This paper presents a fault-tolerant (fault tolerant) can enhance the communications capabilities, improve the reliability and efficiency of in smart grid signal transmission. Meter layout with PLC or ZigBee in any topology, meter adopt Minimum Spanning Tree algorithm to achieve shortest distance and lost cost in PLC; when device contain wireless receiver, meter adopt Hungarian algorithm can search nearest itself¡¦s device to receive device information. The paper propose two fault tolerant methods: static and dynamic methods. Static method is a meter transmit to another one with regular communication even if a meter tranfmit with ZigBee; dynamic method is a meter transmit another one, ZigBee has low priority according to cost function in effective communication range. The paper simulation in any 100m2 topology, randon produce 13 SmartUnit with different number of meters and coordinate, two fault tolerant method can achieve 100% fault coverage in single link fault case; but static method use FTGDB(Fault Tolerant Generalized De Bruijn algorithm) multiple fault coverage can achieve 43% with d=4 case; dynamic method use Kth shortest path algorithm multiple fault coverage can achieve 61% with d=4 case. In other words FTGDB has average 100 communication line allow average 43 communication line fault tolerant ability with d=4 case in 13 SmartHomeUnit; Kth shortest path algorithm has average 100 communication line allow average 61 communication line fault tolerant ability with d=4 case in 13 SmartHomeUnit. If after fault tolerant achievement, count to demand energy and delay time with PLC and ZigBee, then it can offer electric company information. Electric company evaluate electric cost¡Breal time price etc¡K The paper propose a online demand response method, the method is Online Priority Tree algorithm to be counted end device¡¦s rank priority according to device importance.

The primary objective of this work is to develop an approach for evaluating GHG mitigation strategies that considers the detailed operation of the electricity system in question and to ascertain whether considering the detailed operation of the electricity system materially affects the assessment. A secondary objective is to evalute the potential benefit of flexible CO2 capture and storage. An electricity system simlator is developed based upon a deregulated electricity system containing markets for both real and reserve power. Using the IEEE RTS ???96 as a test case, the performance of the electricity system is benchmarked with GHG regulation. Two different implementations of CO2 capture are added to the electricity system ??? fixed CO2 capture and flexible CO2 capture ??? and the impact of having CCS is assessed. The results indicate that: - the assessment of GHG mtigation strategies for the electricity generation subsector should consider the detailed operation of the electricity system in question, - cost of generation alone is not necessarily a good indicator of the economic impact of GHG regulation or the deployment of a GHG mitigation strategy, - adding CCS, at even a single generating unit, can significantly reduce GHG emissions and moderate the ecnomic impact of GHG regulation relative to the cases where CCS is not present, and - a generating unit with a flexible CCS processes participates preferentially in the reserve market enabling it to increase its net energy benefit. It is conclued that there is a significant potential advantage to generating units with flexible CCS processes. The flexibiity of existing and novel CCS process should be an assessment and design criterion, respectively, and the development of novel CCS processes with optimial operability is a suggested area of future research activity. A reduced-order model of a coal-fired generating unit with flexible CO2 capture is developed and integrated into the MINLP formulation of an economic dispatch model. Both of these efforts, not observed previously in the literature, constitute an important contribution of the work as the methodology provides a template for future assessmments of CCS and other electricity mitigation strategies in the electricity generation subsector.

