Since the economic index is one of the two instruments which are so important to the financing of every school district of the state, and since the index is a hypothetical measure, it should be studied at regular intervals. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to re-examine the economic index used in Texas school finance for the purpose of determining its validity.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-03-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:37:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_fr_me_jab.pdf: 455540 bytes, checksum: 07526b538f1fb8c52fc7db3eeeb0e2e0 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Dois ensaios metabólicos e um ensaio de desempenho foram conduzidos para avaliar o efeito da suplementação com fitase (Phyzyme XP 5000G®) em dietas com redução nos níveis de EMA, PB, Lis, Ca e Pd sobre digestibilidade de nutrientes e desempenho de frangos de corte. Em todos os ensaios, foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (três dietas com redução de nutrientes (controles negativos (CN), com e sem enzima) e um controle positivo (CP). Para o ensaio de desempenho foram utilizadas sete repetições de 40 aves por unidade experimental e para o de digestibilidade, seis repetições de 15 aves cada. A fitase foi suplementada nos níveis de 500, 750 e 1000 U de fitase nos CN1, CN2 e CN3, respectivamente. Os ensaios metabólicos foram conduzidos com frangos dos 14 a 21 e 28 a 35 dias de idade. Foram utilizados os métodos: coleta parcial de excretas e digesta ileal, utilizando-se cinza ácida insolúvel como indicador indigestível. Dos 14 aos 21 dias de idade, a redução nos níveis nutricionais das dietas resultou em EMA, ED, CDMS e CDAA (exceto para o CD Val, Iso, Tir, Fen e Leu) inferiores aos obtidos com a dieta CP. A interação (P<0,05) obtida para ED, CDIPB e CDAA mostrou que a adição de fitase melhorou estes parâmetros nos CN1 e CN2. Para a fase de crescimento, foram determinadas EMA e ED menores que os do CP apenas nos CN2 e CN3. O CDAA das dietas CN sem e com adição de fitase foram superiores aos do CP, exceto para Arg, Cis e His. Houve interação (P<0,05) para a EMA, ED e CDMS, sendo a fitase eficiente nos CN2 e CN3. A suplementação com fitase aumentou em média o CDIPB em 5% e o CDAA em 2,89%. A adição de fitase nos CN aumentou (P<0,05) o CD de todos os minerais avaliados. Aos 21 e 42 dias de idade, a redução de nutrientes na dieta causou um efeito negativo sobre o ganho de peso, consumo de ração e rendimento de carcaça... / Two digestibility trials and one performance trial were conducted to study the effect of supplementation of phytase in diets formulated with reduction in the levels of ME, CP, Lys, Ca and P, on the digestibility of nutrients and performance of broiler chicks. The treatmeants consisted of a factorial arrangement 3 x 2 (three levels of nutrient reduction (Negatives Controls . NC), with and without enzyme supplementation) and one positive control (PC). In the performance trial was utilized seven replicates of 40 birds per unity experimental and in digestibility trial, six replicates with 15 birds each. The phytase utilized was the Phyzyme XP 5000 G supplemented at 500, 750 and 1000 U of phytase in the NC1, NC2 and NC3, respectively. The digestibility trials were conducted from 14 to 21 and 28 to 35 days of age. Were utilized the metods of partial excreta and ileal digest collection. The acid insoluble ash were used as indigestible marker. In 14 to 21 days of age, the nutritional reduction of diets resulted in lower ME, DE, DCDM and DCAA (except for of Val, Iso, Tir, Phe and Leu digestibility) compared to PC diet. The interaction (P<0,05) for DE, DCIC and DCAA showed that the phytase supplementation on the NC1 and NC2 diets increased these parameters. In the 28 to 35 days, ME and DE were lower compared to CP only of NC2 and NC3. The DCAA of the NC without and with phytase supplementation were superior of the diet PC, except for Arg, Cis and His. There was interaction (P<0,05) for ME, DE, DCDM and the phytase addition on the NC2 and NC3 diets increased these coefficients. The phytase addition increased the DCICP at 5 % and DCAA in 2,89%. The phytase supplementation on the NC increased the digestibility of the all minerals in study. At 21 and 42 days, the reduction of nutrients caused a negative effect on weight gain, feed intake and carcass yield... (complete abstract, access undermentioned eletronic address)

