Da oltre vent’anni l’Unione Europea (UE) è protagonista di un acceso dibattito circa l’orami vasta adozione di OGM in agricoltura. Laddove la maggior parte dei paesi Nord e Sud americani ha già largamente introdotto tali colture, l’UE è invece in forte ritardo, complice una legislazione basata sul Principio di Precauzione. Queste discrepanze nei i processi legislativi hanno portato a galla alcune problematiche di carattere commerciale: primo, la riduzione delle disponibilità di materia prima non-OGM costituisce un problema per la stabilità delle filiere ad essa dedicate; secondo, il commercio di prodotti convenzionali è compromesso dalla possibilità di riscontrare varietà OGM non approvate in UE all’interno delle partite provenienti da paesi terzi. In ultimo, data l’ampia diffusione di OGM nelle Americhe, è lecito porsi il quesito di come tale tendenza abbia influito sui prezzi delle materie prime agricole. In questa tesi si cercherà di analizzare queste tematiche. Per prima cosa, ci occupiamo di capire come la filiera della soia non-OGM italiana sia organizzata e gestita in modo da minimizzare i rischi di presenza avventizia. La conclusione è che le forme di governance ibride garantiscono la migliore forma di gestione. Successivamente ci domandiamo se le diversità legislative in materia di OGM abbiamo un impatto sull’import Europeo di mais e soia. Utilizzando l’analisi della domanda, riscontriamo che i paesi esportatori competono o sul prezzo o in base alla disponibilità stagionale di prodotto. In ultimo, utilizzando serie storiche, analizziamo il ruolo del tasso di adozione di soia OGM sui prezzi reali; ciò che osserviamo indica che questo ha un effetto deflattivo di breve periodo, ma di scarso peso. / The debate on the increasing adoption of GMOs in agriculture has been in vogue for the last twenty years. Whereas most North and South American countries have largely adopted GMOs, the European Union (EU) has not. Since the EU legislation is based on the Precautionary Principle, the introduction of new GM varieties has been slow. These discrepancies put forward some fundamental issues: first, the decreasing availability of non-GM raw materials poses the sustainability of these supply chains at risk; second, the trade of conventional products is undermined by the possible occurrence of unauthorized GMOs in overseas. Last, the wide adoption of GM crops in North and Latin America poses the question of what effect the spreading of biotechnology in agriculture has exerted on market prices. In this thesis, we try to answer these three research questions. First of all, we investigate how the Italian supply chain for non-GM soybean meal is framed and managed in order to reduce the risk of adventitious presence. We find that hybrid organizations represent the best governance form. Next, we assess the role of legislative diversities (regarding GMOs) on EU import decisions through import demand analysis. We conclude that competition among exporters is solely based on price and seasonality. Last, we disentangle the role of GMOs adoption on the variability of US soybean prices. Results indicate that a higher rate of adoption reduces real soybean market prices, yet the effect is short lived and not much relevant.

Des modèles de dysfonction érectile (DE) ont été développés et étudiés chez le rat. Cependant, peu de choses sont connues dans certains modèles présentant des facteurs de risque de la DE, en l’occurrence le rat soumis à une diète riche en glucose, le rat avec une restriction de croissance intra-utérine (RCIU) et le rat avec l’infusion continue de l’angiotensine (Ang) II en ce qui concerne l’évaluation de la fonction érectile in vivo. C’est ainsi que nous nous sommes proposés cette étude. La fonction érectile a été mesurée par la stimulation électrique du nerf caverneux à des cohortes de rats mâles Sprague-Dawley de différents âges comme suit: 1) des rats jeunes de 12 semaines d’âge, adultes reproducteurs à la retraite d’environ 30 semaines d’âge et des rats de 27 et 29 semaines soumis à une diète riche en glucose par l’eau de breuvage (10%) à court (1 semaine), moyen (6 semaines) et long (12 ou 13 semaines) termes; 2) des rats jeunes âgés de 12 semaines recevant une infusion soit de l’Ang II (200ng/kg/min) soit de la saline par mini-pompes osmotiques sous-cutanées pendant 1 et 2 semaines; et 3) des rats adultes âgés de 36 semaines avec une RCIU. La fonction érectile a été représentée par des courbes de variations de pression intracaverneuse (PIC) et d’aire sous la courbe (ASC) normalisées avec la pression artérielle moyenne (PAM) en réponse à la stimulation nerveuse à différents volts. À la fin des expériences, les animaux ont été sacrifiés, le sang recueilli pour le dosage de la glycémie et de l’insulinémie; le pénis, l’aorte thoracique et le cœur prélevés à des fins d’analyses protéique et histologique. La diète riche en glucose à court terme a eu un effet néfaste sur la fonction érectile chez le jeune rat mais bénéfique chez le rat adulte reproducteur; de même que pour les études à long terme, la diète riche en glucose a amélioré ou renversé la DE associée au vieillissement. Les