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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The research ideas included in this dissertation are motivated by a large sexually trans mitted infections (STIs) study (IU Phone study), which is also an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study implemented by Indiana University from 2008 to 2013. EMA, as a group of methods used to collect subjects’ up-to-date behaviors and status, can increase the accuracy of this information by allowing a participant to self-administer a survey or diary entry, in their own environment, as close to the occurrence of the behavior as possible. IU Phone study’s high reporting level shows one of the benefits gain from introducing EMA in STIs study. As a prospective study lasting for 84 days, participants in IU Phone study undergo STI testing and complete EMA forms with project-furnished cellular telephones according to the predetermined schedules. At pre-selected eight-hour intervals, participants respond to a series of questions to identify sexual and non-sexual interactions with specific partners including partner name, relationship satisfaction and sexual satisfaction with this partner, time of each coital event and condom use for each event. etc. STIs lab results of all the participants are collected weekly as well. We are interested in several variables related to the risk of infection and sexual or non-sexual behaviors, especially the relationship among the longitudinal processes of those variables. New statistical models and applications are established to deal with the data with complex dependence and sampling data structures. The methodologies covers various of statistical aspect like generalized mixed models, mul tivariate models and autoregressive and cross-lagged model in longitudinal data analysis, misclassification adjustment in imperfect diagnostic tests, and variable-domain functional regression in functional data analysis. The contribution of our work is we bridge the meth ods from different areas with EMA data in the IU Phone study and also build up a novel understanding of the association among all the variables of interest from different perspec tives based on the characteristic of the data. Besides all the statistical analyses included in this dissertation, variety of data visualization techniques also provide informative support in presenting the complex EMA data structure.

<p>  </p> <p>Social withdrawal is a disabling feature of schizophrenia. To understand its development, researchers have focused on social anhedonia— diminished pleasure from social interactions. Discrepancies in anticipated versus consummatory pleasure for non-social stimuli are well-documented in schizophrenia. Thus, a similar emotional paradox may underlie social anhedonia. If so, our understanding of social anhedonia—including how to treat it in schizophrenia—could be enhanced. This project used a 5-day experience sampling method (ESM) to measure discrepancies between anticipated and consummatory pleasure for real-world social activities in people with schizophrenia and healthy controls (<em>n=</em>30/group). Results suggest people with schizophrenia exhibited similar levels of anticipated and consummatory social pleasure as controls, and both groups were accurate in their short-term predictions of pleasure. Yet, healthy control participants were somewhat more precise in their short-term pleasure predictions, and clinical interviews revealed those with schizophrenia showed moderate deficits in long-term social pleasure prediction. Negative symptoms and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia were related to anticipated, but not consummatory, social pleasure, suggesting anhedonia is driven by deficits in thinking about pleasure, rather than inability to experience pleasure. Clinical implications include focusing on building upon short-term ability to predict pleasure in therapy in order to increase social motivation in schizophrenia. Moreover, exploratory analyses revealed differences in qualitative aspects of social activities such as level of engagement may lead to social anhedonia in schizophrenia and are a promising treatment target for addressing social dysfunction.</p>