Orientador: Nilva Kazue Sakomura / Banca: Maria Cristina Thomaz / Banca: Rafael Neme / Resumo: Dois ensaios metabólicos e um ensaio de desempenho foram conduzidos para avaliar o efeito da suplementação com fitase (Phyzyme XP 5000G®) em dietas com redução nos níveis de EMA, PB, Lis, Ca e Pd sobre digestibilidade de nutrientes e desempenho de frangos de corte. Em todos os ensaios, foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (três dietas com redução de nutrientes (controles negativos (CN), com e sem enzima) e um controle positivo (CP). Para o ensaio de desempenho foram utilizadas sete repetições de 40 aves por unidade experimental e para o de digestibilidade, seis repetições de 15 aves cada. A fitase foi suplementada nos níveis de 500, 750 e 1000 U de fitase nos CN1, CN2 e CN3, respectivamente. Os ensaios metabólicos foram conduzidos com frangos dos 14 a 21 e 28 a 35 dias de idade. Foram utilizados os métodos: coleta parcial de excretas e digesta ileal, utilizando-se cinza ácida insolúvel como indicador indigestível. Dos 14 aos 21 dias de idade, a redução nos níveis nutricionais das dietas resultou em EMA, ED, CDMS e CDAA (exceto para o CD Val, Iso, Tir, Fen e Leu) inferiores aos obtidos com a dieta CP. A interação (P<0,05) obtida para ED, CDIPB e CDAA mostrou que a adição de fitase melhorou estes parâmetros nos CN1 e CN2. Para a fase de crescimento, foram determinadas EMA e ED menores que os do CP apenas nos CN2 e CN3. O CDAA das dietas CN sem e com adição de fitase foram superiores aos do CP, exceto para Arg, Cis e His. Houve interação (P<0,05) para a EMA, ED e CDMS, sendo a fitase eficiente nos CN2 e CN3. A suplementação com fitase aumentou em média o CDIPB em 5% e o CDAA em 2,89%. A adição de fitase nos CN aumentou (P<0,05) o CD de todos os minerais avaliados. Aos 21 e 42 dias de idade, a redução de nutrientes na dieta causou um efeito negativo sobre o ganho de peso, consumo de ração e rendimento de carcaça... (resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Two digestibility trials and one performance trial were conducted to study the effect of supplementation of phytase in diets formulated with reduction in the levels of ME, CP, Lys, Ca and P, on the digestibility of nutrients and performance of broiler chicks. The treatmeants consisted of a factorial arrangement 3 x 2 (three levels of nutrient reduction (Negatives Controls . NC), with and without enzyme supplementation) and one positive control (PC). In the performance trial was utilized seven replicates of 40 birds per unity experimental and in digestibility trial, six replicates with 15 birds each. The phytase utilized was the Phyzyme XP 5000 G supplemented at 500, 750 and 1000 U of phytase in the NC1, NC2 and NC3, respectively. The digestibility trials were conducted from 14 to 21 and 28 to 35 days of age. Were utilized the metods of partial excreta and ileal digest collection. The acid insoluble ash were used as indigestible marker. In 14 to 21 days of age, the nutritional reduction of diets resulted in lower ME, DE, DCDM and DCAA (except for of Val, Iso, Tir, Phe and Leu digestibility) compared to PC diet. The interaction (P<0,05) for DE, DCIC and DCAA showed that the phytase supplementation on the NC1 and NC2 diets increased these parameters. In the 28 to 35 days, ME and DE were lower compared to CP only of NC2 and NC3. The DCAA of the NC without and with phytase supplementation were superior of the diet PC, except for Arg, Cis and His. There was interaction (P<0,05) for ME, DE, DCDM and the phytase addition on the NC2 and NC3 diets increased these coefficients. The phytase addition increased the DCICP at 5 % and DCAA in 2,89%. The phytase supplementation on the NC increased the digestibility of the all minerals in study. At 21 and 42 days, the reduction of nutrients caused a negative effect on weight gain, feed intake and carcass yield... (complete abstract, access undermentioned eletronic address) / Mestre

Abstract Unemployment rate had steadily kept under 3.0% with an average of 1.84% from 1978 to 1994 in Taiwan. It may not go below 3.0% again till the labor market adapting to the large changes in the structure of domestic production that has made significantly impact on the labor force, especially a peak unemployment rate 5.17% has been seen in 2002. Computerization and network infrastructure have made small firms more competitive. In addition, changes in industrial structure have favored the industries in which small firms are viable and scale economics are relatively unimportant. The changes also left one problem behind. The time of high unemployment rate is coming. The released workers would probably hind in the self-employment sector or become members of inadequate utilization of labor force, such as low paid, mismatches between educational attainment and occupation, and inadequate working hours. The main purpose of this paper is to contrast the characteristics of the relatively weak group, especially the self-employed, before and after the change. The raw data been used was from Manpower Surveys and Manpower Utilization Surveys by Census Bureau, DGBAS. The study reveals the following findings: 1. High unemployment rate becomes regular, 3.0% or above will be considered as normal. 