Sin duda todos los lectores y críticos de Ted Hughes estarían de acuerdo en considerarlo como uno de los poetas más importantes en la literatura inglesa del siglo XX. A pesar de ello, Hughes también fue un autor prolífico de literatura infantil, publicando a lo largo de su vida más de 25 libros para niños en forma de poesía, prosa, teatro y ensayos críticos. De hecho, escribió su primer libro de cuentos, How the Whale Became, en 1956 en lo que entonces era un pequeño pueblo de pescadores llamado Benidorm, durante su luna de miel con Sylvia Plath. Sin embargo, sorprende que la crítica no se haya centrado en el estudio de la literatura infantil de Hughes. En respuesta a la sensibilización en torno a la crisis ambiental que comenzó en el siglo pasado, la obra de Hughes indaga sobre las fracturas que han alejado al ser humano del mundo natural y tiene como objetivo restablecer el nexo de unión entre la humanidad y la naturaleza. Tal y como se explica en este estudio, la concienciación ecológica de Hughes se forjó en su infancia, en sus andanzas por el mundo natural que lo rodeaba. Al igual que en la obra infantil más madura del poeta, los primeros poemas sobre animales ya mostraban una preocupación por la conservación de las especies locales donde el apego hacia el mundo natural y el deseo de volver a conectar con la naturaleza a menudo se expresan a través de una preocupación constante por la educación ambiental. El universo creativo de la obra de Hughes se puede leer como un contexto para cicatrizar la fractura de la sociedad occidental con la naturaleza y un intento de volver a acercar la cultura humana a sus raíces. Es precisamente en ese contexto que Hughes desarrolla su búsqueda chamánica donde el chamán/poeta actúa como narrador, sanador y mediador, articulándose en un lenguaje sagrado en sintonía con el mundo natural. La función terapéutica y sanadora de la naturaleza está estrechamente relacionada con otros conceptos claves que Hughes explora a lo largo de su obra infantil tales como el mito, la imaginación, y la educación. De hecho, son temas integrados en su actitud como escritor y que forman parte de su universo literario. Para Hughes, los niños constituyen un público ideal puesto que todavía no han sido condicionados por la sociedad. Su literatura infantil representó una parte oculta de su ser autobiográfico, estrechamente relacionado con su búsqueda terapéutica de curación. En este sentido la misión sanadora de Hughes es doble. A nivel personal su obra se puede leer como una historia de redención, una alegoría de curar su ser fracturado. Por otra parte, su obra se puede leer también como una búsqueda para recuperar el equilibrio con el fin de curar las heridas que nos han distanciado de la naturaleza, para que la reconciliación entre cultura y naturaleza pueda llevarse a cabo. Teniendo en cuenta todo lo expuesto, surge la pregunta de hipótesis de esta tesis: ¿existe una búsqueda de curación en la literatura infantil de Ted Hughes? Para contestarlo se ha contextualizado la obra de Hughes en relación con los textos principales de la ecocrítica y he llevado a cabo un escrupuloso análisis de su literatura infantil a través de su poesía, prosa y teatro además de sus ensayos críticos y cartas. A través de una lectura ecocrítica de la obra de Hughes se ha planteado preguntas claves cómo las siguientes: ¿Cómo se relaciona su literatura infantil con nuestra crisis ecológica y qué es lo que pone de manifiesto una lectura ecocrítica de su obra? ¿Es su escritura sensible a temas relacionados con el medio ambiente? ¿Qué preguntas relativas a cuestiones medioambientales suscita su obra? ¿Qué sentido de curación y recuperación ecológica aparece en su literatura tanto en el ámbito personal como social? ¿En qué obras se consigue este aspecto redentor y equilibrio y armonía entre la naturaleza y la humanidad y en cuáles no? Tal y como se defiende en esta tesis, a través de la literatura infantil, Hughes esconde un ser autobiográfico oculto estrechamente ligado con su búsqueda catártica de curación. La mayor parte de la obra de Hughes responde o bien a una crisis personal y humana, o a una fractura del ser humano con la naturaleza. A través de la figura de la diosa y el poder del mito fue capaz de explorar las energías primigenias del mundo natural, así como las fuerzas creativas y destructivas del universo. La poesía de Hughes critica estas dualidades señalando el sentido de la absoluta alteridad de la naturaleza y las relaciones entre estas energías y la sociedad occidental quien se ha distanciado de la naturaleza. En su poesía adulta, dada la energía masculina predominante y la carga sexual y violencia que subyace en gran parte de su trabajo, rara vez se logra el equilibrio entre esas energías y fuerzas. Por otro lado, tal y como esta tesis argumenta, es en su literatura infantil – en su prosa, poesía y teatro – donde tiene lugar ese equilibrio de forma más exitosa, siendo terapéuticamente más redentor gracias a su efecto sanador. Con el fin de enmarcar el concepto de curación en su literatura infantil esta tesis doctoral se ha estructurado en dos partes: la Primera Parte, ‘Speaking Through the Voice of Nature’ (Hablando a través de la voz de la naturaleza), consta de tres capítulos y está dedicada a situar al lector dentro del marco teórico y de los aspectos biográficos más importantes de la vida de Hughes, así como su temprana relación con el mundo natural y su desarrollo como escritor y ecologista. La segunda Parte, ‘The Quest for Healing in Ted Hughes’s Children’s Writing’ (La búsqueda de curación en la literatura infantil de Ted Hughes), se centra en el análisis de sus obras literarias a través de los distintos géneros. Finalmente, tras el análisis de sus obras, la conclusión identifica los puntos principales de la investigación y los resultados del análisis.