We have dealt with the problem arising from the incongruity between the evolution of the electricity system for meeting the objectives of economic growth, and the human/societal requirements of inclusive and affordable development, and environmental compliance, within the purview of sustainability. We conceive and define the concept of sustainability in the context of national electricity system and adopt an indicator-based hierarchical framework to assess, measure and track its sustainability. The approach necessitates prioritization, quantification and aggregation of multi-dimensional indicators of sustainability. We evaluate the Indian electricity system using this framework by benchmarking the actual dimensional indicator values against upper and lower threshold levels to compute a national electricity system sustainability index (NESSI) for India. The estimated NESSI value for India in 2013 is a low 0.377 (benchmark value is 1), which suggest that India has a substantial sustainability gap to bridge. The approach and the results imply that India or any other emerging/developing country needs to have a serious relook at (i) the goals and targets set for the electricity system, (ii) the set of prioritized technology and policy interventions, and (iii) the models and approaches adopted for strategic electricity planning. The findings from our research clearly indicate that countries like India need to adopt “minimizing sustainability gap” rather than “increasing GDP growth” as the sole criterion for deciding about the challenges raised above for the electricity system. We strongly believe that this approach will not only meet the economic development objective set for the electricity system but also help achieving the societal aspirations as well as environmental compliance. We establish that Indian electricity system is poised for an imminent transition into a sustainable system. What constitutes the inputs, the processes and the outcomes of this transition are of immense interest and have been widely debated in the literature. We motivate and implement an electricity system generation expansion model with multi-attribute technology characterization to model the sustainability transition of electricity system and understand the feasibility, cost and carbon emission implications of generation augmentation. We build on the state of the art resource and technology characterization. We obtain the expansion planning requirements for Indian electricity system by superimposing the projected incremental increase in demand with the retirement schedule. Further, building on the recent advances in power system modelling, we formulate the electricity system transition problem as a grouped integer generation scheduling and generation expansion planning model. This formulation accounts for plant startups, minimum loads, operating reserves, ramping limits and plant life. We run multiple experiments by varying the system configurations for a planning horizon of 18 years till 2032 and characterize the system on select indicators under three dimensions of sustainability for each year. Within the select scenarios, NESSI value in the terminal year varies from 0.481 to 0.51 relative to the base year value of 0.377.We throw some light on how the important questions concerning technology pathways for electricity system sustainability transition can be queried. The approach adopted for this research is two pronged. First is to formulate and subsequently answer the question: What is and what should be the electricity system of India? The second is to answer: what are the prospects for transition of electricity system into a sustainable state? How do probable technology pathways manifest in terms of national electricity system? Can renewable energy deliver? Our proposition –which we validate through this research – is to formulate and subsequently answer the questions in two phases. The two phases are briefly detailed below: In the first phase, the question we have attempted to first formulate and subsequently answer is: what is and what should be the electricity system for India? We propose to employ an indicator based approach for this part of the research, which attempts to evaluate India’s electricity system using the sustainability framework. The analysis of the indicators belonging to economic, social, environmental and institutional dimensions of sustainability will provide a deeper understanding of the system, identify and quantify the prevailing sustainability gaps and develop specific targets for interventions. We begin with a survey of literature in the domain of sustainability assessment. We identify and briefly discuss the essential concepts, ideas and methods used in sustainability assessment. We observe the emergence of electricity related concerns in the wider sustainability discourse. Next, we survey the literature on electricity systems and discuss the intersection of energy systems with development. Than we define the sustainable national electricity system and bring out the synergies between measurement of sustainable development and assessment of objectives of electricity systems. We observe cross country variations in electricity system planning objectives. While focus for developed nations has historically been economic and has