2. Male is always having a large proportion up to 70% of the self-employed, but the female increase much faster than the male did. Age distribution shifted to an older range. Marital status distribution did not change much- the married still keep about 90%. In the other hand, industrial structure distribution has been changed. Service industry has been increased by 4.3% and the up trend is still going up. There¡¦s a very large change in occupational location, the secondary labor market shares over half of the self-employed in 2003 comparing with 0.1% in 1991, they are forced by the industrial changes not to only the lower occupational location but the lower social status. The self-employed are shifting toward the non-urban area too, and the uncertainty of future coming with the high unemployment rate has made self-employed need to have an extra job or to change his/her job. 3. The small and medium enterprise have historically provided large proportion of employment labor market and non-agriculture self-employment sector, but industrial changes is slacking the trend for those employees to become a self-employed. 4. Over 70% out of the married female samples have kids, and ages of children have affected women employment choices. The older their children are, the higher possibilities are women to be self-employed. 5. Considering with the whole employed, although the mean monthly income of the self-employed increased, the quantity was relatively lower than others did. Education had a better performance in both the mean and the standardized mean score, but a fatal drop of occupational location strongly pulled down the Social-Economic index of the self-employed. Keyword: Self-Employment, Own-Account Worker, the Structure of Domestic Production, Knowledge-Based Economy and Social-Economic Index.

This master’s thesis is aimed to evaluate the effectivity of an investment project while respecting economic risks. These are the basic elements of the thesis: analysis and effectivity performance and evaluation of economic risks of an investment project. The goal as well as the outcome of the thesis is using these principles above for conducting a case study based on a real data.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-03T19:26:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Reuter Schneck.pdf: 5168869 bytes, checksum: 117b2eaaed9751212603a9e4d30d8740 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-03T19:26:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Reuter Schneck.pdf: 5168869 bytes, checksum: 117b2eaaed9751212603a9e4d30d8740 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-15 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nos últimos anos, tem sido expressiva a oferta de unidades habitacionais em empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social (EHIS), sendo a maioria fomentada por programas de subsídio e financiamento do governo federal. Em contrapartida, o grande número de obras acaba por aumentar os impactos ao meio ambiente, inerentes ao processo de produção dos edifícios. Além disso, verifica-se no setor uma preferência por edificações cujo tipo arquitetônico adotado é possivelmente mais oneroso do que outras alternativas, além de uma reduzida qualidade das unidades habitacionais. Portanto, a eficiência na execução destes empreendimentos é um aspecto relevante no que diz respeito à otimização no uso dos recursos - tanto naturais como financeiros. No âmbito do conceito do tripé da sustentabilidade, torna-se fundamental o conhecimento das relações do tipo arquitetônico e demais decisões tomadas na etapa de projeto, quando se tem maior influência em fatores que podem reduzir custos, aprimorar quesitos de habitabilidade e ainda minimizar os impactos ambientais. Neste sentido, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa é investigar a influência do tipo arquitetônico em impactos ambientais, no custo e em quesitos de habitabilidade em empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social (EHIS). Para tanto, foi utilizado o projeto e o orçamento de um EHIS localizado no município de São Leopoldo/RS, fornecidos por uma empresa construtora e cujo tipo arquitetônico com planta em forma H é amplamente difundido na região. A partir desse projeto, denominado Projeto-base, foram feitas simulações do tipo arquitetônico visando aprimorar