What happens to man’s place when non-human nature – man’s environment – is under threat? Norwegian author Maja Lunde explores this in the four novels that make up the “climate quartet,” Bienes historie (2015), Blå (2017), Przewalskis hest (2019) and Drømmen om et tre (2022), in which she discusses various climate issues. This master’s thesis investigates how Lunde establishes the significance of place and the meaning of nature as a place in her climate quartet, with an emphasis on the dystopian portrayal of place and the relationship between the human and the non-human. The analysis employs a thematic close reading approach, using ecocriticism as a general theoretical framework. In particular, the works of scholars Ursula K. Heise, Doreen Massey, and Antonia Mehnert on the meaning of place contribute to this study’s analytical framework, which includes concepts such as sense of place, de- and reterritorialization, riskscape, non-places, the global and the local. The study also draws on Sigmund Freud’s and Martin Heidegger’s concepts of the Uncanny. The thesis shows that in Lunde’s climate fiction, place is a prominent actor because it threatens the characters' existence and can be perceived as a catalyst for the stories’ events. The characters’ identity as nomads who traverse the world as a global riskscape is a key theme. The fictional world is characterized by emptiness, which can be perceived as a result of deterritorialization. The emptiness in some places leads to the concept of the Uncanny in both the dystopian future perspective, where the climate-changed world is depicted as an uncanny place, and in the past and present perspectives, where nature is often depicted as an uncanny quasi-object. The characters’ awareness of nature as an ambivalence is particularly significant. The analysis of Lunde’s use of place and the meaning of nature as a place provides a nuanced exploration of the complex relationship between humans and their environment.

Akseli Gallen-Kallela is often discussed as the national painter of Finland, as one who helped define Finnishness when Finland was still a colonized area of Russia. However, his trip to Africa from 1909-1911 shows where Gallen-Kallela acts as a pictorial colonizer himself, not only sympathizing with the Africans but representing them through a European cosmopolitan lens, as purer and closer to nature, but still inferior. The assumptions inherent in his representations of Africa reveal that Gallen-Kallela is not only a colonized subject but a colonizer of his own country.

Ralph Waldo Emerson’s bee poem, “The Humble-Bee,” expresses the nineteenth-century transcendentalist philosophy of finding wholeness and oneness in nature while Sylvia Plath’s twentieth-century bee poems function as a response to Plath’s feelings of alienation and repression, indicating that transcendental peace is lost in the postmodern era. Emerson’s poem indicates the spiritual fulfilment found through observing bees and highlights the harmony between humans and nature, but women of the nineteenth century find difficulty achieving this same level of freedom; Emily Dickinson reclaims the language of transcendentalism in her bee poetry to explore a world otherwise denied to her. The effects of the industrial revolution then sparked a mass disconnect between humans and nature, a disconnect reflected in the bee poetry of Sylvia Plath; she rejects the inherited tradition of transcendentalist poetry by using her bee poems to demonstrate discomfort within nature and society.