rats avec RCIU ont exhibé une baisse très significative de la fonction érectile. Ces détériorations ou améliorations de la fonction érectile avec le glucose ou dans la RCIU ont été principalement associées à des modifications de l’expression de l’Akt, en plus d’une augmentation de l’insuline sérique dans les groupes avec le glucose. L’Ang II a entraîné une baisse de la fonction érectile, statistiquement très significative après 1 semaine et maintenue après 2 semaines de traitement, sans causer des changements morphologiques au cœur et à l’aorte thoracique. En conclusion : l’atteinte du système érectile se fait précocement dans les complications cardiovasculaires liées à l’activation du SRA, l’implication de l’Akt dans la modulation de la fonction érectile dépend de type de vieillissement et de la diète, le RCIU est un facteur de risque pour la DE. / Rat is a most rodent used for erectile function studies, and many erectile dysfunction (ED) rat models have been developed and studied. However, according to our knowledge, erectile function has never been studied in high-glucose fed rat model, intrauterine growth restriction rat model (IUGR) and continuous angiotensin (Ang) II infusion rat model. In this context, we set up this study. We mesured simultaneously mean arterial pression (MAP), intracavernosal pression (ICP), aire under the curve (AUC); and erectile function was obtained by variations of the ratio ICP/MAP and AUC/MAP in response to electrical stimulation of cavernosal nerve (0.89 – 6.50 Volts) in male Sprague-Dawley rats in different protocols as follow: 1) young (12 week old), procreator adult (~30 week old) and adult (27 and 29 week old) rats randomized and fed with high-glucose diet in water (10%) or simple water for a short (1 week), middle (6 weeks) and long (12 and 13 weeks) terms; 2) adult (36 week old) IUGR rats; 3) young (12 week old) rats randomized and received a chronic infusion of AngII (200 ng/kg/min) or saline by osmotic minipumps for 1 and 2 weeks. At the end of procedures, blood for measuring serum glucose and insulin in rats with chronic high-glucose diet was obtained, the heart was excised and left ventricle was weighed. Aorta and penis were excised, cleaned and a section of each was formalin fixed for histological studies and the rest snap frozen for protein studies. The short term high-glucose diet impacted negatively in young rats but positively in procreator adult rats; also, the erectile function was improved or reversed by chronic high-glucose diet in adult rats. We also observed a diminished erectile function in RCIU. The improvement or deterioration of erectile function was associated with changes in Akt expression, besides an increased insulin serum in rats with high-glucose diet. A diminished erectile function was observed after 1 week continuous Ang II infusion and was maintained after 2 week infusion without detectable structural changes on heart and aorta. In conclusion: this study suggests that erectile system is a precoce cible of cardiovascular complications of renin-angiotensin system. High-glucose diet deteriores erectile function but maskes the ageing induced-ED, RCIU is associated with ED in later life. Akt involvement in erectile function modulation depends on aging type and the diet.

Doctor of Education / Department of Educational Leadership / Royce Ann Collins / Nutrition educators traditionally rely on quantitative research to design interventions for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) audiences, such a low-income African American mothers. Such studies indicated the dietary behaviors of this population related to increased risk for chronic disease. Few studies explored the factors that potentially influenced the perceived self-efficacy and affected the dietary habits of SNAP learners. This study addressed the gap between quantitative research findings about the dietary habits of low-income African American mothers and their perceptions of factors influencing those behaviors. A qualitative bounded multi-site case study design was used to explore factors theoretically linked to social cognitive theory (SCT) that affected the dietary habits of low-income African American mothers. The theoretical framework rested on the interaction between SCT and critical race theory (CRT). The research sample included fifteen women, five from each of three public housing sites. The research design included semi-structured interviews supported by multiple data sources. A pilot study took place. Constant comparison was the technique used to analyze the semi-structured interviews and code the findings. The emergent themes aligned with the theoretical framework to answer the research questions. Triangulation helped to ensure the study’s quality. The findings supported the SCT premise that behavioral, personal, and environmental factors interacted reciprocally to influence dietary habits. The findings supported the CRT tenets that race, history, narratives, and interest convergence mattered and influenced dietary habits. The results had implications for adult educators designing effective nutrition programs for diverse learners.

