ganhar ECC no pós-parto. / This experiment was developed to better understand how nutrition can influence the reproductive efficiency of suckled Nelore cows. Cows, 593 primiparous, 423 second parity and 893 multiparous were assigned at 38.3 ± 0.4 days postpartum to an estrus synchronization + fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocol, then inseminated at 49.2 ± 0.3 days postpartum. Thirty days after FTAI, an initial pregnancy diagnosis (PD) was performed via transrectal ultrasound to identify non-pregnant cows for resynchronization, which was followed by a second PD 30 days after the end of the breeding season. The body condition score (BCS) of cows was evaluated at calving, at artificial insemination (AI) and at initial PD. Body weight of the cows was measured at AI and at PD, and the body weight of calves taken at weaning. Blood samples were collected from 535 cows (38% of primiparous cows, 24% of second parity cows and 38% of multiparouscows) after calving (21 ± 0.4 days postpartum) at AI, and at initial PD. Concentrations of IGF-I and BHB were measured by ELISA assay. Data were analyzed using SAS® 9.4 (SAS Inst., Cary, NC). There was an effect of days postpartum on BCS by parity, where the nadir of curve occurred between 20 and 60 days postpartum in second parity cows and multiparous cows, but the primiparous cows continued to lose BCS up to 80 days (P < 0.0001). Greater BCS at calving positively impacted the reproductive results during the breeding season at different levels based on score and parity (P < 0.05). Positive changes in BCS between calving and AI did not improve pregnancy rate of the first FTAI (P > 0.26), however, increased BCS at AI improved pregnancy rate at the first FTAI (P < 0.08), except in multiparous cows with BCS ≥ 2,75, where there was a quadratic effect with low variation of results (P < 0.02). There was a positive correlation between BCS between AI and PD and pregnancy rate at the first FTAI, regardless of parity (P < 0.07). Serum concentration of IGF-1 influenced the pregnancy rate at first FTAI quadratically in primiparous cows at postpartum and AI, in second parity cows at PD and in multiparous cows at AI (P < 0.05). Serum BHB concentration had a lowly influenced on the probability of pregnancy at the first FTAI. 27 Negative BCS change in cows in the first 80 days postpartum, regardless of BCS at calving or parity, increased calf weight at weaning (P < 0.05). Adequate BCS at calving is the best predictor of improved reproductive results vital to ensuring efficiency within a cow-calf operation as it is more difficult to gain BCS during the early postpartum period, however it cannot guarantee high reproductive success in all situations. / 2016/01325-9

The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) brought about the widespread of Body Sensor Networks (BSN) that continuously monitor patients using a collection of tiny-powered and lightweight bio-sensors offering convenience to both physicians and patients in the modern health care environment. Unfortunately, the deployment of bio-sensors in public hacker-prone settings means that they are vulnerable to various security threats exposing the security and privacy of patient information. This thesis presents an authentication scheme for each of two applications of medical sensor networks. The first is an ECC based authentication scheme suitable for a hospital-like setting whereby the patient is hooked up to sensors connected to a medical device such as an ECG monitor while the doctor needs real-time access to continuous sensor readings. The second protocol is a Chebyshev chaotic map-based authentication scheme suitable for deployment on wearable sensors allowing readings from the lightweight sensors connected to patients to be sent and stored on a trusted server while the patient is on the move. We formally and informally proved the security of both schemes. We also simulated both of them on AVISPA to prove their resistance to active and passive attacks. Moreover, we analyzed their performance to show their competitiveness against similar schemes and their suitability for deployment in each of the intended scenarios.

