This thesis describes the issue of PN junction of photovoltaic cells, photovoltaic effect physics, basic materials used in photovoltaic and their properties, important for the area of photovoltaic. It deals with the problems of magnetism focused on electromagnetic fields. Experimental facility for measuring the influence of magnetic field on the solar cells through the Helmholtz coils was constructed. This work also dealing with the influence of magnetic radiation on photovoltaic cells and the influence of electromagnetic waves on the volt-ampere characteristics of the photovoltaic cell.

Manufacturing industry works on Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) to increase the yield and speed of machining. A good knowledge of the machine properties is important to increase the speed while still maintaining stable cutting with low tool usage.To make models of the machine is therefore important and in machining a common way to extract the dynamic properties is frequency response measurement. One way is to use an impact hammer to excite the machine tool and measure the response. The problem is that a hammer can only be used on a non running machine. At Manufacturing and Metrology Systems division at KTH (MMS) a test method for contactless excitation has been developed that uses electromagnets to excite the machine tool. By using contactless testing it can be used on rotating machine tools without real cutting in materials. In this thesis a new test system for the contact less testing method has been designed and constructed to test if it is possible to do test on a bigger variety of rotating cutting machine tools. The results for the prototype is presented and evaluated. / Dagens tillverkningsindustri arbetar för att utrsutningens totala effiktivitet ska höjas genomatt öka hastigheten och minska material- och verktygsanvändningen vid bearbetningen utan att minska kvalitén på slutprodukten. För att öka hastigheten krävs en god kännedom om maskinens egenskaper för att maskinen ska arbeta under stabila förhållanden där också verktygets slitage minskas. Att ta fram modeller över maskinen är därför viktigt och inom skärande bearbetning är frekvensresponsmätning ett sätt att få ut de dynamiska egenskaperna av det skärandeverktyget. En vanlig testmetod är att med en hammare exitera verktyget och mäta responsen. Problemet är dock att hammaren bara kan mäta vid stillastående maskin. Vid MMS har en testmetod för kontaktlös exitering tagits fram där elektromagneter användsför exiteringen. På så sätt kan testet utföras på roterande verktyg utan att man behöver förbruka material. I detta arbete har ett nytt testsystem för denna testmetod designats och konstruerats för att testa om det är möjligt med testning på flera storlekar på maskiner för skärandebearbetning. Resultaten för prototypen presenteras och utvärderas.

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Board games are on the rise and chess is no exception. However, in an increasingly digitalized world these board games lack something in comparison to digitalized games, being able to play with anyone anywhere. This project aimed to combine these two worlds by being a physical game of chess where one could play against an opponent from far away. CheckMate is a robot consisting of an acrylic frame and various electronic components, such as an electromagnet, two stepper motors, a Hall eect sensor and a WiFi module. The electromagnet and Hall eect sensor were able to move using a belt and pulley system. This allowed magnetic pieces to be identified and dragged across the board. The board then communicated the location of all the pieces on the board, using Wifi, to an website that also kept track on whose turn it was. The result of this project was a robot that was able to perform all the moves necessary on the chessboard as well as communicating to the website. When moving a piece from one location to another the piece repelled other pieces on its way. However, this was deemed to be acceptable since the pieces were not moved too large of a distance for the electromagnet to attract them when moved into its square. One move that the robot was not able to perform was castling. The results can therefore bee seen as a starting point toward further developments. / Brädspels popularitet stiger och schack är inget undantag. Dock saknar brädspel de digitala spelens möjlighet att spela med vem som helst varsomhelst. Detta projekt ville bygga över klyftorna mellan dessa två världar genom att vara ett fysiskt schackspel med de digitala spelens möjligheter. CheckMate är en robot byggd av akrylplast och diverse elektroniska komponenter sådan som en elektromagnet, två stegmotorer, en halleektsensor och en WiFi-modul. Elektromagneten och halleektsensorn förflyttades via ett system av kuggremmar drivet av stegmotorerna. Elektromagneten användes för att flytta pjäserna på brädet medan halleektsensorn användes vid kartläggning av pjäsernas position på brädet. Brädet kommunicerade, via trådlöst nätverk, till en hemsida som användes för att spara och överföra pjäsernas positioner. Projektet resulterade i en robot som kunde göra alla motsvarande drag hämtat från hemsidan. Dock så repellerade en flyttande pjäs på de stationära pjäserna när den passerade. Detta ansågs dock vara acceptabelt då elektromagneten kunde föra tillbaka pjäserna när den befann sig i dess ruta. Något som projektet ej lyckades utföra var draget rockad. Resultatet av detta projekt kan ses som en startpunkt i en vidareutveckling eller en färdig produkt vid obesvärad spelning.