subsequently included environmental concerns of climate change and pollution. In addition to economic and environmental aspects, the low levels of access as well as consumption are a reality for India and other developing nations. This adds another dimension to the status assessment and subsequent planning of national electricity system of India. Synthesis of sustainability assessment and objectives of electricity system planning in this phase culminates with conception and evaluation of National Electricity System Sustainability Index (NESSI) for India. The underlying theme throughout this phase is our attempt to first formulate and subsequently answer: What is and what should be the electricity system for India? In the second phase, a modeling approach has been developed to optimally prioritize the interventions (energy-technology supply chains) in response to the specific targets (from Phase 1) for planning a sustainable electricity system for India. All the possible supply chain interventions tracking the transitions from energy resources to electricity in the bus bar on grid (as modeled by a Reference Energy System) form the inputs for the mathematical model. The output is the optimal set of interventions as trade-off solutions, which meet the targets set by the sustainability goal. The criteria like cost, efficiency of transformation, emission coefficients and energy resource availability form the basis for developing the optimal plan. We begin this phase with survey of literature on power system modelling. Electricity system planning has been undertaken in academic and planning domains for several decades. It is only recent that, driven by the imminent challenges of de-carbonization, affordability, equity and security- which has resulted in coevolution of several possible technological, behavioral and policy intervention proposals-there is demand for coherent assessment of these propositions for electricity system transition. In our work, we have focused on supply side technology interventions. Supply side technology intervention propositions for electricity system transition more often than not involve variable renewable energy, i.e., solar and wind. Variable renewable energy technologies pose significant modelling challenges because of their characteristic intermittency which induces complex dynamics in the complimentary system, i.e., electricity generating technologies other than renewable energy. We identify tremendous activity in the domain of electricity system modelling with focus on model representation of electricity system constituents which has significant implications for the outcomes of the planning exercises undertaken with these models. Literature synthesis in this phase culminates with our attempt at mathematical modelling of generation technology pathways for electricity system in transition. Undertaking this exercise has involved preparation of model feeds: energy resource supply profiles, generation technology specifications and demand projections. We have done a series of numerical experiments to establish validity of the model. Subsequently we have validated various scenarios for Indian electricity system representing different levels of transitions, which provides insights which we expect will be useful for the stakeholders. The underlying theme throughout this phase is our attempt to answer the questions: How does one understand electricity system transition? How do electricity generating technologies interact amongst each other to yield certain set of system outputs? Can renewable energy deliver? In our pursuit of finding answers to several questions raised at various points in this thesis and alluded to above, we have done a systematic systemic diagnosis of Indian electricity system. We have developed a multi-dimensional and multi-hierarchical indicator based framework to measure national electricity system sustainability. We have assessed Indian electricity system with this framework, to understand if Indian electricity system is sustainable and how it can transition towards a more sustainable state. Based on this understanding, we have investigated electricity generation technology pathways for a transitioning electricity system. We have modelled India as a single region with aggregate temporal profiles of resource availability and hourly loads. Building on the recent literature on power system modelling and their application, this thesis is a systematic exposition of how the important questions of supply side technology portfolio concerning electricity system sustainability transition can be queried. The results are based on several instances of data inputs. Main contributions from our work are: 1. Introducing the concept of sustainability of national electricity system and defining it comprehensively for the first time. 2. Conceptualizing, developing and validating a multi-dimensional and multi-hierarchical indicator-based framework for assessing and benchmarking national electricity system sustainability. This framework is generalizable and applicable to the electricity systems of all the countries for assessing the sustainability status. 