Through application of modern technology, aviation systems are becoming more automated and are relying less on antiquated air traffic control (ATC) voice systems. Aircraft are now able to wirelessly broadcast and receive identity and location information using transponder technology. This helps reduce controller workload and allows the aircraft to take more responsibility for maintaining safe separation. However, these systems lack source authentication methods or the ability to check the integrity of message content. This opens the door for hackers to potentially create fraudulent messages or manipulate message content. This thesis presents a solution to handling many of the potential security issues in aircraft data communication. This is accomplished through the implementation of a Dual Path PKI (DPP) design which includes a novel approach to handling certificate revocation through session certificates. DPP defines two authentication protocols, one between aircraft and another between aircraft and ATC, to achieve source authentication. Digital signature technology is utilized to achieve message content and source integrity as well as enable bootstrapping DPP into current ATC systems. DPP employs cutting-edge elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) algorithms to increase performance and reduce overhead. T is found that the DPP design successfully mitigates several of the cyber security concerns in aircraft and ATC data communications. An implementation of the design shows that anticipated ATC systems can accommodate the additional processing power and bandwidth required by DPP to successfully achieve system integrity and security. / Master of Science

No / This paper presents analytical technique and simplified formulas for the calculations of cracking, yield and ultimate moments of different cases as well as deflections of ECC-concrete composite beams reinforced with steel bars. The technique is based on the simplified constitutive models of materials, strain compatibility, perforce bond of materials and equilibrium of internal forces and moment. Experimental testing of eleven ECC-concrete composite beams reinforced with steel bars is also presented. All beams tested had the same geometrical dimensions but different steel reinforcement strength and ECC thickness. The proposed formulas showed good agreement with the experimental results of various moment values and deflections. A parametric analysis shows that yield and ultimate moments increase with the increase of concrete strength in case of compression failure but, essentially, remain unchanged in case of tensile failure. With increasing the tensile resistance, for example by increasing ECC height replacement ratio, reinforcement ratio, strength of steel reinforcement and ECC, ultimate curvature and energy dissipation increase in case of tensile failure and decrease in case of compressive failure. On the other hand, ductility and energy dissipation ratio decrease with the increase of reinforcement ratio and strength, but, essentially, remain unchanged with increasing the height replacement ratio and strength of ECC. / National Natural Science Foundation of China (51678514, 51308490), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (BK20130450), Six Talent Peaks Project of Jiangsu Province (JZ-038, 2016), Graduate Practice Innovation Project of Jiangsu Province (SJCX17-0625) and the Jiangsu Government Scholarship for Overseas Studies.

Yes / Experimental and theoretical investigations on the flexural performance of steel reinforced ECC-concrete composite beams subjected to freeze–thaw cycles are presented in this paper. Four groups of reinforced composite beams with different ECC height replacement ratios subject to 0, 50, 100 and 150 cycles of freeze–thaw were physically tested to failure. Experimental results show that the bending capacity decreases with the increase of freeze–thaw cycles regardless of ECC height replacement ratios. However, the ultimate moment, stiffness and durability of ECC specimens and ECC-concrete composite specimens are greater than those of traditional concrete specimens, owing to the excellent tensile performance of ECC materials. With the increase of ECC height, the crack width and average crack spacing gradually decrease. According to materials’ constitutive models, compatibility and equilibrium conditions, three failure modes with two boundary failure conditions are proposed. Simplified formulas for the moment capacity are also developed. The results predicted by the simplified formulas show good agreement with the experimental moment capacity and failure modes. A parametric analysis is conducted to study the influence of strength and height of ECC, amount of reinforcement, concrete strength and cycles of freeze–thaw on moment capacity and curvature ductility of ECC-concrete composite beams.

Yes / This paper presents test results of fifteen reinforced engineered cementitious composite (ECC)-concrete beams. The main parameters investigated were the amount and type of reinforcement, and ECC thickness. All reinforced ECC-concrete composite beams tested were classified into four groups according to the amount and type of main longitudinal reinforcement used; three groups were reinforced with FRP, steel and hybrid FRP/steel bars, respectively, having similar tensile capacity, whereas the fourth group had a larger amount of only FRP reinforcement. In each group, four height replacement ratios of ECC to concrete were studied. The test results showed that the moment capacity and stiffness of concrete beams are improved and the crack width can be well controlled when a concrete layer in the tension zone is replaced with an ECC layer of the same thickness. However, the improvement level of ECC-concrete composite beams was controlled by the type and amount of reinforcement used. Based on the simplified constitutive relationships of materials and plane section assumption, three failure modes and their discriminate formulas are developed. Furthermore, simplified formulas for moment capacity calculations are proposed, predicting good agreement with experimental results. / National Natural Science Foundation of China (51678514, 51308490), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (BK20130450), Six Talent Peaks Project of Jiangsu Province (JZ-038, 2016), Graduate Practice Innovation Project of Jiangsu Province (SJCX17-0625), the Jiangsu Government Scholarship for Overseas Studies and Top-level Talents Support Project of Yangzhou University.

