Esta tese parte da função substantiva da Filologia ao realizar a transcrição semidiplomática de cem documentos oficiais setecentistas chancelados no período de 1765 a 1775. Esse conjunto contempla exemplares da documentação administrativa ascendente (ativa) e descendente (passiva) do Governador e Capitão-General da capitania de São Paulo, o Morgado de Mateus. O Morgado de Mateus é ora autor, ora interlocutor da Coroa Portuguesa, personificada na autoridade superior do Rei Dom José, que é representado pelo ministro do Reino, o Conde de Oeiras (posteriormente, Marquês de Pombal) e por dois secretários do Reino, Francisco Xavier de Mendonça Furtado e Martinho de Melo e Castro. Com base nas funções filológica, adjetiva e transcendente, analisam-se os documentos do corpus com o apoio das ciências auxiliares da Filologia: a Codicologia, a Crítica Textual, a Diplomática e a Paleografia. A partir dessas abordagens, retratam-se padrões de diferenciação de ordem codicológica, diplomática e paleográfica entre os documentos ativos e os passivos. A oposição entre documentos ativos e passivos (ou ascendentes e descendentes) também se estabelece em nível textual. Para a identificação de diferentes padrões discursivos no corpus, partimos de pressupostos da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (LSF), prescrita por Halliday e Matthiessen (2004), que considera a língua como uma rede de sistemas capaz de produzir significados de acordo com o contexto em que é utilizada. A língua, concebida como um sistema aberto e dinâmico orientado para a ação e para a reflexão, é empregada tanto para construir e comunicar as experiências humanas quanto para a negociação das relações interpessoais envolvidas na comunicação, cumprindo as duas metafunções ideacional e interpessoal. Complementar a elas, a metafunção textual seria a codificação dos textos, como processos de significação da língua, produzidos em relação a um dado contexto de ordem situacional e sociocultural. A importância atribuída ao contexto pela LSF acrescenta o viés da contextualização histórica às análises da construção e da estruturação discursivo-textual do corpus. Em tais análises destaca-se a metafunção interpessoal por meio das marcas linguísticas indicativas de valoração. Por conta desses destaques, adota-se a Teoria da Avaliatividade postulada por Martin e White (2005). Dessa forma, apoiadas as análises em pressupostos teórico-metodológicos que permitem um refinamento analítico nos subsistemas da Atitude, da Gradação e do Engajamento, reiteraram-se as distinções entre os eixos ascendente e descendente do corpus. Para aprofundar as análises, classificaram-se os documentos, tendo-se em vista o tipo de negociação intersubjetiva almejado. Em acréscimo ao levantamento dos recursos avaliativos pelos quais se vislumbram aspectos da intersubjetividade e da ideologia em voga, mapeiam-se as fórmulas inerentes à documentação oficial administrativa. A associação das perspectivas filológica e discursiva adotadas visam a comprovar a hipótese central desta tese, que é a seguinte: a correspondência oficial analisada apresenta diferentes padrões filológicos e discursivos, condicionados por fatores socioculturais e linguísticos que incidem sobre quem escreve e sobre quem controla a escrita desses documentos. / This doctoral dissertation deals with the substantive function of Philology by performing the semidiplomatic transcription of 100 eighteenth-century official documents registered by the chancelleries within the period from 1765 to 1775. This range of official handwritten documents covers examples of the administrative documentation as much the ascendant type (active) as the descendant type (passive) of the governor and captain-general of the captaincy of São Paulo, the Morgado de Mateus. The Morgado de Mateus figures as the author in the active documents and in the passive ones as the interlocutor of the Portuguese Kingdom, which is personified by the superior authority of the King Joseph I. The king is represented by the minister of the Kingdom, the Count of Oeiras (posteriorly, the Marquis of Pombal) and its two secretaries, Francisco Xavier de Mendonça Furtado and Martinho de Melo e Castro. The analysis of the corpus is developed on the basis of the philological, adjective and transcendent functions and supported by the light of auxiliary sciences of Philology: the Codicology, the Textual Criticism, the Diplomatic and the Paleography. Patterns of differentiation of codicologic, diplomatic and paleographic order depict from this sort of approach among the active and passive documents. The opposition between the active and the passive