Universidade Federal do Cearà / O Brasil està entre as vinte maiores economias no mundo. Durante o sÃculo XX, o seu PIB cresceu em mÃdia 4,9% a.a.. Todavia, o paÃs apresenta um elevadÃssimo Ãndice de desigualdade de renda, que associado a altas taxas de pobreza em sua populaÃÃo, o coloca como uma naÃÃo com sÃrios problemas sociais. Este trabalho visa analisar a relaÃÃo entre Pobreza, Crescimento EconÃmico e Desigualdade de renda, enfatizando as estimativas das elasticidades da renda mÃdia e da concentraÃÃo de renda em relaÃÃo à pobreza no Brasil e em suas regiÃes apÃs o plano real, buscando identificar qual o instrumento mais eficiente na reduÃÃo dos indices de pobreza: o aumento da renda mÃdia ou a diminuiÃÃo da desigualdade. Os procedimentos metodolÃgicos utilizados baseiam-se em estudos feitos por Ravallion e Chen (1997) e Adams Jr. (2004), utilizando modelos economÃtricos com dados em painel. Os modelos propostos utilizam cinco indicadores de pobreza: P(0) â ProporÃÃo de Pobres, P(1) Hiato de Pobreza, P(2) â Hiato QuadrÃtico, Ãndice de Sen e Ãndice de Wattts, como variÃveis dependentes. Analisando as elasticidades verifica-se que hà uma relaÃÃo indireta entre a pobreza e o crescimento econÃmico, dado que, mantendo-se o mesmo nÃvel de desigualdade, se houver crescimento econÃmico haverà reduÃÃo no Ãndice de pobreza, e uma relaÃÃo direta entre a pobreza e a desigualdade, pois, nÃo havendo alteraÃÃo na renda mÃdia, e haja melhor distribuiÃÃo desta, a pobreza irà diminuir. Os resultados obtidos revelam que as elasticidades pobreza-desigualdade sÃo superiores Ãs elasticidades pobreza-renda, e as diferenÃas regionais sÃo evidenciadas quanto aos nÃveis de pobreza e desigualdade, destacando-se as regiÃes Norte e Nordeste com os menores Ãndices de elasticidade. / Brazil is among the twenty greatest economies in the world. During the twentieth century, its GDP grew in average 4.9% per year. However, the country presented a high level of income inequality, which associated to the high poverty levels in its population, places it as a nation with serious social problems. This work, aims to analyze the relation between poverty, economical growth and income inequality, emphasizing the estimates of elasticity of the average income and the income concentration related to the poverty in Brazil and in its regions after the âRealâ economical plan, attempting to identify which instrument is more efficient in the reductions of poverty levels: the increase of the average income or the decrease of inequalities. The methodology procedures used herein, were based on studies done by Ravallion and Chen (1997) and Adams Jr. (2004), using econometric models with data on panel. The proposed models use five indicators of poverty P(0) â Poverty Proportions, P(1)- Poverty Gap-P(2) Quadratic Gap, Index of SEN and Index of Watts, as dependent variables. Analyzing the elasticities, we notice that there is an indirect relation between poverty and the economical growth, considering that the same level of inequality is maintained, if there is economical growth there will be reduction in the index of poverty and a direct relation between poverty and inequality, therefore, the poverty will decrease. The obtained results reveal that the elasticity: poverty-inequality are greater than the elasticity: poverty income, and the regional differences are evidenced according to the level of poverty and inequality, detaching the northern and northeastern regions with lower indexes of elasticity.