This essay analyzes the cultural concepts of wilderness, utopia, and the pastoral in relation to The Beach from ecocritical and postcolonial perspectives. Evidently, the pastoral is critical in shaping the Western idea of wilderness, and the utopistic mindset plays an equally crucial role in wilderness gazing. The backpackers in the novel seek authenticity—which they feel their everyday lives lack in society—in the remote, ostensibly pristine nature to escape people like themselves. As established in the analysis, the beach dwellers thus undermine their own ideologies when colonizing both nature and people and, in some ways, culturally slum their existence at the beach. They feel better about themselves when living under so-called harder conditions with moderated luxuries and provisions; this ultimately presents how the Western backpacker’s view of nature and indigenous cultures is highly influenced by American pop culture.

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Abstract   This thesis investigates the interactions between human and nonhuman characters that express a particular concern regarding nature and the environment in Oscar Wilde's four fairy tales in A House of Pomegranates. The author utilizes a significant number of nonhuman characters to communicate with humans, which is a fairy-tale convention in which truth wins over falsehood, kindness is rewarded, and virtue triumphs over evil. However, Wilde's stories move beyond the fairy tale convention based on their ecocritical and political viewpoints. Based on a close reading of the four tales in Wilde's book, the thesis argues that the involvement of nonhuman characters, and their participation in events with human figures, raises several ecocritical matters. It also contends that nonhuman characters display interest in guiding human characters in their transformational journeys to support them in understanding that they all share one Earth and must be concerned about all species, nature, and the environment. Finally, this study argues that nonhuman characters communicate and talk mostly for their and nature’s rights, but sometimes they represent Victorians’ society. The analysis highlights the depth of the ecocritical approaches and how they are expressed in the texts. In addition, the discussions shed light on Victorian ecocriticism, including some theories and ideas of Anthropomorphism and Anthropocentrism within animal studies and transformation, which complete the analysis.

M.A. University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities, 2012. / Humanity’s relationship with nature has, in recent years, undoubtedly been one of contention and turmoil, an issue whose drama is gaining popularity in popular culture and, especially, film. In this dissertation I examine how these challenging human-nature relationships play out in Terrence Malick’s The New World, Werner Herzog’s Grizzly Man and Encounters at the End of the World, Sean Penn’s Into the Wild, and the Jon Krakauer book, of the same title, upon which Penn’s film is based. As one’s views on nature (like all else) are mediated through language, using ecocritical principles slanted towards filmic, as opposed to written, texts, I provide a close examination of the ways in which these artists portray the relationship between language and nature, and the impact this has on our cultural and individual identities. I will also show how these primary texts make use of centuries-old Romantic aesthetics in order to humanise nature for moral ends. The primary texts agree that a large part of the problem in the poor relationship between humanity and nature is due to inadequate metaphors with which humanity views the earth. Thus, each artist promotes a certain kind of anthropomorphic understanding of nature which he believes is pivotal in encouraging better interconnections between humanity and nature. As a result, I provide a critique of the kinds of metaphors used by each respective artist, where some metaphors of nature may support or contradict a certain artist’s aims in his portrayal of human-nature relationships.

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"With the Earth in Mind" responds to some of the most cutting-edge research in the field of ecocriticism, which centers on ecological loss and the grief that ensues. Ecocritics argue that ecological objects of loss abound--for instance, species are disappearing and landscapes are becoming increasingly compromised--and yet, such loss is often deemed "ungrievable." While humans regularly grieve human losses, we understand very little about how to genuinely grieve the loss of nonhuman being, natural environments, and ecological processes. My dissertation calls attention to our society's tendency to participate in superficial nature-nostalgia, rather than active and engaged environmental mourning, and ultimately activism. Herein, I investigate how an array of postwar and contemporary American novels represent a complex relationship between environmental degradation and mental illness. Literature, I suggest, is crucial to investigations of this problem because it can reveal the human consequences of ecological loss in a way that is unavailable to political, philosophical, scientific, and even psychological discourse.