documents (or ascendant and descendant) is also established at the discursive level. The main theoretical premises behind the attempt of identifying different discursive patterns from the corpus are those of the Systemic-Functional Linguistic shared by Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), which consider the language as a web of systems capable of producing significance according to the context in which it is used. The language assumed as an open and dynamic system oriented to the acting and the thinking is employed as much in order to build and communicate human experiences as to negotiate interpersonal relationships involved in communication, accomplishing both metafunctions, ideational and interpersonal. The textual metafunction, as a complement to these, is to be the codification of the texts, as processes of significance in language produced in relation to a given context of situational and sociocultural order. The importance attached to the context by the Systemic-Functional Linguistic designs the lines of historical contextualization to the analysis of the discursive-textual construction and structuring of the corpus. On these grounds, the analysis evidences the interpersonal metafunction by means of the linguistics marks indicating valuation. This study adopts the Appraisal Theory postulated by Martin and White (2005) for the reason of these evidences. In this way, analysis based on theoretic-methodological premises that allow the analytical refining of the subsystems of Attitude, Graduation and Engagement reaffirmed the distinctiveness between the ascendant and the descendant axles of the corpus. Aiming the deepening of the present studies, the documents are classified according to the type of intersubjective negotiation targeted. In addition to the collecting of evaluative resources, by which we envisioned some aspects of the trending intersubjectivity and ideology, this work presents a mapping of the formula inherent to the administrative official documentation. From the outcome of our investigation, carried out through the association of the philological and the discursive perspective, it is provided confirmatory evidence to prove the central hypothesis of this work: the official correspondence analyzed demonstrates the existence of different philological and discursive patterns that are conditioned by factors from sociocultural and linguistic order affecting who writes the documents and also who controls the writing of these sort of papers.

O presente trabalho analisa a emergência da ideia de direitos do homem na obra de Rousseau, procurando compreendê-la como parte de uma nova sensibilidade em relação ao homem. Entendemos que essa nova disposição foi o fundamento sobre o qual se pôde assentar a Declaration des droits de lhomme et du citoyen de 1789. Procuramos mostrar como esse novo sentimento em relação aos direitos dos homens está ligado a um processo mais amplo de ressignificação da religião cristã. Rousseau fará uma nova leitura do cristianismo, procurando enfrentar temas tradicionais como pecado original, divindade de Cristo, milagres e revelação, polemizando em seus escritos com os materialistas e os integrantes das ortodoxias religiosas do Antigo Regime, seja o arcebispo de Paris, sejam os protestantes do Conselho da República de Genebra. Ao longo desses debates, Jean-Jacques procurará defender um cristianismo mais próximo da mensagem original dos Evangelhos, por um lado criticando o modelo religioso hegemônico e seu recorrente apelo ao mistério, e por outro, postulando por uma religião favorável à causa do homem e de seus direitos. / This paper analyzes the emergence of the idea of human rights in Rousseau\'s work, trying to understand it as part of a new sensibility about the man. We believe that this new provision was the basis on which might become the Declaration des droits de l\'homme et du citoyen, 1789. We show how this new feeling about the rights of men is linked to a broader process of reinterpretation of the Christian religion. Rousseau will make a new reading of Christianity, looking face traditional subjects as original sin, divinity of Christ, miracles and revelation, discussing in his writings with the materialist and members of religious orthodoxies of the Old Regime, be the archbishop of Paris or the Protestants of the Council of the Republic of Geneva. Throughout these discussions, Jean-Jacques seek to defend Christianity closer to an original message of the Gospels, first criticizing the hegemonic religious model and its recurring appeal to mystery, and second, by positing a religion helpful to the cause of man and their rights.

