Šiame magistro darbe yra analizuojama Lietuvos regionų esama ekonominė situacija bei pagrindinės priežastys, kurios lemia netolygią regionų plėtrą. Atlikta regionų teritorinių skirtumų analizė pagal egzistuojančius ūkio subjektus, tiesiogines užsienio bei materialines investicijas. Įvertinti Bendrojo vidaus produkto vienam gyventojui ir vienam užimtajam rodikliai, o taip pat atlikta regionų specializacijos bei lyginamojo pranašumo analizė. Patvirtinta tyrimo hipetezė, kad Lietuvos regionų ekonominių bei socialinių skirtumų augimą lemia kumuliatyvinis priežastingumo procesas, todėl siekiant įveikti šį procesą, reikalinga šalies parama, kuri skatintų ir finansuotų darbo jėgos mokymą bei investicijas į žmogiškąjį kapitalą. / This master’s final paper analyses available economic situation in Lithuania region and its main causes, that determine even development of regions. The paper presents a detailed analysis of differences in spatial economic activity described by territotial disparity of active economic subjects, investment in tangible fixed assets and foreign direct investment in regions. Estimation of the rate and speed of uneven growth is grounded on spatial disparity measurement of GDP per capita and GDP per worker. The hypothesis is formulated as follows- the source of increasing economical and social differences in Lithuanian regions is cumulative causation process- is confirmed. Political intervantion in promoting workplace training programs and accumulation of human capital stock is necessary to defeat this causation process.

Žemdirbių namų ūkių disponuojamų pajamų ir jų veiksnių analizė, pajamų lygis ir pokytis; Tyrime analizuojami žemdirbių namų ūkių pajamų skirtumai, grupuojant namų ūkius pagal tokius požymius: namų ūkio galvos išsilavinimą, amžių ir pagal dirbamos žemės plotą (siaurąja ir plačiąja prasme). / Analysis of disposable income of farm household and their factors. Evaluate income differences of farmers’ households while grouping households according to the following features: education, age of the household owner and according to the size of farmland (in a narrow and broad way).

Despite the contribution of mining to the South African economy, this industry has impacted negatively on the environment and society for many decades. These negative impacts are evidence of poor corporate actions. Instead of contributing to society, it seems that mining companies, more often than not, neglect their corporate social responsibilities mostly in the pursuit of financial profit. It has been well documented that it is mostly local populations, living close to mining operations, which pay the price of social and environmental damages and degradation, while the industry's benefits are measured in economic and political terms. Such an imbalance between the economic, environmental and social factors will make Sustainable Development impossible to achieve. Welverdiend is a community paying a dear price in terms of social problems caused by mining operations. The aim of this study, therefore, is to assess the impact of these problems on the social well–being of Welverdiend and the surrounding community's residents. In the light of these findings on different social issues, the research aims to confirm the importance of a people–centred approach to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The following is a brief outline of the course of the study. Chapter One serves as the introduction to the research project. Chapter Two, aligned with Objective One, provides a theoretical overview on Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development. Chapter Three, which is aligned with Objectives Two and Three, reports on the findings obtained through a survey and Chapter Four, aligned with Objective Four, presents the conclusion and recommendations. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Despite the contribution of mining to the South African economy, this industry has impacted negatively on the environment and society for many decades. These negative impacts are evidence of poor corporate actions. Instead of contributing to society, it seems that mining companies, more often than not, neglect their corporate social responsibilities mostly in the pursuit of financial profit. It has been well documented that it is mostly local populations, living close to mining operations, which pay the price of social and environmental damages and degradation, while the industry's benefits are measured in economic and political terms. Such an imbalance between the economic, environmental and social factors will make Sustainable Development impossible to achieve. Welverdiend is a community paying a dear price in terms of social problems caused by mining operations. The aim of this study, therefore, is to assess the impact of these problems on the social well–being of Welverdiend and the surrounding community's residents. In the light of these findings on different social issues, the research aims to confirm the importance of a people–centred approach to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The following is a brief outline of the course of the study. Chapter One serves as the introduction to the research project. Chapter Two, aligned with Objective One, provides a theoretical overview on Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development. Chapter Three, which is aligned with Objectives Two and Three, reports on the findings obtained through a survey and Chapter Four, aligned with Objective Four, presents the conclusion and recommendations. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

