Ce mémoire est constitué par une analyse écocritique du roman Naissance d'un pont, écrit par Maylis de Kerangal. Le but général du mémoire est d'examiner comment ce roman décrit la relation entre l'homme et la nature. Nous examinons surtout les stratégies narratives employées par l'auteure pour transmettre l'image de cette relation et en plus, nous discutons le rôle joué par les différents paysages se retrouvant dans le récit. Finalement, l'analyse comprend aussi une brève réflexion sur la capacité éventuelle du roman d'influencer l'attitude du lecteur envers l'écologie. L'analyse des stratégies narratives se concentre sur le rôle du narrateur, ainsi que sur la présence et la fonction des perspectives éthiques, des noms symboliques et des figures de style. Ces stratégies contribuent à dépeindre une variété d'idées par rapport aux modes de vie de la société humaine, alors que les descriptions des paysages démontrent la relation complexe entre cette société et les paysages naturels et construits respectivement. Naissance d'un pont semble promouvoir une attitude à l'égard de la nature qui est plus humble que celle dominant dans la société moderne. Afin de pouvoir juger la capacité du roman de transmettre ces valeurs au lecteur, il serait pourtant raisonnable de tenir compte de plusieurs facteurs, tels que la complexité du langage et le niveau de crédibilité de l'histoire. / This essay consists of an ecocritical analysis of the novel Naissance d'un pont, written by Maylis de Kerangal. The essay's overall purpose is to examine how this novel describes the relationship between humans and nature. Above all, we look at the narrative strategies used by the author to convey the image of this relationship and moreover, we discuss the role of the different landscapes figuring in the novel. Finally, the analysis also includes a brief reflection on the novel's potential to influence the reader's attitude towards ecology. The analysis of narrative strategies focuses on the narrator's role, as well as the presence and function of ethical perspectives, symbolic names and figures of speech. These strategies contribute to depicting a variety of ideas concerning human lifestyles, whereas the descriptions of landscapes demonstrate the complex relationship between the human society and the natural and constructed landscapes respectively. Naissance d'un pont seems to promote a more humble attitude to nature than the one dominating in today's society. In order to evaluate the novel's capacity to transmit these values to the reader, it would however be reasonable to take several factors into account, such as the complexity of the language and the story's credibility level.