A historiografia local, ao longo de vários anos, tem creditado à produção de açúcar e a aos engenhos, e posteriormente às usinas, o papel preponderante na formação da sociedade alagoana de uma forma geral, inclusive de sua materialidade. Entretanto, fontes documentais do século XVIII demonstram que, ao menos nesse período, outros agentes contribuíram intensamente, com igual, ou talvez maior, importância no processo de urbanização de Alagoas. Em um único manuscrito, localizado na Biblioteca Nacional, por exemplo, a quantidade de fazendas de gado é mais do que o dobro do número de engenhos. Outro aspecto que este mesmo documento demonstra é a coexistência de diversas atividades em uma mesma região, contradizendo a espacialização produtiva afirmada pela historiografia. Neste sentido, a presente tese consiste em um esforço de investigação, com base no cruzamento de uma historiografia local com as fontes documentais do século XVIII,sobre o processo de formação urbana de Alagoas, buscando um olhar mais ampliado sobre outros aspectos importantes nesse processo.Considerando o território uma composição de múltiplas camadas de significados,amalgamadas ao longo do tempo, mas que estão em uma constante transformação,ocasionando assim o acúmulo de processos, formas e expressões de tempo, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para a compreensão do processo de urbanização de Alagoas durante o período colonial, com enfoque nos movimentos ocorridos durante o século XVIII, a partir da análise da atuação de diferentes agentes determinantes, bem como da relação entre eles. / The local historiography, over several years, has credited to the sugar production and to the mills, the preponderant role in the formation of the Alagoan society in general, including its materiality. However, documentary sources of the eighteenth century show that, at least in this period, other agents contributed intensely, with equal or perhaps greater importance in the process of urbanization of Alagoas. In a single manuscript, located in the National Library, for example, the number of cattle farms is more than twice the number of mills. Another aspect that this same document demonstrates is the coexistence of several activities in the same region, contradicting the productive spatialization affirmed by historiography. In this sense, the present thesis consists of a research effort, based on the intersection of a local historiography with documentary sources of the eighteenth century, on the process of urban formation of Alagoas, seeking a broader look at other important aspects in this process. Considering the territory a composition of multiple layers of meanings, amalgamated over time, but that are in a constant transformation, thus causing the accumulation of processes, forms and expressions of time, the main objective of this work is to contribute to the understanding of the process of urbanization of Alagoas during the colonial period, focusing on the movements that occurred during the eighteenth century, based on the analysis of the performance of different determining agents, as well as the relationship between them.

Selon une conception traditionnelle, l’exemple est défini comme un outil de clarification et d’illustration du discours et de la pensée. La thèse met en lumière comment Jean-Jacques Rousseau déplace les usages séculaires de l’exemple pour le constituer en pierre de touche d’une démarche à la fois littéraire et philosophique en vue d’accéder à une nouvelle connaissance des hommes. Prenant appui sur une analyse des différents procédés d’écriture selon lesquels Rousseau mobilise les exemples dans le Discours sur les sciences et les arts et dans le Discours sur l’origine de l’inégalité, l’enquête fait apparaître une fonction à la fois critique, heuristique et anthropologique de l’exemple. Elle analyse ensuite la complexification du statut de l’exemple dans l’Émile qui peut être lu non seulement comme une contribution théorique à une nouvelle pensée de l’exemple mais aussi comme une entreprise en elle-même exemplaire d’une nouvelle réflexion sur l’articulation de la théorie et de la pratique. Dans un troisième temps, elle interroge la valeur exemplaire de La Nouvelle Héloïse à l’aune de plusieurs lettres qui intercalent, au sein de la fiction, un débat réflexif sur la valeur d’exemplarité du livre en train de s’écrire. Enfin, elle s’intéresse au statut problématique du « je » dans Les Confessions dont les protestations d’unicité de leur narrateur fondent, dans une contradiction féconde, un modèle d’exemplarité en lien avec la revendication d’une singularité universelle. / According to a traditionnal conception, example is perceived as an instrument of clarification and illustration of the speech and the thought. The thesis brings into focus how Jean-Jacques Rousseau moves ancient uses of example to turn it into the touchstone of a literary and philosophical process, in order to reach a new understanding of men. Based on an analysis of the different uses of examples in the Discours sur les sciences et les arts and the Discours sur l’origine de l’inégalité, the thesis reveals a critical, heuristic and anthropological function of example. Then, the thesis analyses the complexification of the example’s status in Émile, that can be read as a theoretical contribution to a new thought of example, but also as a text exemplary in itself of a new reflexion about the articulation of theory and practice. In a third time, the thesis examines the Nouvelle Héloïse’s exemplary value in the light of several letters, that insert a reflexive debate about the exemplarity of the book. Finally, the thesis takes an interest in the problematic status of the narrator in the Confessions whose the protests of uniqueness create, in a fertile contradiction, a model of exemplarity, connected to the assertion of a universal singularity.