Os transformadores para instrumentos (TIs) são equipamentos essenciais para a realização das funções de medição e de proteção nos sistemas elétricos de potência. O mau funcionamento dos TIs nos sistemas de proteção pode provocar tanto atuações indevidas como falhas de operação e, em ambos os casos, acarretará prejuízos à concessionária ou a terceiros, podendo, ainda, serem gerados danos materiais ou pessoais. Quando os transformadores de corrente (TCs) ou de potencial (TPs) estão instalados em sistemas de medição para faturamento e não funcionam com a precisão necessária, milhares ou milhões de reais podem ser perdidos por ano, seja por quem vende a energia, seja por quem a compra. O presente estudo, analisa a viabilidade (ou possibilidade) da utilização de TIs ópticos no sistema elétrico de potência brasileiro. Foram realizados comparativos técnicos e econômicos entre os TIs convencionais e os ópticos, sendo que no aspecto econômico são analisadas situações em que maus funcionamentos (ou falhas) dos TIs convencionais podem causar prejuízos às concessionárias. São apresentados levantamentos de dados indicativos das quantidades de TIs em uso e dos preços de aquisição desses equipamentos. Também é apresentado o resultado de uma enquete que avaliou o grau de familiaridade que os engenheiros do setor elétrico brasileiro tem com a tecnologia de TIs ópticos. O trabalho apurou que os TIs ópticos demonstram superioridades técnicas e econômicas frente aos TIs convencionais, mas que, para que eles sejam utilizados mais amplamente nas subestações, além de uma maior divulgação dos mesmos por parte de seus fabricantes, ainda são necessários esforços de adaptação e/ou aplicação de novas tecnologias que facilitem a conexão dos TIs ópticos aos sistemas de proteção e medição em uso. O trabalho indica também que esse problema, no futuro, deverá ser eliminado com a natural modernização das subestações e com a implantação de redes de comunicação aderentes à norma IEC 61850-9-2. / The instruments transformers (ITs) are essential equipment to perform the measurement and protection functions in electrical power systems. The malfunctioning of ITs in protection systems can cause undue actuations as well as operation failures and, in both cases, the utilities or third parties will face financial losses and, also, personal or material damages can be generated. When current transformers (CTS) or potential transformers (PTs) are used for revenue metering applications and do not work with the necessary precision, thousands or millions of reais may be lost per year, either by those who sell energy, or by whom purchase it. This study examines the viability of optical ITs applications in brazilian electric power systems. Technical and economical comparisons between conventional and optical ITs were carried out, and economic aspects of situations in which malfunctions (or failures) of conventional ITs can cause financial losses to utilities are discussed. Data about quantities and prices of conventional ITs in use in Brazil are shown. Also, results of a research evaluating the familiarity of engineers working in electric power utilities with the optical ITs technology are presented. The study found that optical ITs have shown technical and economical superiorities over conventional ITs, but, in order to be widely used in substations there are still needed adaptation efforts and/or application of new technologies that facilitate the connection of optical ITs to protection and measurement systems already in use. The present work also indicates that this problem, in the future, should be eliminated by natural modernization of substations and the installation of communication networks compliant to the IEC 61850-9-2 standard.