Introduction : Le stress peut avoir des effets paradoxaux sur la douleur, soit une hyperalgésie et une hypoalgésie. Un cadre intégratif issu de la littérature sur le stress identifie les caractéristiques des stresseurs qui déclenchent une réponse physiologique du stress : la perception de Contrôle faible, l’Imprévisibilité, la Nouveauté et la menace à l'Égo (C.I.N.É.). Ces caractéristiques ont été examinées individuellement en relation avec la douleur, mais il y a un manque d'intégration de ce cadre dans la recherche sur les associations entre le stress et la douleur. Cette étude visait à 1) examiner les caractéristiques du stress quotidien et 2) examiner les associations entre les fluctuations quotidiennes de l’intensité du stress, les caractéristiques C.I.N.É. et l'intensité de la douleur chez les adultes vivant avec une douleur lombaire chronique. Méthodes : Les participants (n=181) ont rempli des journaux électroniques trois fois par jour pendant une semaine. Les journaux incluaient une évaluation de l'intensité de la douleur (échelle numérique 0-10) et des caractéristiques du stress (intensité avec l’échelle numérique (0-10), type (stress attribué à la douleur, à la pandémie, à autre chose ou mixte) et caractéristiques C.I.N.É. avec l’échelle analogue (0-100)). Résultats : Les résultats d'une équation d'estimation généralisée (p < 0,001) ont montré que les participants rapportaient une plus grande proportion de caractéristiques C.I.N.É. lorsque le stress était dû à plus d’un type de stresseur (douleur et autre) que lorsque le stress était dû seulement à la douleur (contrôle : β = -0,02 et nouveauté : β = -0,02). Les résultats d'un modèle multiniveau montraient que le moment de la journée, l'intensité initiale de la douleur, la fluctuation du stress et l'attribution du stress (douleur vs autre) étaient associés à l’intensité de la douleur (p < 0,05). La perception d’avoir peu ou pas de contrôle sur une situation était associée à une plus grande intensité de la douleur (β= 0,003, p <0,05). Moins la caractéristique de la nouveauté était perçue dans une situation, plus l’intensité de la douleur était grande (β = -0,004, p < 0,05). Discussion : Cette étude fournit une cible d'intervention innovante dans le domaine de la douleur chronique, à savoir les caractéristiques C.I.N.É. et les fluctuations du stress : nous pourrions aider les individus à mieux comprendre leur vulnérabilité individuelle au stress et à en améliorer sa gestion. / Introduction: Stress can have paradoxical effects on pain, namely hyperalgesia and hypoalgesia, among people living with chronic pain. An integrative framework from the stress literature identifies central characteristics of stressors that trigger a physiological stress response: Sense of low control, Threat to ego, Unpredictability and Novelty. While these characteristics have been examined individually in relation to various pain outcomes, there is a lack of integration of the framework within investigations of the associations between stress and pain. This study aimed to 1) examine the characteristics of daily stress and 2) examine the daily associations between stress characteristics and pain intensity among adults living with chronic low back pain. Methods: Participants (n=181) completed daily diaries three times a day for one week. The diaries included an assessment of pain intensity (Numeric Rating Scale-11) and of stress characteristics (intensity using the NRS-11, type (stress attributed to the pain, the pandemic, other or mixed) and STUN characteristics using the Visual Analogue Scale-100). Results: Results of a generalized estimation equation (p < 0.001) showed that participants reported a greater proportion of their stress attributable to several STUN characteristics when stress was due to a mix of stressors (pain and other) compared to when it was due to only pain (control : β = -0,02 and novelty : β = -0,02). Results of a multilevel model showed that time of day, initial pain intensity, stress fluctuation and stress attribution (pain vs. other) were associated with pain intensity (p < 0.05). The perception of having little or no control over a situation was associated with greater pain intensity (β= 0.003, p < 0.05). The less novelty was perceived in a situation, the greater the pain intensity (β = -0.004, p < 0.05). Discussion: Pain assessment and treatment focus on reducing pain intensity. This study provides an innovative target of intervention in the field of chronic pain, namely the STUN characteristics and stress fluctuations: If the sources of stress can’t be directly eliminated, we could help individuals better understand their individual vulnerability to stress and improve its management.

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Previous research provided preliminary support of a potential reinforcing effect of suicidal ideation demonstrating reduced negative affect and increased positive affect after thinking about suicide. The present study therefore sought to investigate the role of mood and affect as a proximal risk factor of suicidal ideation in a high-risk sample. Seventy-four psychiatric inpatients (72% female) with unipolar depression and current and/or lifetime suicidal ideation aged 18 to 85 years (M = 37.6, SD = 14.3) took part in an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) over 6 days. Multilevel analyses were calculated. Analyses revealed negative valence of mood and low positive affect to be predictors of subsequent intensity of suicidal ideation (active, passive) as well as predictors of change in suicidal ideation (active, passive) since the last measurement. High negative affect only predicted intensity of passive suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation (active, passive) was prospectively associated with subsequent negative valence of mood and lower positive affect as well as with higher intensity of negative affect. Suicidal ideation (active, passive) also predicted the change in valence of mood, positive affect and negative affect since the last measurement. Mood and affect should be taken into account as important proximal risk factors of active and passive suicidal ideation. The results do not support the idea of a reinforcing effect of suicidal ideation. In fact, they show a pattern of reduced subsequent positive affect, negative valence of mood and increased negative affect. Replication studies with larger samples and longer EMA follow-ups are needed

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) continues to burden a significant number of 9/11 World Trade Center (WTC) first responders years after the tragedy. Research suggests that physical activity is negatively related to PTSD symptoms in diverse samples, but most of this work has relied on self-report rather than more objective actigraphy, has not had long follow-ups (e.g., > 1 year), and has rarely assessed this relationship among WTC responders, a unique first responder population. To redress gaps, the present study examined the relationship between physical activity measured through actigraphy and PTSD symptoms in a sample of WTC first responders (N = 461), who participated in four yearly waves of data collection. The relationship between physical activity and PTSD (total and individual symptoms) was assessed concurrently via ecological momentary assessment (EMA), from one day to the next, and across years. Analyses found that total physical activity and number of daily steps were significantly associated with reduced PTSD symptoms from one year to the next, while short-term and symptom cluster-level effects were less clear. Significant effects disappeared after controlling for depression, further supporting the presence of a general distress factor in PTSD. No support was found for the role of intensity or time of day of physical activity. Findings from this study highlight the clinical utility of physical activity, which is generally accessible and flexible, as an adjunctive treatment for PTSD, particularly in the long term.

Experiences of tension and difficulties in emotion regulation have been linked to eating pathology in clinical samples and are targeted in respective treatment approaches. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of tension on engagement in disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) and potential moderating effects of trait emotion regulation in young people from the general population. A subsample of 971 adolescents and young adults from an epidemiological cohort study reported on levels of tension and four different DEBs (skipping eating, restrained eating, eating large amounts of food, loss-of-control-eating) via ecological momentary assessment (EMA), as well as on trait emotion regulation via questionnaire. In multilevel models, momentary tension did not predict levels of subsequent DEBs. However, higher average levels of tension across the EMA period predicted higher levels of all DEBs. No interactions with emotion regulation emerged. Individuals experiencing overall higher levels of tension appear to be more prone to engaging in DEBs.