In order to analyze the stability of Eastern Black Sea Coastal Highway defense structures constructed with natural stone armor layers, hydraulic model tests were performed under both breaking and non-breaking waves. Eight different alternative cross-sections of the defense structures were constructed in the wave flume in Coastal and Harbor Engineering Laboratory, Civil Engineering Department, METU. Water depth was kept constant at a depth of 7.5 m in front of the structures. Model scale, &amp / #955 / L, was calculated as 1:31.08 using Froude Law. Experiments were carried out for wave heights, H, ranging between 3 &ndash / 7 m. with a wave period ranging between 6 &ndash / 11 sec in prototype. A comparative economical analysis of the alternative cross-sections of the defense structures has proven that cost (per meter) differs almost 50% between the alternative cross-sections.

Produced water presents economical and environmental challenges to oil producers. Downhole separation technology is able to separate oil or gas from produced fluid in downhole environment and injects waste water into deeper formations, thus saving energy and reducing waste emission. More than 120 downhole separation systems have been installed worldwide, but only about 60% of the installations achieved success. Most of the failures were due to the injectivity decline under the invasion of impurities in the injected water, such as suspended particles and oil droplets. A reliable model is needed to predict the reaction of reservoir permeability under the invasion of such impurities and serves as a tool to screen appropriate formations for downhole separator installations. / Previous experimental studies on particle-induced permeability damage reveal that high particle concentration, low fluid velocity, large particle size lead to more severe damage. The damage mechanisms are attributed to surface interception, bridging and size exclusion of particles in porous media. While for droplets, the resultant permeability decline is mostly due to surface interception. Empirical correlations with key parameters determined by core flooding data are widely applied to the simulation of permeability decline under invasion of particles and droplets. These correlations are developed based on characteristics of certain rocks and fluids, thus their applications are very restricted. / A more scientific method is to model the flow and capture of particulates at pore level. Reservoir rocks are porous media composed of pores of various sizes. Pore network models employ certain assumptions to imitate real porous media, and have been proved realistic in simulating fluid flow in porous media. In this study, a 2-dimensional square network model is used to simulate capture of particles and droplets in porous media. Pore bodies are represented by globes and pore throats are imitated with capillary tubes. The flow rates in the network are obtained by simultaneously solving mass balance equations at each pore body. The network model is tuned to match the porosity and permeability of a certain rock and serves as the infrastructure where the capture process takes place. / Particles are categorized as Brownian and non-Brownian particles according to size. For Brownian particles, diffusion is dominant and Fick’s law is applied to each pore inside the network to obtain deposition rate. For non-Brownian particles, their trajectories are mainly governed by gravity and drag force acting on them. Besides, the size of each particle is compared with the size of the pore where it is captured to determine the damage mechanism. For particles much smaller than the pore size, surface deposition is dominant and the permeability decline is gradual. For particles with sizes comparable to pore size, bridging and clogging are dominant and the permeability decline is much more severe. / Unlike particles, droplets can not be captured on top of each other. Accordingly, a captureequilibrium theory is proposed. Once the pore surface is covered by droplets, equilibrium is reached and droplets flow freely through porous media without being captured. The simulation on capture of oil droplets reveals that the surface wettability has significant influence on the resultant permeability damage. Most natural reservoirs are neutrally or oil wet. It is thus recommended to apply these surface conditions to future simulations. / The proposed model is validated with test data and reasonably good agreements are obtained. This new mechanistic model provides more insights into the capture process and greatly reduces the dependence on core flooding data.