VENTURINI, F. P. Adolescentes de um núcleo de assistência psicossocial: do conhecimento de seu universo à intervenção para a promoção de desenvolvimento. 224 f. Tese (Doutorado) Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. Estudar a fase da vida denominada adolescência tem se mostrado de grande relevância, sobretudo diante da necessidade de estabelecer programas que visem à promoção do desenvolvimento saudável, sendo fundamental que se possam obter informações diretamente das populações frente às quais se pretende atuar. Nessa direção, o objetivo desse trabalho foi conhecer o universo de adolescentes que freqüentavam um Núcleo de Assistência Psicossocial em um bairro popular de Ribeirão Preto - SP, propor e implementar intervenção voltada para promoção de seu desenvolvimento. A pesquisa constituiu-se em um estudo transversal, qualitativo, desenvolvido na modalidade de uma investigação-ação e que foi planejada a partir do Modelo Bioecológico do Desenvolvimento Humano, que enfatiza a necessidade do estudo do desenvolvimento no contexto. O trabalho foi constituído de duas fases. A fase 1 teve por objetivo a investigação de como são percebidos os contextos de convivência, sendo eles: família, escola, amizades, bairro em que moram e o núcleo. Esta etapa da pesquisa visou também fazer um levantamento de necessidades a partir da ótica do próprio adolescente. Participaram 32 adolescentes de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 11 e 15 anos, que freqüentam o referido núcleo no período contrário ao da escola. Os instrumentos para a coleta de dados foram: 1) Questionário Pré-A, que visa avaliar as percepções sobre família, escola e amizades, e 2) entrevista semi-estruturada sobre os temas investigados pelo Pré-A, acrescentando-se as percepções sobre o bairro e o núcleo. Os resultados mostraram que a percepção desses ambientes é de maneira geral positiva. Um dado que se mostrou relevante foram os relatos de incômodo com as brigas e com os comportamentos dos colegas; além de uma visão negativa dos conflitos presenciados em casa. Quanto ao núcleo, consideram que promove mudanças nos comportamentos e cotidiano, mostrando que, para eles, esse espaço tem uma função positiva. Considerando-se os resultados obtidos foi planejada a intervenção (fase 2) que focalizou duas questões: a sexualidade na adolescência e o relacionamento entre pares. Nessa fase foram realizados encontros semanais com 15 adolescentes que participaram da fase 1. Os encontros foram caracterizados pelo estímulo a participação ativa dos adolescentes, pela proposta de uma interação positiva com e entre eles e pela valorização das características positivas dos participantes. A coleta de dados deu-se a partir de: 1) observação, 2) diário de campo, 3) preenchimento da Ficha de Avaliação pelos adolescentes a cada encontro e 4) uma entrevista final com os participantes. Os resultados apontaram a melhora do relacionamento entre os adolescentes e a valorização das informações adquiridas sobre adolescência e sexualidade. A partir da análise dos resultados considerou-se que pesquisas nessa perspectiva, utilizando a interação positiva como instrumento de intervenção e partindo-se das necessidades e potencialidades dos participantes, podem auxiliar na implementação de intervenções mais eficazes além de possibilitar que os indivíduos se tornem mais cientes e possam se apropriar de suas competências. / VENTURINI, F. P. Adolescents of a psychosocial assistance institution: from the knowledge of their universe to a intervention to promote development 224 f. Thesis (Doctoral) Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. Studying the stage of the life called adolescence has been showing of great relevance, specially face to the need of establishing programs that aim the promotion of healthy development, and still have fundamental importance the possibility of obtaining information directly from the population were one aims to intervene. The objective of this study was to know the universe of the adolescents that attend a psychosocial assistance institution and collaborate to the promotion of their development through the proposition and execution of an intervention program. This research is a transversal, qualitative, developed as a investigation-action and based on a Bioecological Model of Human Development, which emphasizes the need of the study of development in the context. This research has two stages. The first stage (stage 1), had as objective the investigation of how are experienced the contexts of living of adolescents from a assistance institution in a low income neighborhood in Ribeirão Preto - SP, being then: family, school, friendship, neighborhood where they live, and the institution. This stage also has the objective of surveying their needs. Thirty two adolescents with age from 11 to 15 years old that attend the institute in the period contrary to the school, took part in the research. Data were registered by two instruments: 1) Pre-A Questionnaire, that aims to evaluate the perceptions towards family, school and friendships, and 2) interview that added to Pre-A their perceptions about the neighborhood and the institution. Results showed that their perception of those environments is, in a general manner, positive. One data has shown relevant was the disturbance with the fights/conflicts and with the behavior of the peers; and it was identified a negative perception of the conflicts experienced at home. As for the institution, it has promoted changes in the everyday behavior of the youth, showing that, to them, this space has a positive function in their lives. Based on these results, it was proposed the intervention (stage 2) that focused two issues: the sexuality in the adolescence and the peers relationship. In this stage fifteen weekly meetings were realized with the participants of the first stage. The meetings were characterized by the incentive to active participation, by the proposal of a positive intervention with them and the valorization of their positive characteristics. The data were registered from: 1) observational data during the meeting by one observer, 2) observational data after the meeting, by the researcher, 3) Evaluation Form filled by the adolescents at the end of each meeting and 4) a final interview with the participants. The results show a enhancement of the relationship between the adolescents and the valorization of the information learned about adolescence and sexuality. From the result analysis its considered that researches in this perspective, using positive interaction as a instrument of intervention, and considering the needs and potentialities of the participants, may help in implementing more efficient intervention and allow that individuals become more aware and may earn their competencies.

<p>Mothers and fathers in Sweden receive an earnings-related benefit of 80 percent of their income when they take parental leave. There exists a ceiling in the allowance though, meaning that some people with high earnings don’t receive fully 80 percent of their ordinary salary. The length of the parental leave varies between women and men and also among men and women. Various reasons are used to explain this; one of them is economical. This study investigates the economics reasons further by studying how additional compensations from the employer affect the length of the parental leave. The empirical material that is used in this study is called Time and money and it was collected in 2003 by Statistics Sweden. It consists of a survey of parents of 3164 children, born in 1993 or 1999.The used method for the study is regression analysis. Women and men are studied separately and also in different income-brackets. This proceeding makes it possible to detect if the effect of additional compensation vary by income. The result shows that mothers and fathers with high earnings are effected by the additional compensation from the employer, implying that economical reasons can’t be overlooked in explaining why the length of parental leave vary. No significant results are found for parents with low income.</p>

Modern Japanese philosophy offers a new approach to describing the world of labour. The article compares this approach with neoclassical labour market theories. Neither the working individual nor her "labour world" are sufficient as starting points to explain certain forms of organization. Instead, Graupe focuses on the "context of action". As an example of organisation, which classic economical theory is unable to explain, she presents "internal labour markets". The Japanese philosophical understanding of the world influences thus the specific design of working worlds in Japan.