This dissertation identified and analyzed the impact of learning environment factors on the retention and attrition of members of adult Sunday School classes in Kentucky Baptist Convention churches. The study was delimited to spiritual, physical, and social learning environment factors internal to adult classes meeting at church on Sunday led by the same teacher for the previous twelve months. The research questions focused on the strength and relationships of these factors and demographic data gathered. Precedent literature was investigated next. First, since adults in Sunday School study the Bible, an understanding of the impact of God and theological assumptions was presented. Then, adult learning assumptions, learning environment factors, and retention and attrition (assimilation) issues were applied to the context of adult Sunday School classes. Because limited literature was available addressing these issues in the church, resources from a diversity of fields were utilized, analyzed, and applied to this setting. The methodological design of the research involved creating and validating a research instrument, contacting and training church leaders, surveying classes on Sunday morning, and mailing instruments to no/low attenders. The random proportionally stratified sample included teachers and members of adult classes in nineteen KBC churches of the Long Run Baptist Association (Louisville area). The two instruments (teacher and member) contained seventy-two statements utilizing a Likert response scale along with twenty-two and sixteen demographic variables, respectively. Chronbach alpha reliability testing of the 762 instruments produced a score of .8801. In the analysis of findings, means, modes, medians, standard deviations, rankings, cross tabulations, percentages, and ANOVA data were provided to help answer the six research questions. The statements were combined into twenty-four triangulated learning environment factors in response to precedent literature. The strength of spiritual, physical, and social factors were examined along with the impact of retention (high/average attenders) and attrition (low/no attenders) and various demographic variables. Tables and figures helped to display findings in helpful ways. Conclusions drawn from the research findings were that spiritual and social learning environment factors did impact retention and attrition of the adult Sunday School classes in the sample. The impact of friends upon high/average attenders was evident, as was the impact of the teacher upon low/no attenders. Even though physical factors did not impact retention and attrition, several findings need application in the local church such as flexibility and physical arrangement. Several suggestions for further research were presented, including replication and utilization of the instrumentation and methodology in other locations and other denominations. Focusing on part of the learning environment factors could also produce helpful results. / This item is only available to students and faculty of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. If you are not associated with SBTS, this dissertation may be purchased from <a href="http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb">http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb</a> or downloaded through ProQuest's Dissertation and Theses database if your institution subscribes to that service.

7 ABSTRACT (EN) This dissertation thesis is focused on the study of electrochemical properties of new types of carbon paste electrodes (CPE) and carbon fiber rod electrodes (CFRE), which were used for the development of new highly sensitive and selective voltammetric and amperometric methods for the determination of 5-amino-6-nitroquinoline and trans- and cis- isomers of resveratrol. The carbon paste electrodes were compared in terms of size of the microparticles of glassy carbon contained in the paste (diameters 0.4 - 12 µm; 10 - 20 µm; 20 - 50 µm) in comparison with carbon paste electrode consisting of crystalline graphite and solid glassy carbon electrode. The electrochemical properties were tested using potassium hexacyanoferrate in an aqueous supporting electrolyte and 5-amino-6-nitroquinoline (5A6NQ) in a mixed methanol-water supporting electrolyte. The carbon paste electrode was further used in an amperometric detector of a wall-jet type connected in series with a spectrophotometric detector for the development of a new HPLC method with electrochemical detection and spectrophotometric detection for the determination of trans-resveratrol and cis-resveratrol in samples of grains, hulls and leaves of common and tartary buckwheat. The method was optimized and used for the determination of resveratrol in...

