n a survey made by the California State Department of Education, Bureau of Business Education, in Karch, 1945, it was found that very few secondary schools teach advertising as a separate subject; however, techniques in advertising are usually presented in such courses as: salesmanship, retail- I ing, merchandising, general business, consumer's economics, and business English. The number of schools teaching advertising were summarized in the survey as follows

<p dir="ltr">Motivation is a driving force to get a task done. It is no different for students. In order to graduate with a high school diploma, students need to be motivated to complete the required assignments. Students with Emotional Disabilities (ED), who often have behaviors that make it harder for them to be engaged in class need something more than their same age peers to be motivated to work through their daily schoolwork. The investigator conducted a needs-assessment survey that gave further insight of what teachers currently know about motivating students with ED, their attitudes towards students with ED and motivational strategies they are aware of. The major findings from this research stressed that teachers do not have all the tools they need to successfully motivate students with ED. These results led to a handbook that provided strategies to use and materials to go along with the research.</p>

Studien handlar om heteronormativitet i grundskolans sex- och samlevnadsundervisning. Heteronormativitet är antagandet om att det enda rätta och normala är att vara heterosexuell. Normer finns överallt i olika kulturer och grupper, heteronormen är en ledande och övergripande norm i vårt samhälle. I skolan kan svårigheter uppstå för de elever som på något sätt avviker från heteronormen. Svenska lärarutbildningar berör ämnet sex och samlevnad i mycket begränsad utsträckning vilket kan medföra att lärare inte har den kunskap som krävs för att undervisa i ämnet. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur niondeklassare uppfattar att heteronormen behandlas i sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen. För att ta reda på elevernas egna uppfattningar och åsikter kring undervisningen konstruerades en enkät som besvarades utav 194 elever i årskurs nio vid fyra olika grundskolor i Skåne. Resultatet visar att de elever som har fått vara delaktiga i upplägget av sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen i större utsträckning har lärt sig något nytt/betydande och fått mer information om deras rättigheter och skyldigheter rörande sexualitet. Det framkommer även att undervisningen har ett patogent och preventivt fokus och lägger mycket vikt vid könssjukdomar och preventivmedel. Fokus ligger till stor del på sex, och samlevnadsdelen hamnar i skymundan. Eleverna uttrycker i egna ord att lärarna verkar tycka att ämnet är genant och att undervisningen fokuserar på saker som eleverna redan vet. De uttrycker även att de skulle vilja ha mer undervisning om sexuella läggningar. Slutsatser som kan dras av studien är att det finns en antydan till att skolans sex- och samlevnadsundervisning är heteronormativ och utgår i hög grad från det heterosexuella samhället. Ofta berörs andra sexuella läggningar än heterosexuell som problemfrågor. / Our study is about heteronormativity in the elementary schools sex education. Heteronormativity is the assumption that the only right and normal way to be is heterosexual. Norms exists everywhere across cultures and groups. Heteronormativity is a leading and global norm in our society. Problems can arise for those students who in any way deviate from the heterosexual norm. Teacher education in Sweden involve sex and social life in a very limited extent. This may mean that teachers do not have the skills that are necessary to teach the subject. The aim of our study was to investigate how ninth graders perceive that heteronormativity is treated in the sex education. To find out the students' own perceptions and opinions about teaching, a questionnaire was constructed that was answered out of 194 students in ninth grade at four different elementary schools in Skåne. The results showed that students who had been involved in the arrangement of sex education to a greater extent have learned something new / substantial and have learned more about their rights and obligations relating to sexuality. It also reveals that the education has a pathogenic and preventive focus, and puts much emphasis on sexually transmitted diseases and contraceptives. The focus is largely on sex, the part about relationships and social life remain in the background. The students express in their own words that the teachers seem to think the topic is embarrassing and that teaching is focused on things that students already know. They also express their wish for more education about sexual orientations. Conclusions that can be drawn from this study suggest that the school's sex education is heteronormative and assumes much of the heterosexual community. Furthermore it often involves other sexual orientations as problem areas.