3. A composite measure of National Electricity System Sustainability Index (NESSI), which can be used to identify and quantify prevailing sustainability gaps in the national electricity system and provide a goal for sustainability transition of the electricity system through higher NESSI target values. The constituents (dimensions, themes and indicators) of NESSI can enable identification of interventions and fixing of targets for such a transition. 4. Conceptualized, developed and validated an integrated mathematical model of generation expansion planning (supply augmentation) and generation scheduling with extensive operational details for electricity system in transition. This included: Enumeration and characterization of reference electricity system (energy resources, electricity generating technologies and demand for electricity). Demand profiling which involved estimating annual peak demand and demand for electricity, consideration of annual retiring capacity and computation of representative demand profiles (load curves) for past and future years using time-series load data. Modelling variable renewable energy (wind, solar and hydro) by developing representative energy resource availability profiles using time-series data. Harmonizing the extracted temporal energy resource availability and load profiles to preserve the chronological correlations. Explicit modelling of capacity utilization by proposing and implementing unit profile inversion. Effectively, it implies that generation from the variable generation capacity, e.g., solar capacity is upper bounded by the representative profile corresponding to that capacity. Optimally selected generation technology interventions for planning sustainable electricity system for India under select scenarios. 5. Juxtaposition of indicator-based macro model of electricity system sustainability assessment with bottom-up mathematical model of generation expansion planning and generation scheduling to evaluate official Indian scenarios of electricity system planning for sustainability transition. In summary, we have developed and demonstrated an empirical instance of an integrated methodology, beginning from a systematic diagnosis of the national electricity system to a meaningful solution. Through this thesis, we have attempted to understand the alternate future electricity supply transitions, their implications for society and environment and how they are influenced by the planning decisions. In conclusion, there is substantial activity in all stakeholder domains: research activity, actions by NGOs and the government but given the long term nature of probable interventions, sustained efforts will be required to reach the desired outcomes. Future of grid is the biggest system level problem, which we believe we have illuminated to some extent and which could benefit from further research. While planning exercises using complex models are useful in their own right given the complexities of real world close monitoring and scrutiny of the evolving electricity system and timely course corrections will be critical

Electricity generation is a vital element of economic growth, and it is necessary to encourage a growth model that does not endanger the capacity of a country to generate electricity. Generating electricity entails costs. This cost is not only economical but can also be, for example, environmental. This implies that there are different trade-offs associated with choices about how to generate electricity, such as technologies, fuels, impact on the environment, construction costs, budget constraints and so on. The Federal Government owns Mexico’s electricity sector. As such not only does it write the rules of the electricity sector but it also executes these rules. The government has stated a series of guiding principles regulating the electricity sector. These guiding principles reflect the priorities that should be taken into account when designing electricity portfolios. My thesis uses financial tools to offer a new approach to the problem of developing electricity portfolios. I assume that the electricity generation mix can be seen as a portfolio of assets. Using portfolio management techniques, I demonstrate scenarios for efficient portfolios given key assumptions about generation choices and prevailing costs. I also illustrate the implications of prioritizing one guiding principle over the other in terms of portfolio cost. Finally, my use of a portfolio modeling approach highlights the complexities inherent in public policy making given the technical and cost-driven nature of the electric power businesses and value chains. My work provides a possible method for more productive evaluation of various approaches in light of mixed priorities and the broad diversity of stakeholders in Mexico. / text