Submitted by Leticia Schettini (leticia@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-04T15:54:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Arcangelo Loss.pdf: 3517882 bytes, checksum: 70d6fb3cef54e289b9abe89818c070c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T15:54:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Arcangelo Loss.pdf: 3517882 bytes, checksum: 70d6fb3cef54e289b9abe89818c070c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-10 / Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do RJ, FAPERJ, Brasil / The Integrated Agriculture and Cattle-raising System (IACRS) is an excellent option for Cerrado soils, since the association with grasses (Brachiaria) intensify biomass production, especially in the year dry season. The No-till System (NTS) interspersed with brachiaria (Urochloa ruziziensis) and in consortium with maize (IACRS), when compared to the IACRS without brachiaria provides the best balance between distribution of C in the more labile and recalcitrant fractions of soil organic matter (SOM), and increases C and N stock, and soil aggregation. The general objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of IACRS system on soil fertility, in chemical and physical fractions of SOM, in the distribution of oxidized carbon fractions, in soil aggregation, and C and N stocks in different land use systems in Cerrado, Goias State. Two areas with crop rotation were evaluated in Montividiu municipality, Goias State, identified as: IARCS (Brachiaria + corn/bean/cotton/soybean) and NTS (sunflower/millet/soy/corn). A natural area of Cerrado was taken as natural soil reference. Soil was sampled at 0.0-5.0; 5.0-10.0; 10.0-20.0 and 20.0-40.0 depths, and also up to 100.0 cm, in a randomized design. In Chapter I it was evaluated bulk density (BD), mineralogy properties, and soil fertility. Due to the animal range used in the IACRS, it was not observed increase in BD in comparison to the area without cattle (NTS). The values of SiO2/Al2O3 (ki) soil ratio indicate dominance of gibbsite in the Cerrado natural area, and kaolinite in the cultivated areas. The IACRS, associated with crop and pasture fertilization, resulted in higher soil fertility and nutrient stocks, compared with the NTS. In Chapter II physical and chemical indicators of SOM were evaluated. The total organic carbon (TOC), stocks of C in the humic acid fraction (C-HAF) and oxidizable carbon, and the physical indicators, particulate organic carbon (POC), light organic matter (LOM) and free light fraction (FLF), allowed inferring that IACRS increased these SOM fractions when compared with the NTS. The IACRS also provided a balanced distribution of C labile forms (F1) and recalcitrant (F4) in the soil, a higher degree of SOM humification, and better stratification of POC than the NTS area. In chapter III it was evaluated the soil aggregation, distribution of C and N, natural abundance of 13C and 15N in aggregates and C-CO2 (mineralization carbon) from soil aggregates incubation. IACRS increased: soil aggregation indexes (0-5 and 5-10 cm), TOC and N (0-5 cm), formation of water stable aggregates (5-10 cm), and also had higher accumulation of C-CO2 than NTS. In Chapter IV the distribution of TOC, N total, natural abundance of 13C and 15N were assessed, and quantified the TOC and nitrogen values. The usage of Urochloa ruziziensis associated with IACRS, increased the TOC levels (0-30 cm) and N (0-20 cm), when compared with NTS. It was possible to conclude that IACRS was more efficient to storage TOC than the natural Cerrado area in the 10.0-20.0 and 20.0-30.0 cm layers, and for the sum of the layers 0.0-40.0, and 0.0-60.0 cm. The use of legumes in the crop systems resulted in higher values of 15N compared to