no / The concern of this article is with the legacies that war economies and the discourses surrounding war economies leave for peacebuilding after conflict. In particular, it will be suggested that the concentration on certain pariah actors and certain goods serves to obscure both the breadth of actors and the underlying structures that drive war economies.

This dissertation investigates the phenomenon of new technology development in emerging economies (EEs). I do this by studying the international patenting activities of EEs at the country level and firm level. In order to do this, I develop and analyze a panel database of patents filed with the United States Patents and Trademarks Office (USPTO). I then examine differences in the nature of technologies that are being patented by emerging economies in comparison to developed economies (DEs). Through this dissertation, I develop a key construct that pertains to the nature of technologies that are patented. This construct is named novelty of technology knowledge and it pertains to the age of technological knowledge that organizations draw from and build upon while developing new innovations. The first research question I examine is what is the impact of global connectedness and institutional development in EEs on the age of technology knowledge that they build on. I build on insights from the institutional theory and argue that the absence of well-developed institutions presents constraints to the development and protection of novel technology innovations. On the other hand, global connectedness in the form of trade linkages provides opportunities for engaging in novel technology innovations. I hypothesize that a country's level of global connectedness and institutional development have a positive relation with the novelty of its technology knowledge. I use data on the international patenting activities of 48 countries with the USPTO over a period of 9 years. I use panel data estimation models to test the hypotheses. I find that global connectedness is positively related to the level of a country's international patenting. The second research question is what is the impact of the level of internationalization of EE firms on the age of technology knowledge that they build on. I first identify the benefits and costs associated with internationalization for EE firms as a result of the conditions in their home country. I then argue that with increasing internationalization, the counter forces of exploration and exploitation thrust firms' technology development from initially focusing on newer technology bases towards focusing on older technologies. I hypothesize the existence of a U-shaped relationship between the level of internationalization and the novelty of technology knowledge and test my hypotheses using a panel of bio-pharmaceutical firms from India. The findings from this dissertation make important contributions to the literature examining innovation and new technology development in the context of EEs. / Ph. D. / This dissertation investigates the phenomenon of new technology development in emerging economies (EEs). I do this by studying the international patenting activities of EEs at the country level and firm level. In order to do this, I develop and analyze a panel database of patents filed with the United States Patents and Trademarks Office (USPTO). I then examine differences in the types of technologies that are being patented by emerging economies in comparison to developed economies (DEs) and find that different countries focus on innovations in different types of technologies. The first research question I examine is what is the impact of global connectedness and institutional development in EEs on the technologies that they patent. I find that a country’s level of global connectedness is positively related to its level of international patenting. The second research question is what is the impact of the level of internationalization of EE firms on the technologies that they patent. I find that with increasing internationalization, firms’ technology development shifts from initially focusing on newer technologies towards focusing on older technologies.

一般聚集經濟可區分為內部規模經濟及外部經濟，而外部經濟又可區分為 地方化經濟與都市化經濟兩種。由於製造業廠商或產業具有聚集經濟效果 ，因此產生了區位比較利益，影響廠商或產業之設置區位選擇，因為聚集 經濟效果若以都市化經濟為主，則表示都市規模愈大，對產業的生產愈具 效率，產業內各廠商依附都市發展的程度亦愈高，政府如欲以產業分散發 展政策達到區域均衡發展之目的，較不容易成功。反之，產業的聚集經濟 效果若以地方化經濟為主時，區域均衡發展透過產業分散發展政策之擬訂 較易達成 。本研究運用生產函數的理論與模型，利用工商普查資料，針 對臺灣地區中分類製造業進行實證分析，結果發現臺灣地區製造業的聚集 經濟型態乃是以地方化經濟為主。 因此，以區域經濟均衡發展的觀點 而言，臺灣地區在擬訂公共投資政策與工業區發展（製造業產業區位）政 策時，應可考慮以製造業產業分散化政策為重要手段。 In general, agglomeration economies has been devided into interior scale economy and exterior economy, whereas the latter can further be catoglorized into two kinds, namely localization economy and urbanization economy. The agglomeration economies effect of manufacturing industries or industries which creates comparative location advantages, will influence the choice of location for establishment of manufacturers' plants on the grounds that if the agglomeration economies effect is dominated by urbanization economics, the larger the city scale; the more effective the industry production, and the higher the adherence the urban development. If the government's industry decentralization development policy intends to achieve the purposes of reginal balance development, that will not succeed easily. On the contrary, if the agglomeration economies effect is dominated by localization economy, it will be easier to reach regional balance development through regulating industry decentralization development policy. The present analysis incorporates the theory and model of production function and makes use of data of Industrial and Commerce Censuses of Taiwan- Fukien District of The Republic of China to proceed the empirical analysis of manufacturing industries (classified at the two digit SIC level) which results in the agglomeration economies model of the manufacturing industries of Taiwan is indeed dominated by localization economics. Therefore, from the viewpoint of balancing regional economy development, the Taiwan Government shall consider the industry decentralization policy as a vital measure to implement the public investment and Industrial District policy.

This thesis is a collection of theoretical essays in the area of horizontal M&As and R&D with spillovers. As we know, organizations consider horizontal M&As as the external mode of expansion, and regard R&D as one of the most efficient internal expansion modes, to achieve and maintain sustainable growth. This thesis pursues the firm growth's tactic to trace the impact of two aforementioned expansion modes on firm's performance and profitability. The dissertation is divided into two parts, which respectively focus on the following issues:Part I: (competitive effects of external growth strategies)Horizontal M&As generate cost variation via uncertainty (Chapter 1) or via technological transfer (Chapter 2). We aim to study different types of horizontal M&A and find out which one is the most profitable from the national perspective, and to verify whether the M&A entry option is more efficient compared to others, such as Greenfield FDI and exporting, from the international perspective.Part II: (competitive effects of internal growth strategies)R&D effort contributes to cost reduction (Chapter 3) or to quality enhancement (Chapter 4), and it can be beneficial to other firms at no cost due to spillover effect. By considering the long-run R&D decision and the short-run price (or quantity) decision, we attempt to distinguish between full and partial regimes in terms of collusion (Ch.3) or delegation (Ch.4), and to illustrate whether firms have incentive to adopt partial regime.

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Although there is consensus on the increasing role of emerging and developing economies in global markets, the literature on the mechanisms contributing to their growth remains still limited. The research aims to contribute to knowledge by exploring and understanding the process of transformation from a centrally planned economy into a market based economy. This transformation process is analysed from the perspective of a Venture Capital industry emerging and developing in Poland. The research focuses on the dynamics of particular factors and their impact on a specific set of stakeholders. In order to take a sufficiently broad contextual view, an organizational theory approach was employed. The Venture Capital industry was treated as a community of organizations which are connected by direct or indirect relationships. The interpretative framework was provided by two leading organizational theories: Institutional theory and Resource Dependence theory. The research is qualitative, and is guided by a specially designed framework for collecting and analysing the data. The primary data were collected though semi structured interviews with Venture Capital industry stakeholders of different types, and with different roles in the process. The research contributes to knowledge at three levels. Firstly, it addresses the literature gap on emergence of the Venture Capital industry in Poland. Secondly, it contributes to an understanding of the process of the emergence of a Venture Capital industry and economic transformation. Thirdly, findings may contribute to policy recommendations formulated to accelerate effective development in financial services.