Orientador: Marcelo de Carvalho Borba / Banca: Jonei Cerqueira Barbosa / Banca: Otávio Roberto Jacobini / Resumo: Nesta pesquisa, investiguei como os alunos utilizam as Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) nos Projetos de Modelagem Matemática. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com alunos do primeiro ano do curso de Ciências Biológicas da Unesp, campus de Rio Claro, na disciplina Matemática Aplicada. O professor convidou os alunos para que, reunidos em grupos, investigassem um tema qualquer do cotidiano, escolhido por eles. Os dados foram coletados por meio da observação de aulas da disciplina e das reuniões em horário extra, das entrevistas com os grupos dos Projetos de Modelagem e dos documentos produzidos pelos alunos. Estabeleci esses procedimentos de pesquisa pois considero que estão em harmonia com a visão de conhecimento sintetizada pelo construto teórico do coletivo Seres-Humanos-com- Mídias, evidenciando o papel das TIC na produção de conhecimentos. A análise de dados aponta que os alunos utilizaram a Internet para realizar parte das suas pesquisas, com uma seleção, a priori, de sites, os quais, identifiquei como sendo, para eles, sites oficiais. Os estudantes também utilizaram softwares gráficos para realizar simulações, que nomeei como sendo positivas, negativas e nebulosas, possibilitando previsões para o passado e para o futuro. Também fiz um exercício inicial de reflexão sobre o uso do email feito pelos alunos, para que possibilitasse a discussão do trabalho e a produção do relatório escrito. Esses temas de análise possibilitaram engendrar possíveis aspectos sobre a combinação das perspectivas reorganização e a cidadania (relativas ao uso das TIC na Educação Matemática) com a perspectiva dos Projetos de Modelagem. Com isso, esta pesquisa gera novas reflexões para a área, compondo parte do Mosaico de pesquisas em Modelagem. / Abstract: In this study, I investigated how students use Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Mathematical Modeling Projects. The research was developed with first-year Biology majors at Unesp, Rio Claro campus, participating in an Applied Mathematics course. The professor invited the students to form groups and choose any theme from their everyday lives to investigate in the class. The data were collected by means of: in-class observations as well as observations of meetings held outside of class; interviews with the Modeling Project groups; and analysis of the documents they produced. I established these research procedures because I considered them to be in harmony with the view of knowledge synthesized in the theoretical construct of the Humans-with-Media collective, providing evidence of the role of ICT in the production of knowledge. Data analysis indicated that students used the Internet to carry out part of their research, with an a priori selection of the sites, which I identified as being official sites for them. The students also used graphing software to conduct simulations, which I characterized as positive, negative, or nebulous, making possible predictions positive and negative. I also did an initial reflective exercise about students' use of e-mail to facilitate discussion of the work and production of the written report. These analytic themes made it possible to identify possible aspects of the combination of the perspectives of reorganization and citizenship (related to the use of ICT in Mathematics Education) with the perspective of modeling projects. The study generates new reflections for this field of study, composing part of the mosaic of research on Modeling. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-04-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:21:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 diniz_ln_me_rcla.pdf: 642209 bytes, checksum: b771fc2d2779ed3b064ee392fec7f231 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Nesta pesquisa, investiguei como os alunos utilizam as Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) nos Projetos de Modelagem Matemática. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com alunos do primeiro ano do curso de Ciências Biológicas da Unesp, campus de Rio Claro, na disciplina Matemática Aplicada. O professor convidou os alunos para que, reunidos em grupos, investigassem um tema qualquer do cotidiano, escolhido por eles. Os dados foram coletados por meio da observação de aulas da disciplina e das reuniões em horário extra, das entrevistas com os grupos dos Projetos de Modelagem e dos documentos produzidos pelos alunos. Estabeleci esses procedimentos de pesquisa pois considero que estão em harmonia com a visão de conhecimento sintetizada pelo construto teórico do coletivo Seres-Humanos-com- Mídias, evidenciando o papel das TIC na produção de conhecimentos. A análise de dados aponta que os alunos utilizaram a Internet para realizar parte das suas pesquisas, com uma seleção, a priori, de sites, os quais, identifiquei como sendo, para eles, sites oficiais. Os estudantes também utilizaram softwares gráficos para realizar simulações, que nomeei como sendo positivas, negativas e nebulosas, possibilitando previsões para o passado e para o futuro. Também fiz um exercício inicial de reflexão sobre o uso do email feito pelos alunos, para que possibilitasse a discussão do trabalho e a produção do relatório escrito. Esses temas de análise possibilitaram engendrar possíveis aspectos sobre a combinação das perspectivas reorganização e a cidadania (relativas ao uso das TIC na Educação Matemática) com a perspectiva dos Projetos de Modelagem. Com isso, esta pesquisa gera novas reflexões para a área, compondo parte do Mosaico de pesquisas em Modelagem. / In this study, I investigated how students use Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Mathematical Modeling Projects. The research was developed with first-year Biology majors at Unesp, Rio Claro campus, participating in an Applied Mathematics course. The professor invited the students to form groups and choose any theme from their everyday lives to investigate in the class. The data were collected by means of: in-class observations as well as observations of meetings held outside of class; interviews with the Modeling Project groups; and analysis of the documents they produced. I established these research procedures because I considered them to be in harmony with the view of knowledge synthesized in the theoretical construct of the Humans-with-Media collective, providing evidence of the role of ICT in the production of knowledge. Data analysis indicated that students used the Internet to carry out part of their research, with an a priori selection of the sites, which I identified as being official sites for them. The students also used graphing software to conduct simulations, which I characterized as positive, negative, or nebulous, making possible predictions positive and negative. I also did an initial reflective exercise about students' use of e-mail to facilitate discussion of the work and production of the written report. These analytic themes made it possible to identify possible aspects of the combination of the perspectives of reorganization and citizenship (related to the use of ICT in Mathematics Education) with the perspective of modeling projects. The study generates new reflections for this field of study, composing part of the mosaic of research on Modeling.