Mit dem zunehmenden Ausbau von fluktuierenden erneuerbaren Energien werden zusätzliche Technologien und/oder Bereitstellungskonzepte im Stromsystem benötigt, die den Ausgleich von Angebot und Nachfrage zu jeder Zeit gewährleisten. Neben Flexibilitätsoptionen wie Stromspeicher oder flexible konventionelle Kraftwerke, können Biogasanlagen eine Technologie zur Systemintegration von fluktuierenden erneuerbaren Energien darstellen. Der zukünftige kostenoptimale Einsatz von Biogasanlagen wurde bisher nicht ausreichend untersucht. Daher sollen die Forschungsfragen beantwortet werden, ob Biogasanlagen eine ökonomisch konkurrenzfähige Flexibilitätsoption darstellen und in welchem Umfang sowie mit welcher Betriebsweise diese zukünftig kostenoptimal eingesetzt werden sollten. Dazu wurden drei verschiedene Ausbaupfade mit sich unterscheidenden Kapazitäten für Biogasanlagen und weitere erneuerbare Energien zur Zielerreichung der nationalen ZubauZiele in Deutschland für den Zeitraum 2016 – 2035 definiert. Mit Hilfe der daraus abgeleiteten Residuallastdaten wurde der Einsatz der Biogasanlagen zur Systemstabilität optimiert. Die entstehenden Werte wurden im Anschluss verwendet, um mit einem nichtlinearen Optimierungsmodell den Einsatz von Flexibilitätsoptionen kostenminimal zu ermitteln. Der reduzierte Bedarf an Flexibilitätsoptionen durch zusätzliche (flexible) Biogasanlagen sowie die verringerte Stromeinspeisung aus anderen erneuerbaren Energien stellen dabei den Nutzen der Biogasanlagen dar. Zusätzliche Kosten entstehen durch die Flexibilisierung von Bestands- als auch durch den Bau und Betrieb von Neuanlagen. Kosten und Nutzen, die mit zusätzlichen Investitionen in flexible Biogasanlagen einhergehen, wurden abschließend in einer Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse gegenübergestellt. Ein erhöhter Anteil von Biogasanlagen im zukünftigen Stromsystem reduziert die Auslastung von vergleichsweise kostenintensiven Kraftwerken und verringert die Investitionen in Stromspeicher und konventionelle Kraftwerke. Dennoch wird durch die vergleichsweise hohen Kosten von (zusätzlichen) Biogasanlagen in keinem Szenario ein ökonomisch vorteilhaftes Ergebnis erzielt. Die Unwirtschaftlichkeit von Biogasanlagen könnte im Falle eines frühzeitigen Kohleausstiegs signifikant verringert werden. Grundsätzlich sollten Biogasanlagen möglichst flexibel eingesetzt werden, um fluktuierende erneuerbare Energien in das Stromsystem zu integrieren. Ein wirtschaftlicher Betrieb von Biogasanlagen im zukünftigen Stromsystem ist nur möglich, wenn deren Kosten gesenkt und/oder zusätzliche Nutzen in anderen Sektoren und Bereichen generiert werden. Bei einer geringen Zubau-Rate von Neuanlagen wären die geringsten Kostensenkungen notwendig. / To reduce the negative impact of climate change, the German government has decided to decrease greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector through the extension of intermittent renewable energies, inter alia. The power supply from photovoltaic and wind power plants is characterized by intermittency that depends on local weather conditions. To ensure a sufficient power supply, further technologies and/or new concepts are required to balance demand and supply in the energy system with an increasing proportion of renewable energies. In addition storage technologies, the extension of power grids and conventional power plants, biogas plants can be one technological solution. However, the cost-efficient role of biogas plants has not been sufficiently assessed. The main objective of this thesis is to compare the economic feasibility of biogas plants with other flexibility options (namely storage technologies and conventional power plants) for the period of 2016 to 2035 in Germany´s electricity system. From an economic point of view, the cost-efficient future installed capacities and the modes of operation of biogas plants have to be analyzed. To do so, three biogas extension paths and renewable energy portfolios are defined for the considered period. Hourly residual load data are used to optimize the flexible power generation from biogas plants in all scenarios. The resulting residual load data (including biogas) is used as an input in a non-linear optimization model that simultaneously minimizes the costs of the hourly dispatch and the annual investments in conventional power plants and storage technologies. On the one hand, additional biogas plants in the future electricity system reduce the demand for additional flexibility options and substitute the generation from further renewable energies. On the other hand, the flexibilization of existing biogas plants and the investments in new biogas installations lead to additional costs. Finally, the resulting costs and benefits are quantified in a cost-benefit analysis. As a result, an increasing proportion of biogas plants reduces the demand for additional storage technologies and conventional power plants. Furthermore, the utilization of (existing) conventional power plants with high marginal costs in the considered period is decreased. However, in all scenarios, the costs of additional biogas plants exceed their benefits for the electricity system. This is why Germany´s electricity system is characterized by a sufficient installed capacity of existing flexibility options. An accelerated phasing-out of lignite- and coal-fired power plants to reach national greenhouse gas reduction target values improves the results of the cost-benefit analysis. The electricity generation from biogas plants should be as flexible as possible. The highest net present values are found in the extension path characterized by a low construction rate of new biogas plants. Nevertheless, compared to the phasing-out of biogas plants, additional biogas plants in Germany´s future electricity system require cost reductions and/or must be accompanied by further benefits in other sectors and areas to ensure economically feasible operation.