Cerrado area. The replacement of the original Cerrado vegetation by agriculture resulted in changes in 13C, as proven after 17 years of cultivation, by incorporation of carbon from grasses in areas of NTS and IACRS. / O sistema de Integra??o Lavoura-Pecu?ria (ILP) ? uma excelente op??o de uso para solos do Bioma Cerrado, pois a associa??o com esp?cies po?ceas (braqui?ria) intensifica a produ??o de palhada, principalmente no per?odo seco do ano. O Sistema Plantio Direto (SPD) intercalado com braqui?ria (Urochloa ruziziensis) e consorciado ao milho safrinha (ILP), comparado ao SPD sem braqui?ria, pode conduzir a equil?brio entre a distribui??o do C das fra??es da mat?ria org?nica do solo (MOS) mais l?beis e recalcitrantes e aumentar estoques de C e N e a agrega??o do solo. O objetivo geral do estudo foi avaliar contribui??es do sistema de ILP na fertilidade do solo, nas fra??es qu?micas e f?sicas da MOS, na distribui??o das fra??es de carbono oxid?vel, na agrega??o do solo e nos estoques de C e N em diferentes sistemas de uso do solo no Cerrado goiano. Foram avaliadas duas ?reas com rota??o de culturas em Montividiu, GO: ILP (milho+braqui?ria/feij?o/algod?o/soja) e SPD (girassol/milheto/soja/ milho). Uma ?rea de Cerrad?o natural foi tomada como condi??o original do solo. Foram coletadas amostras de terra nas profundidades de 0,0-5,0; 5,0-10,0; 10,0-20,0 e 20,0-40,0 cm, e, tamb?m at? 100 cm, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. No Cap?tulo I foram avaliadas a densidade do solo (Ds), caracteriza??o mineral?gica e fertilidade do solo. Devido a lota??o animal utilizada no ILP n?o foram constatados aumentos da Ds em compara??o ? ?rea sem pisoteio animal (SPD). Os valores da rela??o SiO2/Al2O3 (ki) no solo indicam predom?nio de gibbsita na ?rea de Cerrad?o e de caulinita nas ?reas cultivadas. O sistema de ILP, mais ?s aduba??es das culturas e na braqui?ria, acarretou maior fertilidade do solo e estoques de nutrientes comparados ao SPD. No Cap?tulo II foram avaliados indicadores f?sicos e qu?micos da MOS. Os indicadores carbono org?nico total (COT), estoques de C da fra??o ?cido h?mico (C-FAH) e C oxid?vel e, os indicadores f?sicos, C org?nico particulado (COp), mat?ria org?nica leve (MOL) e fra??o leve livre (FLL), permitiram inferir que o sistema de ILP aumentou essas fra??es da MOS comparado ao SPD. No sistema de ILP a distribui??o das formas de carbono l?beis (F1) e recalcitrantes (F4) no solo foi mais equilibrada, com maior grau de humifica??o da MOS e melhor estratifica??o do COp, comparado ao SPD. No cap?tulo III foram avaliados os ?ndices de agrega??o do solo, a distribui??o dos teores de C e N e a abund?ncia natural de 13C e 15N dos agregados e o C-CO2 (carbono mineraliz?vel) proveniente da incuba??o de agregados do solo. A ILP aumentou os ?ndices de agrega??o do solo (0-5 e 5-10 cm), os teores de COT e N (0-5 cm), a forma??o de agregados est?veis em ?gua (5-10 cm) e tamb?m o ac?mulo de C-CO2, comparada ao SPD. No Capitulo IV foi avaliada a distribui??o do COT, N total, abund?ncia natural de 13C e 15N, e quantificados os estoques de COT e N do solo. A utiliza??o da Urochloa ruziziensis com rota??o de culturas (ILP) aumentou os teores de COT (0-30 cm) e N (0-20 cm), comparada ? rota??o de culturas (SPD). Conclui-se que o sistema de ILP foi mais eficiente em estocar COT no solo que a ?rea de Cerrad?o nas camadas de 10,0-20,0 e 20,0-30,0 cm e, na soma das camadas de 0,0-40,0 e 0,0-60,0 cm. O uso de leguminosas nas ?reas cultivadas acarretou em maiores valores de 15N em compara??o a de Cerrad?o. A substitui??o da vegeta??o original de Cerrad?o para implantar lavouras acarretou mudan?as do 13C, sendo comprovada, ap?s 17 anos de cultivo, a incorpora??o de C das po?ceas nas ?reas de SPD e ILP.