Mothers and fathers in Sweden receive an earnings-related benefit of 80 percent of their income when they take parental leave. There exists a ceiling in the allowance though, meaning that some people with high earnings don’t receive fully 80 percent of their ordinary salary. The length of the parental leave varies between women and men and also among men and women. Various reasons are used to explain this; one of them is economical. This study investigates the economics reasons further by studying how additional compensations from the employer affect the length of the parental leave. The empirical material that is used in this study is called Time and money and it was collected in 2003 by Statistics Sweden. It consists of a survey of parents of 3164 children, born in 1993 or 1999.The used method for the study is regression analysis. Women and men are studied separately and also in different income-brackets. This proceeding makes it possible to detect if the effect of additional compensation vary by income. The result shows that mothers and fathers with high earnings are effected by the additional compensation from the employer, implying that economical reasons can’t be overlooked in explaining why the length of parental leave vary. No significant results are found for parents with low income.

The ongoing construction of Kristianstad is a trade mall in the city center, the City Hall and the railway station neighborhood is rebuilding, new residential projects are planned and "The healthy garden", "Accessibility for everyone" and "ERA-farms" are also current. Kristianstad has always a sustainable way of thinking in the background during the development and they are trying to meet all three perspective of sustainability: economical, ecological and social. The municipality seeks knowledge both by sharing their own and takes part in other municipalities in the development process. / De pågående byggandena i Kristianstad är en handelsgalleria i centrum, Rådhuskvarteret och järnvägsstationen byggs om, nya bostadshus planeras och projekt som ”Hälsoträdgården”, ”Tillgänglighet för alla” och ”ERA‐gårdar” är aktuella. Kristianstad har hela tiden det hållbara tänket i bakgrunden under utvecklingen och försöker uppfylla alla tre hållbarhetsperspektiv: de ekonomiska, ekologiska och sociala. Kommunen eftersträvar kunskap och både delar med sig av sin egen och tar del av andra kommuners i utvecklingsprocessen.

Skuldsättningsgraden hos svenska hushåll ökade stadigt från i mitten av 1990-talet fram till 2008. För att hejda denna utveckling införde finansinspektionen i oktober 2010 ett allmänt råd om begränsning av säkerhet i bostad vid upptagande av lån, det så kallade bolånetaket. Innebörden av detta är att 15 procent av bostadens marknadsvärde i kontanta medel krävs vid upptagande av bostadslån. För en förstagångsköpare som skall köpa bostad i Göteborg betyder det att en betydande summa pengar skall ha sparats ihop. Eller så blir alternativet att ta ett dyrare blancolån om inte kapitalet finns. För att undersöka hur förstagångsköpare i Göteborg har löst det ekonomiska genomfördes en enkätundersökning bland studenter på Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Göteborgs Universitet och Högskolan Väst. Här undersöktes även hur de som har köpt före samt efter oktober 2010 har löst det ekonomiskt. Banktjänstemän och fastighetsmäklare intervjuades för att få en inblick i hur de ser på bolånetaket, samt hur de tror förstagångsköparna påverkats. Enkätundersökningen visade att majoriteten av de som skall köpa sin första bostad planerar att spara ihop till kontantinsatsen. Hälften av de tillfrågade förstagångsköparna beräknar att kunna spara ihop till kontantinsatsen på 1-3 år. De tillfrågade banktjänstemännen och fastighetsmäklarna ser samtliga att lösningen efter bolånetakets införande blev att föräldrar fick hjälpa till ekonomiskt. Detta genom att gå in som borgenär, pantsätta sitt boende som säkerhet eller hjälpa till med kapital. Förstagångsköparna har i större utsträckning behövt hjälp utifrån för att klara av de ekonomiska kraven från bankerna. I Göteborg där bostadsbristen är stor finns inte alltid något annat val än att köpa en bostad. Lösningen blir ekonomisk hjälp från föräldrar. Undersökningen tyder även på att andragångsköpare i Göteborg har det svårt att byta bostad till något större eller köpa bostad som dyrare än den bostad de äger. Möjligheten finns att det är en fördröjning på bolånetakets effekter, och att bosparandet inom de närmsta åren kommer att öka. Förhoppningsvis kommer förstagångsköpare inte behöva ekonomisk hjälp från föräldrar. / Indebtedness in the Swedish market had steadily increased from the mid-1990s until 2008. For this reason, the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority (Finansinspektionen) in October 2010 introduced a general advice on the restriction in the pawn of your property when applying for a mortgage, the so-called mortgage ceiling. This means that the buyer requires 15 percent in capital for the admission of mortgage. For a first-time buyer to buy a property in Gothenburg, this means that a significant amount of capital should be accumulated beforehand. The alternative, if assets are absent, is to take an unsecured loan, which is more expensive. To examine how first-time buyers in Gothenburg have solved the economic situation, a survey among students at University of Chalmers, University of Gothenburg and University West was conducted. It also examined how those who bought their first property respectively before and after October 2010 found a financial solution. Bank employees and real estate agents were interviewed to obtain their opinion on the mortgage ceiling, and how they think the first-time buyers were affected. The survey showed that the majority of those who plan to buy their first property are planning to save up for down payment. Half of those surveyed first-time buyers expects to save up for the down payment in 1-3 years. Respondent bankers and estate agents have seen that the solution for introduction of the mortgage ceiling was that parents had to help financially. This was done by becoming a creditor, pledging their homes as security or helping with financial assets. First-time buyers have in greater extent needed help from outside to meet the financial demands of the banks. In Gothenburg, where the housing shortage is high, there is not always another choice but to buy a home. The solution is to get financial help from parents. The study also suggests that second-time buyers in Gothenburg find it difficult to buy something bigger, or buying a home that is more expensive than the home they live in. There might be a delay in the mortgage ceiling effects, and that savings will increase within the next few years. Hopefully first-time buyers in the future will be able to stand on their own without parental financial assistance.