Gertrude Stein, Lyn Hejinian, and Juliana Spahr employ innovative poetic practices attuned to nature and environment in order to understand their personal lives and depict these understandings for readers. My dissertation investigates how these poets enact an inclusive posture toward environment that many innovative and experimental women poets of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries possess, but are rarely recognized for. To this end, my dissertation provides counterarguments to characterizations of innovative or experimental poetic practices as reclusive, language-centric, opaque, and/or disconnected from the material world. I offer readings of poems, prose pieces, film, and art, to illustrate how materially innovative poetry compels an equally material framework for reading that is, at a foundational level, by and about the world.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study seeks to understand the ways that environmental concerns and the phenomenon of oil production in the Niger Delta are captured in contemporary literary representations. In the thesis, I enlist several works, five poetry collections and a Nollywood video film, produced between 1998 and 2010, to investigate and analyse the different ways they engage with the effects of oil extraction as a form of violence that is not immediately apparent. Amitav Ghosh argues that representing something of such magnitude as oil modernity can only be done adequately through narratives of epic quality such as realist fiction or the historical novel. I move away from Ghosh’s assumptions to argue that the texts, poetry and video film have adequately captured the oil encounter, but not on a grand scale or through realist fiction. I situate Niger Delta representations of the oil encounter within the intellectual frame of petrocultures, a recent field of global study which explores the representational and critical domain within which oil is framed and imagined in culture. In their signification of what I call the “oil ontology”, that is, the very nature and existence of oil in the Delta, lived-experience in its actual quotidian specificity, takes precedence in the imagination of the writers that I study. I propose that the texts, in very different ways, articulate these experiences by concatenating social and environmental concerns with representations of the oil encounter to produce a petro-literary form which inflects and critiques the ways in which oil extraction, in all its social and environmental manifestations, inscribes a form of violence upon the landscape and human population in the oil sites of the Delta. I suggest that the texts articulate a place-based, place-specific form of petroculture. They emphasis the notion that the oil encounter in the Delta is not the official encounter at the point of extraction but rather the unofficial encounter with the side-effects of the oil extraction. The texts, in very different ways address similar concerns of violence as an intricate feature in the Delta, both as a physical, spectacular phenomenon and as a subtle, unseen category. They conceive of violence as a consequence of the various forms of intrusion and disruption that the logic of oil extraction instigates in the Niger Delta. I suggest that the form of eco-poetics that is articulated gives expression to environmental concerns which are marked off by an oily topos in the Delta. I maintain that in projecting an artistic vision that is sensitive to environmental and sociocultural questions, the writings that we encounter from this region also make critical commentary on the ontology of oil. The texts conceive the Niger Delta as one that provides the spatial and material template for envisioning the oil encounter and staging a critique of the essentially globalised space that is the site of oil production. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die maniere waarop omgewingsbelange en die instellings van olieproduksie in die Delta van die Niger-rivier vasgevang word in kontemporêre letterkundige voorstellings. In my tesis gebruik ek verskeie werke – vyf versamelings van gedigte en ‘n Nollywood [Nigeriese] video, almal geskep tussen 1998 en 2010 – om die verskillende wyses waarop hierdie tekste omgaan met die gevolge van olie-ontginning, as ‘n vorm van geweld wat nie onmiddellik opvallend is nie, na te vors en te analiseer. Amitav Ghosh argumenteer dat, om ‘n fenomeen van sulke geweldige omvang soos olie-moderniteit uit te beeld, slegs na behore uitgevoer kan word in narratiewe van epiese dimensies; byvoorbeeld realistiese fiksie of die historiese roman. Ek beweeg weg van Ghosh se aannames deur te argumenteer dat die tekste (gedigte en ‘n video-film) wel die olie-ervaring behoorlik vasvang, maar nie op groot skaal soos in realistiese fiksie nie. Ek plaas die Niger-Delta uitbeeldings van die olie-ervaring binne die groter raamwerk van Petro-kulture: ‘n nuwe studiegebied wat die voorstellings- en kritiese domein waarbinne olie gekonseptualiseer en kultureel verbeel(d) word, ondersoek. In hul voorstellings van die olie-ontologie van die Delta neem die ervaringswêreld in sy daaglikse werklikhede (in die gekose skrywers se uitbeelding daarvan) ‘n sentrale plek in. Ek konstateer dat die tekste, hoewel op heel uiteenlopende maniere, hierdie ervarings artikuleer deur sosiale en omgewings-oorwegings byeen te bring met uitbeeldings van die olie-ervaring ten einde ‘n petro-literêre vorm te skep wat die maniere waarop olie-ontginning, in al die sosiale en omgewings-effekte daarvan, ‘n vorm van geweld op die landskap en die menslike bevolking van die olie-ontginningsgebiede van die Delta inskryf, inflekteer en krities analiseer. Ek stel dit dat die tekste ‘n plek-gebaseerde en gebieds-spesifieke vorm van Petrokultuur artikuleer. Hulle benadruk die feit dat die olie-ervaring in die Delta nie die offisiële ontmoeting by die ontginningspunt is nie, maar eerder die onoffisiële ondervinding van die newe-effekte van die olie-ontginningsproses. Op hul verskillende wyses spreek die tekste ‘n ooreenstemmende besorgdheid uit aangaande die ingewikkelde rol wat geweld in die Delta speel – beide as ‘n fisiese, ooglopende fenomeen en as ‘n subtiele, ongesiene kategorie. Die tekste konseptualiseer geweld as seinde die gevolg van die verskeie vorme van ingryping en versteuring wat deur die logika van die olie-ontginningsproses in die Niger-Delta meegebring word. Ek suggereer dat die vorm van eko-poëtika wat hier geartikuleer word, uitdrukking gee aan omgewings-oorwegings wat in die Delta deur ‘n olie(rige) topos omgrens word. Ek maak die stelling dat, deur middle van ‘n artistieke visie wat gevoelig is vir omgewings-en sosiale vrae, die tekste wat in hierdie gebied ontstaan, kritiese kommentaar bied op die ontologie van olie. Die tekste verbeel die Niger-Delta as ‘n gebied wat die ruimtelike en materiële templaat voorsien om die olie-ervaring te visualiseer en te konseptualiseer, om sodoende ‘n kritiek te skep van die geglobaliseerde ruimte van olie-produksie.

This essay explores the representation of nonhuman nature in David Malouf’s postcolonial novel Remembering Babylon. By applying a postcolonial ecocritical framework to the narrative the essay shows how nonhuman nature, including the animalised human “other”, is subject to Western ideologies that see them as resources or services to be exploited. However, the essay also reveals how the nonhuman “others” are opposing these views by resisting the Western pastoralizing practices and exposing environmental threats, as well as altering some of the Diasporic character’s views of the nonhuman “other” and their sense of displacement.

Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka vad det finns för didaktiska möjligheter i att utföra ekokritiska läsningar av dystopisk skönlitteratur vid undervisning om hållbar utveckling i svenskämnet. För att undersöka detta utfördes en ekokritisk läsning av science fiction- romanen Blade Runner, originaltitel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep, av Philip K Dick. Tanken enligt mig var att romanen och dess skildring av en dystopisk värld kunde vara intressant att uppmärksamma i gymnasiet samt använda som underlag för diskussioner om potentiella framtidsscenarion. Utöver det ville jag, genom min analys, visa på vilka frågor gällande hållbar utveckling som en ekokritisk läsning av romanen kan lyfta fram. Utifrån detta ville jag sedan diskutera vilken potential just denna roman och den dystopiska genren i allmänhet kan ha i svenskundervisningen. Resultatet visade att det, i en ekokritisk läsning av romanen, finns tolkningsmöjligheter som belyser alla de tre huvudområden som Skolverket beskriver finns inom hållbar utveckling. Det betyder med andra ord att det finns möjligheter att öppna upp för diskussioner om hållbar utveckling utifrån ekokritiska läsningar av romanen. / The purpose of this degree project was to investigate what didactic possibilities can be found by performing ecocritical readings of dystopic literature while teaching students about sustainable development in the subject of Swedish. To investigate this, an ecocritical reading of the science fiction-novel Blade Runner, original title Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep, by Philip K Dick was performed. My thought was that the novel and its depiction of a dystopic world could be interesting to acknowledge in an upper-secondary school environment, and use as a foundation for discussions about potential scenarios of the future. In addition to this I wanted to, through my analysis, show which questions regarding sustainable development that an ecocritical reading of the novel could generate. Furthermore, I wanted to discuss what potential this certain novel and the dystopic genre in general could have for teaching in the subject of Swedish.  The results showed that there are, in an ecocritical reading of the novel, room for interpretations that highlights all of the three main areas that Skolverket describes as integral parts of sustainable development. In other words, the evidence suggests that there are possibilities to open up for discussions regarding sustainable development from ecocritical readings of the novel.

Ecocriticism explores the way in which artists interact with, interpret and represent the natural world. The concept of “nature,” according to ecocriticism, goes beyond simply flora and fauna, extending to human nature as well. In Shakespeare's England, a person's nature was determined by his bodily humors, so the melancholy humor particularly lends itself to an ecocritical approach because it is inextricably linked to the natural world. Transcending genre, melancholy is not limited to the green world of comedy but rather appears in tragedy as well. In As You Like It, the melancholy Jaques offers a foil for the forest teeming with sanguine lovers. In Hamlet, however, melancholy becomes a much more bleak and ambiguous quality, raising questions concerning the nature of acting and suicide. In the study of melancholy within As You Like It and Hamlet, an ecocritical perspective offers a unique insight into the way Shakespeare experiences and interacts with the natural world.

En s’intéressant aux écrits entourant l’histoire houleuse de la mouvance écoféministe, cette thèse dresse le portrait des différentes manifestations littéraires de l’écoféminisme contemporain en soutenant l’idée selon laquelle la critique littéraire constitue le cœur de cette mouvance, plutôt qu’une simple manifestation de celle-ci. La première partie de notre travail reprend l’histoire complexe de l’écoféminisme et de la critique littéraire écoféministe, depuis les années 1970 jusqu’à nos jours, en opérant une remise en contexte historique. Ceci permet d’aborder le problème de l’essentialisme souvent associé à l’écoféminisme en faisant apparaître la stérilité de ce débat au regard des évolutions que la mouvance peut apporter, d’une part, et, d’autre part, d’insister sur les racines (éco)féministes de l’écocritique. Notre seconde partie établit les grandes lignes d’une praxis écoféministe transversale, avant de se concentrer plus particulièrement sur la façon dont l’écocritique féministe articule le rapport au lieu, à la corporéité et le rapport au langage. Enfin, la troisième partie de la thèse porte sur l’objet d’étude de l’écocritique féministe : la littérature. Nous y proposons nos propres analyses écocritiques féministes d’une sélection de textes contemporains. La troisième partie offre ainsi une application concrète de la praxis écoféministe transversale à laquelle la seconde partie s’intéresse, afin d’illustrer notre point clef : la théorie sert à guider et informer la lecture, bien entendu, mais la littérature et la critique littéraire ont également alimenté et enrichi la pratique critique et l’activisme. / By focusing on the writings which have accompanied the ecofeminist movement’s heated history, this thesis offers an overview of the literary manifestations of contemporary ecofeminism and argues that literary criticism is in fact at the heart of the ecofeminist movement instead of being a mere manifestation of it. The first part of our work retraces the complex history of ecofeminism and feminist ecocriticism, from its beginnings in the 1970s to the present day, which puts it back into its historical context. This allows a closer look at the essentialist problem which is often associated with ecofeminism, this debate’s sterility appears by itself when one takes into account the changes that this movement can help establish from the one hand, and from the other, this allows us to concentrate on the (eco)feminists roots of ecocriticism. Our second part offers a broad outlining of a transversal ecofeminist praxis by unearthing ecocriticism’s feminist roots and by focusing on the way feminist ecocriticism deals with the sense of place, corporeality and its relationship towards language; three main themes of feminism and environmentalism of the past forty years. Finally, the third part of the thesis emphasizes the object of feminist ecocritical studies: literature. We offer our own feminist ecocritical analysis of a selection of contemporary texts. This allows for a practical use of the transversal ecofeminist praxis which our second part sheds light on and illustrates our main argument: theory is, indeed, useful to guide and inform a critical reading, but literature can also guide and inform critical practice and activism.