Aujourd’hui quand on pense à Voltaire, on songe à ses contes. Qui ne connaît pas Candide ou Zadig ? Néanmoins, au XVIIIème siècle, il était surtout célèbre et souhaitait surtout être célébré pour son théâtre. Plusieurs spécialistes se sont déjà penchés sur la réception de ce théâtre en France. Mais qu’en était-il à l’étranger ? Il semble que la figure de Voltaire en tant que dramaturge ait été respectée dans l’Europe des Lumières. Il est dans les Provinces-Unies, les anciens Pays-Bas, considéré comme le grand tenant du classicisme. En outre, certains aspects de son théâtre ont particulièrement plu. Il s’agissait de l’exotisme présent dans ses pièces, mais aussi de ce qui a été remarqué et souvent intensifié, le patriotisme. On parle souvent de ses tragédies dont Zaïre est la plus connue, mais on oublie souvent ses comédies. Elles ont pourtant rencontré un certain succès dans un pays où la culture française malgré de nombreuses attaques conserve un certain prestige. / Nowadays, when you think about Voltaire, you think about his “Tales”. Who does not know Candide or Zadig? However, in the XVIIIth century, he was famous and wanted to be celebrated for his theater. A few specialists already studied the reception of his theater in France. But what happened outside France? It seems that Voltaire as a dramatist was very appreciated in the Europe of the Enlightment. He is in the “United Provinces”, today the Netherlands, seen as the main figure of Classicism. Moreover, some aspects of his plays were found of particular interest: the exoticism of some of them, and specifically the patriotism often intensified in the translations. We talk about his tragedies like Zaïre, the best known, but we forget his comedies most of the time. However, the public who loved them have been in a country, where despite the critics, the French culture has kept her Glory.

En 1737, Juan Martínez Salafranca, Leopoldo Jerónimo Puig et Francisco Javier de la Huerta lancent la publication du Diario de los literatos, premier vrai journal espagnol. Dédié à l’analyse d’ouvrages, le Diario est également le premier journal culturel qui voit le jour en Espagne. Dans son sillage, les parutions ayant pour objet les lettres, les arts, les sciences et les moeurs vont ensuite se multiplier tout au long du XVIIIe siècle. Cette étude se propose de faire l’analyse de cette presse culturelle espagnole, de sa naissance jusqu’en 1808, année au cours de laquelle la Guerre d’Indépendance vient marquer un temps d’arrêt dans son évolution.L’objectif de ce travail est de déterminer la part d’originalité dont fait preuve la presse culturelle espagnole du XVIIIe siècle, en tant que pratique et en tant que genre, vis‐à‐vis des autres écrits de l’époque. Dans cette perspective, sont considérées la manière qu’ont les périodiques d’appréhender les événements qui ponctuent le quotidien de leur ville de parution, les dimensions et les caractéristiques graphiques des numéros dont ils sont composés. Est également interrogé le système énonciatif en vigueur dans la presse : les voix qui apparaissent au fil des pages, leur mise en relation ainsi que la place qui est laissée à l’expression de la subjectivité. L’analyse des modalités d’écriture dont témoignent articles historiques, critiques d’ouvrages et réflexions morales suppose, quant à elle, d’examiner les liens qu’entretient la presse avec les genres existants. Cette étude examine, enfin, les objectifs que prétendent remplir les journalistes et la logique interne qui découle de ceux‐ci. / In 1737, Juan Martínez Salafranca, Leopoldo Jerónimo Puig and Francisco Javier de la Huertastarted publishing the Diario de los literatos, the first genuine Spanish newspaper. Dedicatedto book reviews, the Diario was also the first cultural newspaper to appear in Spain.Following its example, the number of publications devoted to literature, arts, science andsocial criticism increased throughout the century. It is, therefore, the purpose of this studyto analyse the Spanish cultural press from its first appearance up to the beginning of thePeninsular War in 1808, a conflict which caused a lull in the evolution of the genre.This research aims to determine the originality of this type of press, as a practice and as agenre, compared to other types of writings of the period. From this perspective, it examineshow these newspapers assimilated the events which marked the everyday life of their placeof publication, and studies the dimensions and graphic characteristics of each newspaper’sset of issues. It also explores the enunciative system adopted by this type of press: the voicesthat appear over the pages, their relationship throughout the text and the space given to theexpression of subjectivity. The analysis of the different writing systems of historical articles,book reviews and moral reflexions, implies the study of relationships prevailing betweenthe press and other existing genres. Finally, this research also highlights the aims thatjournalists claim to pursue and the resulting logic of cultural press.