Enligt Skollagen (2010:800) har varje elev rätt till en skoldag där studiero och trygghet råder. När Skolinspektionen (2020) sammanställde resultaten från Skolenkäterna mellan 2010–2020 så visade resultatet att elevers upplevelse av trygghet hade minskat med 10 procentenheter. Av de deltagande eleverna upplevde hela 21 % av dem att de kände sig otrygga när de kom till skolan (ibid.). Relationer och regler är enligt Robert Thornberg (2013) viktiga faktorer för att lyckas skapa ett tryggt klimat i skolan. Jonas Aspelin och Sven Persson (2011) beskriver att det finns en obalans i elevernas behov av stöd med deras relationer och det stöd de får. Karin Redelius (2004) menar att det i samband med idrottsundervisningen finns elever som upplever sig otrygga, stressade och dåliga. Enligt Madeleine Wiker (2017) upplever en del elever ett obehag kring att undervisningen i ämnet innebär att elevers förmågor visas upp för andra. Detta tillsammans med otrygga situationer i samband med ombyte i omklädningsrummen är faktorer som kan påverka måluppfyllelsen i ämnet Idrott och hälsa (ibid.). Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur fenomenet trygghet beskrivs av idrottslärare. Syftet är också att undersöka hur relationen mellan elevers upplevelse av trygghet och deras prestationer beskrivs samt hur trygghetsfenomenet påverkar idrottslärarens arbete. I studien har en kvalitativ metod använts. Till studien valdes sex idrottslärare ut genom ett målinriktat urval. Datainsamlingen genomfördes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer där det inhämtade materialet sedan analyserades med en fenomenografisk metodansats.  Resultatet av intervjuerna visar att fenomenet trygghet beskrivs och uppfattas olika av de sex idrottslärarna och att de visar att fenomenet har ett brett utfallsrum. Alla idrottslärare är överens om att det finns en relation mellan upplevelsen av trygghet och elevernas prestationer. Utöver den gemensamma åsikten kring att tryggheten påverkar elevernas prestationer nämns även situationer där prestationerna kan påverka elevernas trygghet. Idrottslärarna ger en bred bild utav hur fenomenet trygghet påverkar idrottslärarens arbete där de ger konkreta beskrivningar utav hur fenomenet påverkar valet av arbetsmetoder. / According to the Education Act (2010: 800), every student has the right to a school day where study peace and security prevails. When the Swedish Schools Inspectorate (2020) compiled the results from the School Surveys between 2010–2020, the results showed that students' experience of security had decreased by 10 percentage points. Of the participating students, as many as 21% of them experienced that they felt insecure when they came to school (ibid.). According to Robert Thornberg (2013), relationships and rules are important factors in succeeding in creating a safe climate in schools. Jonas Aspelin and Sven Persson (2011) describe that there is an imbalance in students' need for support with their relationships and the support they receive. Karin Redelius (2004) believes that in connection with physical education, there are students who feel insecure, stressed and bad. According to Madeleine Wiker (2017), some students experience discomfort about the fact that teaching the subject means that students' abilities are shown to others. This, together with insecure situations in connection with changing in the changing rooms, are factors that can affect the fulfillment of goals in the subject Sports and Health (ibid.). The purpose of the study is to investigate how the phenomenon of security is described by physical education teachers. The purpose is also to investigate how the relationship between students' experience of security and their performance is described and how the security phenomenon affects the physical education teacher's work. In the study, a qualitative method was used. For the study, six sports teachers were selected through a goal-oriented selection. The data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews where the obtained material was then analyzed with a phenomenographic method approach. The results of the interviews show that the phenomenon of security is described and perceived differently by the six sports teachers and that they show that the phenomenon has a wide range of outcomes. All physical education teachers agree that there is a relationship between the experience of security and students' performance. In addition to the common opinion that security affects students 'performance, situations are also mentioned where performance can affect students' security. The physical education teachers give a broad picture of how the phenomenon of security affects the physical education teacher's work, where they give concrete descriptions of how the phenomenon affects the choice of working methods.