<p>The levels of unemployment are unusually high compared to recent years, and the consequences are diligently debated in media. Swedish safety systems regarding people’s welfare have gone through changes lately which affected the situation negatively for many concerned citizens. This study aimed to illustrate individual’s situation of unemployment within their social context. We chose to focus on the respondent’s experiences, influences and managing skills pertaining to the situation of unemployment. Seven interviews with unemployed men and women, aged 21-64, where executed based on a qualitative approach. These interviews resulted in the empirical material which were compiled and analyzed. The theoretical standing point in this study was symbolic interactionism. The empirical material was also analyzed through the concepts of alienation, psychological illness, economical exposure and coping. The result of this study showed that all respondents experienced economical exposure according to their unemployment. This exposure lead to other quandary’s which contributed to development of coping strategies. Earlier research shows that unemployment is related to psychological illness which also was shown in this study. Alienation was nothing the respondents declared experience from according to that unemployment was common in their social contexts. On the contrary indirect alienation appeared in the empirical material based on individual situations.</p>

Orientador: Falcondes Jose Mendes de Seixas / Banca: Luís Carlos Origa de Oliveira / Banca: Luiz Carlos Gomes de Freitas / Resumo: A proposta deste trabalho é analisar o comportamento de transformadores de distribuição trifásicos após a recuperação estudando suas perdas elétricas fixas e variáveis tomando-se o transformador como uma unidade consumidora para demonstrar a viabilidade econômica da reforma, principalmente àquelas que não alteram o núcleo. Foram utilizados os ensaios de rotina de uma empresa recuperadora para uma importante concessionária de distribuição de energia. Este trabalho também faz uma recomendação sobre o descarte deste material segundo conceitos ambientais para uma melhor utilização dos recursos naturais. É importante mencionar o fato que muitos dos transformadores analisados operam a mais de 20 anos. A recuperação permite as concessionárias fornecer energia elétrica para consumidores residenciais e rurais de baixa renda mediante um pequeno investimento na construção de novas linhas de distribuição / Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the behavior of three-phase distribution transformers when submitted to recovery, taking into consideration fixed and variable electric losses considering the transformer as a consumer unit to demonstrate the economical feasibility, especially those that do not modify the core. It has been used routine tests data obtained from a company that recover for an important power deliver. This paper also deals with the disposal of the material considering environmental concerns, for a better use of natural resources. It is important to mention the fact that many transformers have already operated for more than 20 years. The recover allows the deliver to provide energy to residential or rural low-income consumer through a low investment with the construction of new electric power grid / Mestre

A presente análise procura identificar o potencial econômico com base na agropecuária dos municípios gaúchos, o que pode ter implicações para a alocação do crédito rural das instituições financeiras bem como servir de instrumento para a formulação de políticas públicas. Primeiramente, foi conceituado o termo potencial agropecuário através de uma evolução de conceitos na área de economia regional. A identificação do potencial agropecuário foi realizada através da análise fatorial e da análise de clusters que permitiram a classificação dos municípios gaúchos em grupos conforme as suas semelhanças sócio-econômicas. A partir dos resultados, constatou-se a significativa diversificação produtiva da agropecuária gaúcha. / The present analysis tries to identify the economical potential with base in the agricultural of the municipal districts gauchos, what can have implications for the allocation of the rural credit of the financial institutions as well as to serve as instrument for the formulation of public politics. Firstly, the agricultural potential term was considered through an evolution of concepts in the area of regional economy. The identification of the agricultural potential was accomplished through the factorial analysis and the clusters analysis that allowed the classification of the municipal districts gauchos in groups conforms their socioeconomic likeness. Starting from the results, the significant productive diversification of the agricultural gaucho was verified.

This thesis aims to analyze innovation activities of a company with both cost calculations and business performance. First part of the thesis is theoretical and helps for deeper understanding of chosen subject. Practical part uses theoretical data and aims at the chosen company where the innovations are done. Mainly the thesis is focused on the innovated product and it's economical impact on the company.