This thesis examines the spiritual lives of eighteenth-century English women through an analysis of their personal writings. It explores the manuscripts of religious women who practised their faith by writing letters, diaries, poetry, and other highly personal texts—texts that give unique access to the interior, spiritual lives of their authors. Concerned not only with the individual meaning of those writings but with their communal meanings, it argues that women’s informal writing, written within personal relationships, acted to undergird, guide, and indeed shape religious communities in vital and unexplored ways. Through an exploration of various significant personal relationships, both intra- and inter-generationally, this thesis demonstrates the multiple ways in which women were active in ‘writing religious communities’. The women discussed here belonged to communities that habitually communicated through personal writing. At the same time, their acts of writing were creative acts, powerful to build and shape religious communities: these women wrote religious community. A series of interweaving case studies guide my analysis and discussion. The thesis focuses on Catherine Talbot (1721–70), Anne Steele (1717–78), and Ann Bolton (1743–1822), and on their literary interactions with friends and family. Considered together, these subjects and sources allow comparison across denomination, for Talbot was Anglican, Steele Baptist, and Bolton Methodist. After an introductory chapter, Chapter Two focuses on spiritual friendship, showing how women used personal writings within peer relationships to think through religious ideas and encourage faith commitments. Chapter Three considers older women as spiritual elders, arguing that elderly women sometimes achieved honoured status in religious communities and were turned to for spiritual direction. Chapter Four explores the ways in which women offered religious instruction to spiritual children through the creative use of informal writings, including diaries and poetry. And Chapter Five considers women’s personal writings as spiritual legacy, as they were preserved by family and friends and continued to function in religious communities after the death of their authors.

This dissertation is a study of how the culture of sensibility was expressed in the everyday practices and social relations of the Gjörwell family. Headed by publicist, publisher and royal librarian Carl Christoffer Gjörwell (1731-1811), the Gjörwell family served as the centre of a wide circle of friends in late 18th-century Stockholm. Gjörwell has been regarded as one of the first Swedish representatives of 18th-century sensibility as well as an archetype of the Swedish cult of friendship. Due to his effusive emotional expressiveness and passionate friendships with other men, Gjörwell has largely been derided as effeminate by researchers from the 19th century onwards. Using theoretical perspectives from the field of the history of emotions (more concretely the perspectives of William Reddy, Barbara Rosenwein and Monique Scheer) this study centres on the emotional practices of the Gjörwell family, especially taking aspects of gender, class, sexuality and power into account. Gjörwell’s vast collection of family and friendship correspondence forms the empirical basis of this study. This study shows that the Gjörwell family and circle of friends in many ways could be regarded as an emotional community in which primarily emotions of happiness and joy are expressed. Furthermore, this study shows how the exercise of power could form part in the creation of an emotional community, as Gjörwell makes constant attempts to influence the way family members and friends manage their emotions, strongly dissuading them from the expression of melancholy. Although he has been viewed as effeminate by posterity, Gjörwell in fact regards himself as manly. This is due to his ability to remain joyful through adversities which testifies to his strong, and therefore manly, nervous organisation. This study thus further illustrates how a marked shift in masculine gender norms took place between the 18th and 19th centuries. This study also shows how expression of tender emotion could be a way of reinforcing personal status. This was due to the close association made between sensibility and virtue, in itself a central concept during this era. As Gjörwell is denied recognition in his professional life, the expression of tender emotion – and thus of virtue – becomes an important aspect of his personal life.