quesitos de habitabilidade e aumentar o índice econômico de compacidade (IeC), partindo do pressuposto de que com o aumento do IeC reduz-se a quantidade de materiais aplicados nos projetos e, consequentemente, minimiza-se os impactos ambientais além dos custos de produção. Os projetos simulados, denominados Projetos-propostos, tiveram a energia incorporada (EI) e a emissão de CO2 dos materiais estimadas, com o intuito de compará-las com o Projeto-base. Em seguida, foram investigadas as diferenças no custo e também em quesitos de habitabilidade, visando à comparação entre o Projeto-base e os Projetos-propostos. Os resultados apontam para uma redução de 7% da EI e 8% de emissão de CO2 em benefício do projeto-proposto. Em termos de custos de produção, o projeto-proposto apresentou redução de 7%, além de melhorias nos quesitos de habitabilidade como conforto térmico e lumínico, funcionalidade e flexibilidade de planta. / In recent years, there has been a significant supply of housing units in social housing design (SHD), mostly fomented by grant programs and federal government funding. In contrast, the large number of works ultimately increase environmental impacts, inherent in the process of buildings production. Still, there are lots of buildings whose architectural type adopted are demonstrably more expensive than other alternatives, with a reduced quality in housing units. Therefore, the efficient implementation of these projects is an important aspect with regard to optimizing the use of resources - both natural and financial. Under the concept of the triple bottom line, it is crucial to understand the relationships of the type and other architectural decisions taken at the design stage, when it has the greatest influence on factors that can reduce costs, improve habitability and also minimize the environment impacts. In this sense, the main objective of this research is to investigate the influence of architectural type in environmental impacts, cost and habitability in social housing design (SHD). For this, we used the design and budget of a SHD located in São Leopoldo/RS and whose H-shaped design is widespread in the region. From that project, called Base-project, simulations were made of plants aiming to improve habitability questions and increase the economic index of compactness (EIC), on the assumption that with increasing EIC it is possible to reduce the amount of materials used in projects and hence to minimize environmental impacts and production costs. The Proposed-projects had the embodied energy (EE) and CO2 emissions of materials estimated, in order to compare them with the Base-project. Next, it was investigated the differences in cost and also in habitability, evaluated and compared among all projects. The results indicate a reduction of 7% of EE and 8% of CO2 emissions in favor of the Proposed-project. In terms of production costs, the Proposed-project declined by 7%, in addition to improvements in habitability such as luminic and thermal comfort, functionality and flexibility of the plant.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-08-06T18:22:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Postay.pdf: 3569727 bytes, checksum: 4d066a333e97647bdda37f1b5c173ac2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-06T18:22:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Postay.pdf: 3569727 bytes, checksum: 4d066a333e97647bdda37f1b5c173ac2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Ministério das Cidades / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / A construção civil consome uma grande quantidade de matérias primas e energia. No consumo de energia especificamente, o segmento residencial é muito expressivo pois utiliza o equivalente aos setores comercial e público juntos, em todas as fontes de energia, envolvendo desde a energia para a produção de materiais e componentes, como a energia utilizada na fase de uso das edificações. No Brasil, o setor de habitação de interesse social (HIS) teve um impulso significativo com o Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV), que objetiva a redução do deficit habitacional brasileiro e a promoção do crescimento econômico. Práticas de ações voltadas à economia e otimização da construção, desde a fase de projeto até a execução, são muito oportunas, tendo em vista a atual crise energética que o país vem enfrentando e a escala do segmento de HIS. Neste contexto, o projeto tem papel crucial como indutor da racionalização da construção, pois, a escolha dos materiais e decisões quanto à arquitetura tem influência direta no consumo de materiais e impactos relacionados. O estudo busca investigar o efeito da compacidade do projeto (através do índice econômico de compacidade – IeC) em diferentes sistemas construtivos, utilizados em empreendimentos de habitação de interesse social (EHIS), na energia incorporada (EI) e nas emissões de CO2. A pesquisa analisou cinco projetos de edifícios do PMCMV, e para cada um considerou três sistemas construtivos (alvenaria estrutural com blocos cerâmicos, alvenaria estrutural com blocos de concreto e paredes de concreto). A pesquisa foi conduzida através de três etapas: (1) quantificação dos materiais dos projetos; (2) análise da energia incorporada e emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2) dos materiais de construção através de dados publicados na literatura e em dados do software Cambridge Engineering Select; (3) verificação da correlação entre compacidade, energia incorporada e emissões de CO2. Quanto ao consumo de materiais, os resultados mostram diferença aproximada de 20% em massa (kg) entre os projetos com menor e maior índice econômico de compacidade, e diferença entre 16% a 20% na análise de EI e emissões de CO2, quando são analisados projetos de um mesmo sistema construtivo. / Civil construction consumes a large amount of raw materials and energy. In energy consumption specifically, the residential segment is very significant because it uses, in all energy sources, the equivalent of the commercial and public sectors together, ranging from the energy to materials and components production, such as the energy used in the use phase of buildings. In Brazil, the social housing sector had a significant growth with the program “Minha Casa Minha Vida (MCMV)” (my house, my life), which aims to reduce the Brazilian housing deficit and to promote economic growth. Actions aimed at saving and optimization of construction are very timely, from the design stage to execution, given the current energy crisis the country is facing, and the scale of social housing segment. In this context, the design plays a crucial role as an inducer of the rationalization of construction, therefore, the choice of materials and decisions on the architecture has a direct influence on materials consumption and related impacts. The study aims to investigate the relationship between design compactness (through economic index of compactness) and construction systems used in social housing developments (EHIS) with embodied energy and CO2 emissions. The research examined five designs of buildings of MCMV, considering construction systems (structural masonry with ceramic bricks, masonry with concrete blocks and concrete walls) for each design. The study was conducted through three steps: (1) quantification of the materials of the designs; (2) analysis of the embodied energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, from data published in the literature and in the CES Selector software; (3) verification of the relationship between compactness and construction systems, with consumption of EI and CO2 emissions. Regarding the consumption of materials, the results show an approximate 20% difference in weight (kg) between projects with lower and higher economic index of compactness, and the difference between 16% to 20% in EI analysis and CO2 emissions, considering the same construction system.

This thesis examined how the association between immigrants’ occupational origin and destination varies in 33 European countries, depending on the opportunities for social mobility in the origin country. For absolute occupational mobility, the result from an LPM regression showed that first-generation female immigrants had an increased probability of upward mobility when the origin country offered more opportunities for social mobility. In contrast, first-generation male immigrants showed an increased probability of immobility when the origin country offered more opportunities for social mobility. For relative occupational mobility, a multivariate OLS regression showed that first-generation male immigrants from countries with more opportunities for social mobility were more immobile compared to origin countries with fewer opportunities. Based on the World Economic Forum’s Global Social Mobility Index, a variable representing the opportunities for social mobility in the origin country was created. The study used four waves of the European Social Survey and the International Socio-Economic Index (ISEI) to measure the mobility patterns in absolute and relative rates over the scores of opportunities for social mobility in the origin country. Second-generation immigrants showed no significant results, and no gender differences could be established. The results were discussed in relation to first-generation immigrants’ Status Loss.

Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, den Begriff des Risikos unter den Aspekten seiner Quantifizierung durch robuste Darstellungen zu untersuchen. In einem ersten Teil wird Risiko anhand Kontext-Invarianter Merkmale betrachtet: Diversifizierung und Monotonie. Wir führen die drei Schlüsselkonzepte, Risikoordnung, Risikomaß und Risikoakzeptanzfamilen ein, und studieren deren eins-zu-eins Beziehung. Unser Hauptresultat stellt eine eindeutige duale robuste Darstellung jedes unterhalbstetigen Risikomaßes auf topologischen Vektorräumen her. Wir zeigen auch automatische Stetigkeitsergebnisse und robuste Darstellungen für Risikomaße auf diversen Arten von konvexen Mengen. Diese Herangehensweise lässt bei der Wahl der konvexen Menge viel Spielraum, und erlaubt damit eine Vielfalt von Interpretationen von Risiko: Modellrisiko im Falle von Zufallsvariablen, Verteilungsrisiko im Falle von Lotterien, Abdiskontierungsrisiko im Falle von Konsumströmen... Diverse Beispiele sind dann in diesen verschiedenen Situationen explizit berechnet (Sicherheitsäquivalent, ökonomischer Risikoindex, VaR für Lotterien, "variational preferences"...). Im zweiten Teil, betrachten wir Präferenzordnungen, die möglicherweise zusätzliche Informationen benötigen, um ausgedrückt zu werden. Hierzu führen wir einen axiomatischen Rahmen in Form von bedingten Präferenzordungen ein, die lokal mit der Information kompatibel sind. Dies erlaubt die Konstruktion einer bedingten numerischen Darstellung. Wir erhalten eine bedingte Variante der von Neumann und Morgenstern Darstellung für messbare stochastische Kerne und erweitern dieses Ergebnis zur einer bedingten Version der "variational preferences". Abschließend, klären wir das Zusammenpiel zwischen Modellrisiko und Verteilungsrisiko auf der axiomatischen Ebene. / The goal of this thesis is the conceptual study of risk and its quantification via robust representations. We concentrate in a first part on context invariant features related to this notion: diversification and monotonicity. We introduce and study the general properties of three key concepts, risk order, risk measure and risk acceptance family and their one-to-one relations. Our main result is a uniquely characterized dual robust representation of lower semicontinuous risk orders on topological vector space. We also provide automatic continuity and robust representation results on specific convex sets. This approach allows multiple interpretation of risk depending on the setting: model risk in the case of random variables, distributional risk in the case of lotteries, discounting risk in the case of consumption streams... Various explicit computations in those different settings are then treated (economic index of riskiness, certainty equivalent, VaR on lotteries, variational preferences...). In the second part, we consider preferences which might require additional information in order to be expressed. We provide a mathematical framework for this idea in terms of preorders, called conditional preference orders, which are locally compatible with the available information. This allows us to construct conditional numerical representations of conditional preferences. We obtain a conditional version of the von Neumann and Morgenstern representation for measurable stochastic kernels and extend then to a conditional version of the variational preferences. We finally clarify the interplay between model risk and distributional risk on the axiomatic level.

This master thesis describes a detached house, requirements for the detached house, price, technical-economic index and card of cost indicator. The author performed an analysis of selected houses and itemized budgets of selected houses. Different shapes, technologies and solutions of materials are included in the analysis. The author, from the analysis, inferred the behavior of technical-economic index (TEI) of detached houses. The author described behavior in the particular and sub models. The author suggested methodology of calculation of the price data, the spatial data and the structure of price TEICF2 (technical-economic index, complex formula, version 2) of planned detached house. The author founded his methodology on particular and sub models. The principle of methodology TEICF2 consists in the analogy of the planned detached house with the model with same parameters. The author implemented TEICF2 into application dyCBI. Application dyCBI is working on Microsoft Excel.