<p>This dissertation, titled “Uncertainty Discourse: Climate Models, Gender, and Environmental Literature in the Anthropocene,” takes a feminist approach to sustainability through the lens of climate science and English-language environmental fiction. I diagnose the appearance of what I call a discourse of uncertainty, which describes new constitutions of thought and social organization emerging in response to the structural uncertainties that characterize climate change. I root this discourse in the scientific practice of climate modeling, by which scientists calculate the probability, or degrees of uncertainty, of future weather scenarios. Though climate models inform socio-political preparations for a climate-changed future, their utility has gone unheeded in the humanities. I fill this gap by placing scientific and literary depictions of uncertainty into conversation to explore their epistemological and ethical implications for a climate-changing future through issues such as gender and representation, politics and sustainability, and knowledge and time. I not only trace how uncertainty is manifested in contemporary environmental literature, such as Ian McEwan’s <i>Solar</i> (2010) and Barbara Kingsolver’s <i>Flight Behavior </i>(2012), but also consider the drama of South Asian women playwrights alongside the works of feminist scholars, philosophers, and activists.</p>

Emily Dickinson's poetry functions where scientific attention to the physical world and abstract theorizing about the ineffable intersect. Critics who emphasize the poet's dedication to the scientific often take for granted how deeply the uncertainty that underlies all of Dickinson's poetry opposes scientific discussion of the day. Meteorology is an exceptional nineteenth-century science because it takes as its subject complex systems which are inexplicable in Newtonian terms. As such, meteorology can articulate the ways that Dickinson bridges the divide between the unknown and the known, particularly as she relates to the interplay of nature and culture, the role of careful observation in the face of uncertainty, and issues of home and dwelling. These are themes integral to and further elaborated by contemporary ecocritical discourse.

As the quotation in the title of this thesis indicates, Douglas Livingstone states that unless humankind can learn to live in mutuality with the rest of the natural world, the human race faces extinction. Using the relatively new critical approach of ecological literary criticism (ecocriticism) this thesis explores Livingstone's preoccupation with "symbiosis or death" and shows that the predominant theme in his ecologically-orientated poetry is one of ecological despair. Countering this is a tentative thread of hope. Possible resolution lies in the human capacity to attain compassion and wisdom through the judicious use of science, creativity, the power of art and the power of love. Livingstone's ecological preoccupation is thus informed by the universal themes which have pervaded literature since its recorded beginnings. The first chapter examines the concepts of ecology and literary ecocriticism, followed by a chapter on the life and work of Douglas Livingstone, and a review of the critical response to the five collections of poetry which predate A Littoral Zone, his final work. The remaining four chapters offer an analysis of his ecologically-orientated poetry, with the majority of the space given to an examination of A Littoral Zone. The following ecological themes are used in the analysis of the poems: evolutionary theory, humankind's relationship to nature, ecological equilibrium, and ecological destruction. The latter two themes are shown to represent Livingstone's view of the ideal and the real, or the opposites of hope and despair. The analysis interweaves an argument with the existing critical response to this collection. This thesis demonstrates that Livingstone's crucial message – the need for humankind to attain ecological sensibility or “the knowledge of right living” (Ellen Swallow) and so obviate its certain extinction – has largely been ignored in previous critical works.