The levels of unemployment are unusually high compared to recent years, and the consequences are diligently debated in media. Swedish safety systems regarding people’s welfare have gone through changes lately which affected the situation negatively for many concerned citizens. This study aimed to illustrate individual’s situation of unemployment within their social context. We chose to focus on the respondent’s experiences, influences and managing skills pertaining to the situation of unemployment. Seven interviews with unemployed men and women, aged 21-64, where executed based on a qualitative approach. These interviews resulted in the empirical material which were compiled and analyzed. The theoretical standing point in this study was symbolic interactionism. The empirical material was also analyzed through the concepts of alienation, psychological illness, economical exposure and coping. The result of this study showed that all respondents experienced economical exposure according to their unemployment. This exposure lead to other quandary’s which contributed to development of coping strategies. Earlier research shows that unemployment is related to psychological illness which also was shown in this study. Alienation was nothing the respondents declared experience from according to that unemployment was common in their social contexts. On the contrary indirect alienation appeared in the empirical material based on individual situations.

Previous studies have indicated that the creation of outstanding consumer value was for spa hotels to achieve sustainable financial and market success. In this study we identified the key factors that affected consumers¡¦ behavior or purchasing decisions, and the process how consumers chose a particular hotel for spa service, which was appropriate for themselves under such intensely competition among spa hotels in Taiwan. The study aims to assess a relational perspective on the value perception relationships, and to examine the main effects and the processes linking perceived value, its antecedents and willingness to buy in Taiwan spa hotel industry. The economical deduction was adopted to provide the constructs positioning and adequate rationality of the conceptual model. The analysis of Pearson correlation indicated that the recent downsizing economy might be the source that affected the attitude of ¡§leisure service consumption¡¨ in more conservative way because of the weakly significant relationship between perceived value and willingness-to-buy. The hierarchical multiple regression (HMR) was used to assess the main effects and the processes. The HMR analyses revealed that customers separately considered perceived quality and perceived price, the immediate situational factors of benefits and sacrifices, particularly when purchasing a spa service product, which will lead to changes in behavior. Perceived quality totally mediated the price-value relationship, and perceived value partially mediated the quality-willingness and price-willingness relationship. Sex and living location moderated the quality-value relationship. Marriage status and consumptive times moderated the value-willingness relationship. The finding indicated that the perception of customer value was very much dependent upon quality and much less dependent upon risk and price in Taiwan spa hotel industry; management and advertising objective should focus on increasing customer value by improving the customer perceptions of overall product and service quality. The moderation of demographic variables provides managers directions to offer proper packages to potential customers.