Before electricity liberalization was implemented in the EU, national utilities controlled energy planningand technology choices and were basically the only ones with access to energy infrastructure finance.Liberalization came to change that. One of the goals of EU policies today is to create a level playing fieldfor power production based on new technologies and decentralized supply. However, institutional,structural and other barriers hinder further RES diffusion. Such barriers need to be alleviated to acceleratethe diffusion of RES technologies. This study analyses the Swedish and Greek experiences and actions inthe energy policy area between 2003 and 2008. I identify actions and evaluate their effects highlightingsimilarities and differences between the two cases, as well as remaining challenges. I find that EU policywas a decisive national policy driver in both cases. In Greece, feed-in-tariffs created a more secureinvestment environment and a more level playing field for producers and technologies. In Sweden, thegreen certificates served to promote RES but could not avoid market control by larger players. In bothcases, rent extraction mechanisms hindering competition were found along administrative and networkaccess barriers affecting mostly wind power. In Greece, adjustments are needed to further promote PVand better manage public funds and excess profits. Market liberalization is also necessary. In Sweden, thecertificates market expansion created a more competitive environment but some technologies still needmore support. At EU level, further harmonization of rules concerning unbundling and the setting ofbinding RES targets and infringement procedures should reduce national policy risks and contribute toreduce costs for new technologies. Plurality of markets and support schemes should be pursued in orderto create a large base of technologies while international markets for more mature technologies should beestablished. A more transparent process in achieving and revising targets at national levels should also beestablished while measures to avoid lock-ins should be pursued.

India ratified the Paris Agreement in 2015. The country’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions includes reduction of emissions intensity by 33-35% in 2030 from the 2005 level and 40% of renewable energy share in the electricity mix by 2030. This study evaluated the future electricity system of Odisha, one of the states in India that is rich in mineral resources. It holds 26% of India’s coal reserves. While the current electricity system of Odisha comprises 95% of coal power generation, the state’s commitments in terms of climate goals and increasing the deployment of renewable energy sources (RES) (i.e., 3 GW by 2022) are aligned with the national goals. To encourage investment in RES and to reduce investment risks, Odisha has also set targets for renewable purchase obligations for utilities and captive consumers. They have to procure 15% of their total electricity consumption from RES (8% solar and 7% non-solar sources) by 2022. The electricity demand in the state is expected to increase due to increased economic growth and the goal to reach 100% energy access (24x7) to households. Besides, there is huge potential for energy savings in the current electricity system through improvement in energy efficiency in the end-use. The increase in electricity demand, high share of fossil in current electricity system, renewable energy target, climate goals and lack of study at the state level are the reasons to assess the future electricity system of Odisha. The study investigated the electricity system in Odisha to meet the increased electricity demand from 2018 until 2050. It estimates the technical, economic and environmental impacts of enhancing energy efficiency and renewable energy on future electricity system of Odisha by using the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System. Odisha’s future electricity system is assessed in four scenarios i.e. no new policies introduced in the future (BAU), high renewable energy share (HRE), improvement in energy efficiency (IEE) and a combination of renewable energy and energy efficiency (CER). The result shows that the energy requirements in the IEE scenario are 26% lower than in the BAU scenario, and the total costs are lower than HRE scenario by 34% and CER scenario by 10%. The CO2 emissions of the IEE scenario are higher than HRE scenario by 10% and CER by 23%. In the HRE scenario, the total costs are higher than BAU scenario by 8% and CER scenario by 26%. The CO2 emissions are lower than BAU by 45% and IEE by 25%. In the CER scenario, the costs are lower than BAU by 20% and HRE by 26%. The CO2 emissions are lower than BAU by 60%, IEE by 44% and HRE by 26%. The energy savings can be achieved by continuing the existing scheme Ujala for subsidised LEDs, extension of Perform Achieve Trade (reduction of specific energy consumption) scheme to medium and small industries. The renewable targets can be achieved through continuation of RPO which reduces the risk of new investors. Capacity auctions could bring down the solar and wind tariffs. The study demonstrate that the RPO for 2022 cannot be achieved with the target RE capacity. The gap must be fulfilled by either procuring renewable electricity from the regional grid or buy renewable energy certificates from the market. / Indien ratificerade Parisavtalet 2015. Landets avsedda nationellt fastställda bidrag inkluderar minskning av utsläppsintensiteten med 33-35% år 2030 från 2005 års nivå och 40% av förnybar energiandel i elmixen före 2030. Denna studie utvärderade framtida el system av odisha, en av de stater i india som är rik på mineralresurser. Den rymmer 26% av Indiens kolreservat. Medan Odishas nuvarande elsystem omfattar 95% av koldkraftproduktionen, är statens åtaganden när det gäller klimatmål och ökad utplacering av förnybara energikällor (RES) (dvs 3 GW år 2022) i linje med de nationella målen. För att uppmuntra investeringar i RES och minska investeringsrisker har Odisha också fastställt mål för förnybara köpskyldigheter för verktyg och konsumenter. De måste skaffa 15% av sin totala elförbrukning från RES (8% sol och 7% icke-solkällor). Efterfrågan på el i staten förväntas öka på grund av ökad ekonomisk tillväxt och målet att nå 100% energitillgång (24x7) till hushållen. Dessutom finns det stor potential för energibesparingar i det nuvarande elsystemet genom förbättring av energieffektiviteten. Ökningen av elbehov, hög andel fossil i nuvarande elsystem, mål för förnybar energi, klimatmål och brist på studier på statsnivå är anledningarna till att bedöma Odishas framtida elsystem. Studien undersökte elsystemet i Odisha för att möta den ökade efterfrågan från 2018 fram till 2050. Den uppskattar de tekniska, ekonomiska och miljömässiga konsekvenserna av att öka energieffektiviteten och förnybar energi på Odishas framtida elsystem genom att använda Long Range Energy Alternatives Planning Systemet. Odishas framtida elsystem bedöms i fyra scenarier, dvs ingen ny politik införd i framtiden (BAU), hög förnybar energi andel (HRE), förbättring av energieffektivitet (IEE) och en kombination av förnybar energi och energieffektivitet (CER). Resultatet visar att energikraven i IEE-scenariot är 26% lägre än i BAU-scenariot, medan de totala kostnaderna är lägre än HRE-scenariot med 34% och CER-scenariot med 10%. Koldioxidutsläppen från IEE-scenariot är högre än HRE-scenariot med 10% och CER med 23%. I HRE-scenariot är de totala kostnaderna högre än BAU-scenariot med 8% och CER-scenariot med 26%. Koldioxidutsläppen är lägre än BAU med 45% och IEE med 25%. I CER-scenariot är kostnaderna lägre än BAU med 20% och HRE med 26%. Koldioxidutsläppen är lägre än BAU med 60%, IEE med 44% och HRE med 26%. Energibesparingarna kan uppnås genom att fortsätta det befintliga systemet Ujala för subventionerade lysdioder, förlängning av Perform Achieve Trade (minskning av specifikt energiförbrukning) till medelstora och små industrier. De förnybara målen kan uppnås genom fortsatt RPO, vilket minskar risken för nya investerare. Kapacitetsauktioner kan sänka sol- och vindpriserna. Studien visar att RPO för 2022 inte kan uppnås med mål-RE-kapaciteten. Klyftan måste uppfyllas genom att antingen anskaffa förnybar el från det regionala nätverket eller köpa förnybara energikertifikat från marknaden.