No description available.

Yes / This study presents a wideband multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for Wifi/WLAN/LTE applications. The antenna consists of two triangular patches as the radiating elements placed orthogonally to each other. Two T-slots and a rectangular slot were etched on the ground plane to improve return loss and isolation. The total dimension of the proposed antenna is 30 x 30 mm2. The antenna yields impedance bandwidth of 101.7% between 2.28 GHz up to 7 GHz with a reflection coefficient of < -10 dB, and mutual coupling of < -14 dB. The results including S-Parameters, MIMO characteristics with analysis of envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), capacity loss, channel capacity, VSWR, antenna gain and radiation patterns are evaluated. These characteristics indicate that the proposed antenna is suitable for MIMO wireless applications.

A digital signature is the electronic counterpart to the hand written signature. It can prove the source and integrity of any digital data, and is a tool that is becoming increasingly important as more and more information is handled electronically. Digital signature schemes use a pair of keys. One key is secret and allows the owner to sign some data, and the other is public and allows anyone to verify the signature. Assuming that the keys are large enough, and that a secure scheme is used, it is impossible to find the private key given only the public key. Since a signature is valid for the signed message only, this also means that it is impossible to forge a digital signature. The most well-used scheme for constructing digital signatures today is RSA, which is based on the hard mathematical problem of integer factorization. There are, however, other mathematical problems that are considered even harder, which in practice means that the keys can be made shorter, resulting in a smaller memory footprint and faster computations. One such alternative approach is using elliptic curves. The underlying mathematical problem of elliptic curve cryptography is different to that of RSA, however some structure is shared. The purpose of this thesis was to evaluate the performance of elliptic curves compared to RSA, on a system designed to efficiently perform the operations associated with RSA. The discovered results are that the elliptic curve approach offers some great advantages, even when using RSA hardware, and that these advantages increase significantly if special hardware is used. Some usage cases of digital signatures may, for a few more years, still be in favor of the RSA approach when it comes to speed. For most cases, however, an elliptic curve system is the clear winner, and will likely be dominant within a near future. / En digital signatur är den elektroniska motsvarigheten till en handskriven signatur. Den kan bevisa källa och integritet för valfri data, och är ett verktyg som blir allt viktigare i takt med att mer och mer information hanteras digitalt. Digitala signaturer använder sig av två nycklar. Den ena nyckeln är hemlig och tillåter ägaren att signera data, och den andra är offentlig och tillåter vem som helst att verifiera signaturen. Det är, under förutsättning att nycklarna är tillräck- ligt stora och att det valda systemet är säkert, omöjligt att hitta den hemliga nyckeln utifrån den offentliga. Eftersom en signatur endast är giltig för datan som signerades innebär detta också att det är omöjligt att förfalska en digital signatur. Den mest välanvända konstruktionen för att skapa digitala signaturer idag är RSA, som baseras på det svåra matematiska problemet att faktorisera heltal. Det finns dock andra matematiska problem som anses vara ännu svårare, vilket i praktiken innebär att nycklarna kan göras kortare, vilket i sin tur leder till att mindre minne behövs och att beräkningarna går snabbare. Ett sådant alternativ är att använda elliptiska kurvor. Det underliggande matematiska problemet för kryptering baserad på elliptiska kurvor skiljer sig från det som RSA bygger på, men de har en viss struktur gemensam. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att utvärdera hur elliptiska kurvor presterar jämfört med RSA, på ett system som är designat för att effektivt utföra RSA. De funna resultaten är att metoden med elliptiska kurvor ger stora fördelar, även om man nyttjar hårdvara avsedd för RSA, och att dessa fördelar ökar mångfaldigt om speciell hårdvara används. För några användarfall av digitala signaturer kan, under några år framöver, RSA fortfarande vara fördelaktigt om man bara tittar på hastigheten. För de flesta fall vinner dock elliptiska kurvor, och kommer troligen vara dominant inom kort.