(in english) The diploma thesis deals with professional motivation and attitude to the education of secondary school students. The work is divided into theoretical and empirical part. The theoretical part is primarily focused on the issue of secondary education with emphasis on secondary vocational schools of pedagogy. Subsequently, this part defines the term "pedagogical worker" and the association with professional motivation and professional education. The aim of the research was to find out how students of secondary pedagogical schools assess their professional readiness and how their professional motivation changes during their studies. The data were obtained through a questionnaire survey that was given to students studying in the fields of preschool and extra-curricular pedagogy and pedagogical lyceum. The evaluation of the questionnaire survey found out the results that show predominantly the positive attitude of student's education provided by the schools within the study of pedagogy and their professional training. The results of the research show that the greatest importance for respondents is the ability to combine theoretical knowledge with practical skills, which means that the students also evaluate their studies very positively. The students see the greatest income in the...

5 Abstract This diploma thesis is focused on the development of lifelong education of general nurses in the Czech Republic. The duty of lifelong education and its control has been introduced with the admission of the Czech Republic into the European Union. However, the development timeline is possible to follow until the period after the Second World War. The theoretical part describes the term of non-medical occupations, nursing and the roles of general nurses. Within the concept of lifelong education and learning is pursued European development line, as well as its influence in the Czech Republic. There is also a track of professionalism within the nursing occupation, which enables general nurses to take over more responsibilities and this led to the requirement of higher education. The empirical part of the text is dedicated to the analysis of the questionnaire of my own construction, which examined rapport of lifelong learning principles by general nurses. These principles were chosen on the base of nursing strategies which were acquired by the Czech Republic. The interest of the research was to compare two groups of general nurses. The first was represented by nurses educated before adopting the law no. 96/2004, and the second group included nurses with tertiary education level. Key words: general...

This master thesis deals with history teaching from 1948 up to 1970. The main focus is not put on the way how the teaching looked really like, but it deals with the teaching methods how history should be taught. The major sources are journals of education for history teaching, mostly Dějepis ve škole and the preceding and following journals. The basic question is whether the magazines could have really helped the teachers in terms of teaching methodology and what was this support like. In the first chapter the history of education is described, the second chapter deals with the journals of education for history teaching. Next is described how a lesson should look like, the whole-class presentation, examination, revision, using a textbook. Special chapter deals with various tools for history teaching, including maps, images, audiovisual aids and literature. Moreover there is covered regional history, excursions, cooperation with museums and archives. In the end the basic question is answered; the journals were able to help the teachers well, many interesting and inspiring articles were in them. Nowadays, the problems of history teaching are almost the same, the have not been solved yet. Furthermore in the end are discussed special methodological debates in the half-public space that were present in...