Since the 1975 publication of Newsweek’s article asserting that “Johnny” can’t write, many have continued to support the claim that students graduating from American high schools and universities can’t write. This criticism has led many students to believe the problem lies exclusively with them. Efforts to improve students’ writing have had little effect, as reflected in continually concerning scores on the National Assessment of Educational Progress. Recently, researchers have begun to suggest that the problem should be addressed by working to change students’ identification as a bad writer. Two constructs have emerged from these efforts: writer and authorial identity. Research on these constructs, however, is relatively recent and therefore limited. Further, the constructs have been investigated in separate literature bases, divided almost exclusively between English composition studies (writer identity) and psychology (authorial identity). This study seeks to investigate students’ writer and authorial identities right at the entry point into college. Expectations for writing are different in college than they are in high school. College students, many of whom fall into the emerging adulthood phase of development, may experience difficulties writing in college if these different expectations aren’t made explicit. In addition, this study explores whether writer and authorial identity are two distinct constructs, or whether similarities between the two exist. Data were collected from a diverse sample of first-year undergraduates at a large, urban, public university in the southeastern United States. Using a mixed method research design, quantitative data on authorial identity were collected using a modified version of an existing scale to measure authorial identity; open-response questions provided the qualitative data. Mixed analyses of the quantitative and qualitative findings found areas of significant differences between the two constructs, but also areas of overlap. These findings suggest that authorial identity may be a more specific form of writer identity, one in which the writer’s authentic voice and knowledge are effectively represented in what is written. Although this study is a first step in trying to identify why “Johnny” can’t write, it provides evidence that viewing the problem through the lens of students’ writer and authorial identity warrants further investigation.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) are conditions that represent significant and ongoing medical costs, including frequent emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, work absences, and disability. This retrospective cross-sectional study, examined the effects of the frequent ED visits due to COPD and CHF on the beneficiaries of Medicare and Medicaid in Maryland. The goal was to identify the factors that led these patients to visit the ED, the impact of these visits on Medicare utilization and costs across Maryland, and preventative intervention strategies to control this population's costs of care. Secondary data were analyzed from 2010-2012 using the Administrative Claims Data in Chronic Condition Warehouse (CCW). The results for the first research question revealed that an increase in the number of primary care physicians was correlated with a decrease in ED visits; thus, persons living in areas with higher PCPs also had lower ED visits therefore the first null hypothesis was rejected (Ï?2 = 3.85, p=.05) . The results for the second research question revealed that ED visits had no significant relationship with death in a given year; thus, patients may be diverted to less expensive care sites to minimize cost and ED overcrowding, therefore the second null hypothesis was not rejected (Ï?2 = 0, p=.98). In both cases, the confounding variables of gender, age, and race had significant effects upon the relationship. Health Professionals and policy makers may use the findings to develop strategies to increase supply of PCPs, adapt patient centered interventions and modify existing chronic disease care strategies to minimize or prevent lifestyle and environmental factors that affect chronic disease outcomes. Such improvements could contribute to positive social change by eliminating or reducing the overcrowding that occurs in emergency departments in Maryland and other states.

Despite recommendations by the Association of American Medical Colleges regarding the adoption of technology in medical universities, faculty are still reluctant to adopt new learning technologies. The purpose of this qualitative interview study was to determine the factors existing in the adoption of learning management technology among late adopters within the faculty of colleges labeled as comprehensive academic medical centers. Using the Everett Rogers diffusion of innovations theory as its framework, this study sought to ascertain the factors late adopters identify as preventing them from adopting technology and to determine what measures they suggest to increase technology adoption among their peers. This qualitative study used interviews of participants identified as "late adopters" and subsequent document analysis to provide evidence for the factors identified. Using in vivo coding, data were organized into 5 themes: factors, learning management systems, demographics, general technology, and solutions. Results showed that late adopters avoided adopting learning management technology for several reasons including training, time, ease of use, system changes, lack of technical support, disinterest, and the sense that the technology does not meet their needs. Recommended solutions offered by faculty included varied times for trainings, peer mentoring, and modeling learning management system use among faculty. Understanding these factors may contribute to social change by leading to more rapid adoption and thus introducing efficiencies such that faculty can dedicate more time to medical instruction. It also may aid other universities when considering the adoption of a learning management system.

In the last two years, CS as a school subject has gained a lot of attention worldwide, although different countries have differing approaches to and experiences of introducing CS in schools. This paper reports on a study comparing current trends in CS at school, with a major focus on two countries, Germany and UK. A survey was carried out of a number of teaching professionals and experts from the UK and Germany with regard to the content and delivery of CS in school. An analysis of the quantitative data reveals a difference in foci in the two countries; putting this into the context of curricular developments we are able to offer interpretations of these trends and suggest ways in which curricula in CS at school should be moving forward.