La recherche en prévention du suicide fait face à des défis spécifiques liés aux caractéristiques des sujets à risque. La conception d’interventions de prévention efficaces est particulièrement difficile. Les sujets suicidants sont accueillis aux urgences qui assurent les soins immédiats et organisent la prise en charge au long cours. Un antécédent de passage à l’acte suicidaire est un puissant prédicteur de décès prématuré par au suicide. La prise en charge suivant un passage aux urgences pour un geste suicidaire constitue un défi critique pour les urgences et services de santé mentale. Compte tenu de ces enjeux, il y a eu un intérêt majeur à évaluer l’efficacité des interventions visant le maintien du contact des sujets à risque avec les services de soins. L’évaluation ponctuelle du risque suicidaire habituellement conduite aux urgences, après un geste suicidaire, ne rend pas compte son évolution après la sortie des soins, alors même que le risque de récidive reste important plusieurs mois après. Dans ces conditions, les possibilités d’identification, et donc de prise en charge, des patients à risque suicidaire sont limitées. Le développement de la santé connectée (eHealth) donne désormais accès en temps réel à des informations sur l’état de santé d’un patient entre deux séjours en centre de soins. Cette extension de l’évaluation clinique à l’environnement du patient permet de développer des outils d’aide à la décision face à la gestion du risque suicidaire. / Suicide prevention research faces specific challenges related to characteristics of suicide attempts and attempters. The design of powerful suicide prevention studies is especially challenging. Suicide attempters have been described as poorly adhering to long term treatment, and organizing such interventions from the emergency department can be difficult. While approximately one third of those who attempt suicide seek treatment for their injuries from hospital emergency department, a previous SA is a strong precursor of suicide-related premature death. The post-discharge period constitutes a critical challenge for emergency and mental health care services both in the short- and long-terms. Given these issues, there has been growing interest in assessing the efficacy of interventions that focus on maintaining post-discharge contact and offering re-engagement with health care services to suicide attempters. Suicide risk assessment usually rely on brief medical visit and does not report the evolution of this risk after the patient discharge. However, the reattempt risk is still high several months after the initial attempt. In these setting, long term suicide prevention of at risk subjects are challenging. Thanks to recent technological advances, electronic health (eHealth) data collection strategies now can provide access to real-time patient self-report data during the interval between visits. The extension of the clinical assessment to the patient environment and data processing using data mining will support medical decision making.

La schizophrénie est caractérisée par une importante variabilité symptomatique et fonctionnelle au cours du temps. Néanmoins, peu d’informations sont disponibles concernant la variabilité à court-terme des symptômes et des phénomènes associés (fonctionnement cognitif, expériences émotionnelles, perception du temps), dont la considération est pourtant fondamentale pour une description précise de cette pathologie complexe. Les approches d’évaluation traditionnelles conduites en laboratoire sont confrontées à un certain nombre de limites méthodologiques ne permettant pas d’apprécier cette variabilité. La problématique de cette thèse est d’apporter des informations manquantes concernant les liens à court terme entre cognition, expériences émotionnelles, perception du temps et symptômes de la schizophrénie, tels qu’ils se manifestent en vie quotidienne, et leurs corrélats cérébraux. Pour répondre à cette problématique, une approche novatrice combinant des méthodes d’évaluation écologique momentanée (EMA) via technologies mobiles et d’Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM) a été appliquée. La méthodologie EMA employée a permis de mettre en évidence l’implication des performances cognitives, des expériences émotionnelles et de la perception du temps dans l’expression des symptômes de la schizophrénie sur des périodes de temps brèves dans la vie quotidienne des patients. L’IRM a permis de révéler certains corrélats anatomiques et fonctionnels de ces relations, confirmant notamment le rôle central des régions fronto-temporo-cérébelleuses dans ce trouble. / Schizophrenia is characterized by significant variability over time in symptoms and functioning. However, little information is available concerning the short-term variability of symptoms and their associated phenomena (cognitive functioning, emotional experiences, perception of time), and despite their importance for providing precise descriptions of this complex mental disorder. Traditional laboratory-based assessments are confronted with a number of methodological limitations that make it impossible to assess such variability. This doctoral thesis therefore aims at providing missing information concerning the short-term temporal links between cognitive functioning, emotional experience, and time perception relative to the manifestation of symptoms of schizophrenia and examines the cerebral correlates of these associations. To address this issue, an innovative approach was applied that combined Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) using mobile technologies with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain. The EMA methodology identified the roles of cognitive performance, emotional experience and time perception in the expression of symptoms of schizophrenia over short time intervals in the patient’s daily life. MRI revealed the anatomical and functional correlates of these relationships, confirming in particular the central role of fronto-temporo-cerebellar regions in this disorder. Taken together, this dual approach provides novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of symptom expression in individuals with schizophrenia.