Germany is to undertake a speedy phase-out of nuclear energy and at the same time move into the age of renewable energy. The policy basis for the transformation of the electricity system is the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). The aim of this report is to investigate the transformation of the German electricity system: popularly called the Energiewende. The report will introduce and analyze the Renewable Energy Sources Act as a policy instrument, and how the electricity grid needs to be developed in order to handle the increasing shares of electricity from renewable sources. The history, main regulations, and the success of the EEG will be investigated. Furthermore, the ways in which the EEG needs to be revised will be given attention. The imperfections of today’s electricity grid when implementing a dominating share of renewable electricity, and ways in which Information and Communication Technology can be used in solving those imperfections will be analyzed. The basis for this thesis is a literature study. Since this is a current topic changing frequently, up-to-date research is used as the main reference. The EEG is based on a feed-in tariff system. The main concern when implementing a dominating share of renewable electricity is the fluctuation over time. It is difficult to know how much power will be produced and when. The future challenge of the electricity grid is to keep meeting demand and supply in a secure way. To succeed with the transformation, the EEG not only needs to be revised but a solution to the system stability is also necessary. The EEG is considered a successful policy instrument but what it is missing today is incentives for balancing demand and supply, energy efficiency, and technology innovation. In order to deal with fluctuating sources, the main focus when upgrading the grid should be to improve the forecasting issues. The success of making RES a significant part in electricity generation could become strong proof for the global community that an electricity system based on renewable energy sources is possible.

The diploma thesis deals with large-scale electrical power failures, in other words about blackouts. The work is then divided into two sections. The theoretical part describes the (critical) infrastructure, which is undoubtedly part of the electrical energy, further introduces the reader to the electricity system of the Czech Republic and also with blackout as such. The last chapter analyzes some important outages in the world and in total of eight blackouts and trying to point out how technical defects, control errors or extreme weather manifestation can negatively affect the lives of each of us. In the practical part are mentioned two objectives. The first, main aim of the diploma thesis is to find out and assess the level of knowledge of inhabitants about the problems of large-scale electrical power failures, with a hypothesis claims that awareness of the population in selected municipalities with extended competence does not reach 80 %. The exploration is carried out on two municipalities with extended competence Uherské Hradiště and České Budějovice. Obtained data are then evaluated by a comparative approach. Based on the results of the research, remedies are being suggested, purpose of the remedies is to improve the system of informing the population about the subject matter. This is the second objective. According to the objectives and for the needs of my thesis, I used the method of collecting data in the form of a questionnaire survey which carries elements of quantitative research. The thesis and its results can serve as a study material which could be further used for other research. Also it may be inspired by considering how to improve the awareness of the inhabitants.

The electric power is one of the key products without which functioning of our society would be hard to imagine. The electricity distribution network is an interconnected system comprising of a manufacturing part producing electricity from various sources, a transmission system of conductors and equipment, distribution systems of high and low voltage, and of technical control stations suitably distributed to control the whole network. Energy security means ensuring continuity of necessary supplies of energy and energy services to accommodate the protected interests of the state. A long-term electric power failure may have serious consequences for the state security, for providing for basic subsistence needs of the population, individual?s health or the state economy. For their maintenance under ordinary as well as emergency conditions it is particularly necessary to ensure functioning of critical infrastructure. The aim of this thesis is to examine the level of preparedness of the subjects within the critical infrastructure for a long-term interruption of electric power supplies and to create a draft of an emergency preparedness plan of a subject within the critical infrastructure focused on a long-term electric power failure. The research part of the thesis has two parts. The first part includes processing and analysis of the data acquired though a questionnaire survey. The second one presents a draft of the emergency preparedness plan of a subject within the critical infrastructure. The results of the questionnaire survey showed a good readiness of the critical infrastructure for a long-term, extensive electric power failure, which confirms the set hypothesis. The thesis introduces the public, particularly the subjects of the critical infrastructure, to the possibilities of occurrence of long-term, extensive electric power failures, with available prevention of such emergency situations and their preparation, planning and solving. The presented emergency plan draft should help with preparation of an emergency readiness plan of a subject within the critical infrastructure, including outlining the ways to solve emergency situations that may arise in relation with a power failure, and thus to improve protection of the critical infrastructure elements.