This study provides a new account of the evolution of the eighteenth-century British novel by reading it as a response to contemporary interest in, and self-consciousness about, print communication. During the eighteenth century, print went from being a marginal technology to being one with an increasingly wide circulation and a diverse range of applications. The pervasive adoption of print generated anxiety about its positive and negative effects, prompting a series of responses from writers. Examining the work of five British novelists from across the long eighteenth century, this dissertation investigates the influence of eighteenth-century philosophical thinking about human understanding and social interaction on the assumptions that these novelists made about the way their work would be received. In particular, this thesis explores the ways in which these novelists respond to contemporary philosophical ideas about the cognitive functions of the imagination by experimenting with the form of their work in order to generate new kinds of reception. But this study also shows that, while these five novelists drew on the tenets of eighteenth-century moral philosophy, their work exposed a number of the limitations of that philosophy by putting it into practice. Each chapter in this study focuses on a different aspect of the intersection of mediation and imagination. Chapter One considers the ways in which Locke's understanding of probability informed Richardson's attempts to promote specific affective reading practices with his epistolary fictions and editorial commentary. Chapter Two reads Sterne's manipulations of the material page in Tristram Shandy as an attempt to expose the limitations of print communication and to suggest new ways of reading that could overcome those limitations. Chapter Three examines the writing of Smith, Kames, Mackenzie, Reeve and Godwin in order to illustrate both the promise and the danger that these authors attribute to imaginative sympathy and to the reading practices that promote sympathetic reactions. Chapter Four explores Scott's experiments with a form of fiction that could collapse the distance between writing and orality in order to force readers to reevaluate the complex relationship of sound and writing in the establishment of communities in an age of print. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

This thesis draws the line of a rise and a fall, an ironic pattern whereby the English stage of the long eighteenth century, in its relation to Shakespeare in particular, first acquired powerful influence, and then, through the very effects of that power, lost it. It also shows what contemporary literary criticism might learn from the activities that constitute this arc of evolution. My first chapter interrogates the relationship between text and performance in vernacular writings about acting and editing from the death of Betterton in 1710 to the rise of Garrick in the middle decades of the century. From the status of a distinct tradition, performance comes to rely on text as a basis for the intimate, personal engagement with Shakespeare believed necessary to the work of the sentimental actor. Such a reliance grants the performer new potential as a literary critic, but also prepares a fall. The performer becomes another kind of reader, and so is open to accusations of reading badly. My second chapter analyses the evolving definition of Shakespeare as a dramatic author from Samuel Johnson onwards. An untheatrical definition of the dramatic (Johnson's) is answered by one which recognises the power and vitality of the stage, especially in its representation of sympathetic character (Montagu and Kenrick). Yet that very recognition leads to a set of altered critical priorities in which the theatre is, once more, relegated (Morgann and Richardson). My third and fourth chapters consider the practices and critical implications of theatrical performance of Shakespeare during Garrick's career. I focus on the acting of emotion, the portrayal of what Aaron Hill called 'the very Instant of the changing Passion', and show that performance of this time, attentive to the striking moment and the transitions that power it, required from the actor both attention to the text and preternatural control over his own emotions. In return, it allowed Garrick and others to claim a special affinity with Shakespeare and to capture the public's attention, both in the theatre and outside it. Yet this situation, that of 'twin stars', does not last. French and German responses to English acting, the concern of my last chapter, show its decline particularly well. They also, however, show the power that existed in such a union between page and stage, and equal weight is given in both my third and my fourth chapter to how the theatrical-literary insights of eighteenth-century critical culture might also illuminate modern approaches.