Diploma thesis is summarizing common theoretical knowledge about permanent magnets and electromagnetism. Represent DC electromagnet as basic part for levitated high-speed train. Work is analyzing basics under cart and principles used for magnetic levitation in high-speed transportation. Second practice part including projecting construction levitated cart and analyzing acquired mathematical model of electromagnet. Work is analyzing process for projecting control for side electromagnets and realization real model, including tuning computer communication with states of sensors and comparison real model with model simulated in program Simulink.

L’Optimisation Topologique (OT) est un sujet en plein essor qui suscite l’intérêt de nombreux chercheurs depuis ces deux dernières décennies dans le domaine de l’électromagnétisme. L’OT représente une méthode très attrayante et originale car elle permet de trouver des structures innovantes sans aucun a priori. Ce travail de thèse est orienté vers l’OT des dispositifs électromagnétiques en approfondissant plusieurs aspects du sujet. Tout d’abord, un outil d’OT est développé et testé, à partir des outils existant au L2EP. En effet, l’OT requiert un outil d’éléments finis et un outil d’optimisation devant être couplés. Une méthodologie originale d’OT fondée sur les principes de la Méthode de Densité est développée et testée. Un cas test académique est utilisé afin de tester et valider le couplage des outils et la méthodologie. Une approche visant à prendre en compte le comportement non-linéaire des matériaux ferromagnétiques avec nos outils OT est également mise en place. Ensuite, la méthode est appliquée afin d’optimiser un électroaimant en 3 dimensions, représentant un cas test proche de la réalité. Ce cas test permet de comparer les résultats avec un comportement linéaire et non-linéaire des matériaux. Diverses topologies sont présentées, par rapport aux différentes formulations du problème. Par la suite, la méthodologie est appliquée à un dispositif électromagnétique plus complexe : une Génératrice Synchrone à Pôles Saillants. Cet exemple nous permet de voir comment la définition du problème d’optimisation peut grandement affecter les résultats d’OT. Quelques topologies sont présentées, et leur faisabilité est analysée / Topology Optimisation (TO) is a fast growing topic that has been sparking the interest of many researchers for the past two decades in the electromagnetic community. Its attractiveness lies in the originality of finding innovative structures without any layout a priori. This thesis work is oriented towards the TO of electromagnetic devices by elaborating on various aspects of the subject. First of all, a tool for TO is developed and tested, based on the ‘home-made’ tools available at the L2EP. As TO requires a FE and an optimisation tool working together, a coupling is done using both. Furthermore, a TO methodology is developed and tested, based on the Density Method. An academic cubic test case is used to carry out all the tests, and validate the tools and methodology. An approach is also developed to consider the nonlinear behaviour of the ferromagnetic materials with our TO tools. Afterwards, the methodology is applied to a 3D electromagnet, which represents a more real test case. This test case also serves to compare the results with linear and nonlinear behaviour of the materials used. Various topologies are presented, for different problem formulations. Subsequently, the methodology is applied to a more complex electromagnetic device: a Salient Pole Synchronous Generator. This example allows us to see how the problem definition can largely affect TO results. Some topologies are presented and their viability is discussed

Study of biosensors has become an essential part of research in biotechnology. Biosensors as fast, portable, highly sensitive, and low-cost bioanalytical detection devices have been utilized in many fields of human activity. The first part of the presented work focuses on electrochemical biosensors for rapid environmental screening of herbicides as water pollutants. A sol-gel immobilization method for a photosystem II (PSII) complex is studied in order to enhance the sensitivity and the signal strength and stability of a PSII-based biosensor. Computer simulations of a PSII biosensor are employed with the aim to find out how the immobilization membrane properties influence the biosensor parameters. Newly developed immobilization by a thin-layer membrane based on the results of computer simulations and revised measurement protocols are presented. The second part of the work is devoted to synthesis and electrochemical detection of newly developed metal labels for electrochemical immunosensors. The synthesis of dendrimer-encapsulated silver nanoparticles and biorecognition properties of biotin-nanocomposite conjugates are discussed. For detection of synthesized labels, a microfluidic detector was manufactured and tested and different approaches to packing of a microfluidic chip employing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were investigated. Newly designed microstructures for a microfluidic separator of magnetic beads (MBs) were studied by computer simulations. The separator was made and trapping of MBs for the further employment in MBs-based immunoassays are presented

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