Manufacturing industry works on Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) to increase the yield and speed of machining. A good knowledge of the machine properties is important to increase the speed while still maintaining stable cutting with low tool usage.To make models of the machine is therefore important and in machining a common way to extract the dynamic properties is frequency response measurement. One way is to use an impact hammer to excite the machine tool and measure the response. The problem is that a hammer can only be used on a non running machine. At Manufacturing and Metrology Systems division at KTH (MMS) a test method for contactless excitation has been developed that uses electromagnets to excite the machine tool. By using contactless testing it can be used on rotating machine tools without real cutting in materials. In this thesis a new test system for the contact less testing method has been designed and constructed to test if it is possible to do test on a bigger variety of rotating cutting machine tools. The results for the prototype is presented and evaluated. / Dagens tillverkningsindustri arbetar för att utrsutningens totala effiktivitet ska höjas genomatt öka hastigheten och minska material- och verktygsanvändningen vid bearbetningen utan att minska kvalitén på slutprodukten. För att öka hastigheten krävs en god kännedom om maskinens egenskaper för att maskinen ska arbeta under stabila förhållanden där också verktygets slitage minskas. Att ta fram modeller över maskinen är därför viktigt och inom skärande bearbetning är frekvensresponsmätning ett sätt att få ut de dynamiska egenskaperna av det skärandeverktyget. En vanlig testmetod är att med en hammare exitera verktyget och mäta responsen. Problemet är dock att hammaren bara kan mäta vid stillastående maskin. Vid MMS har en testmetod för kontaktlös exitering tagits fram där elektromagneter användsför exiteringen. På så sätt kan testet utföras på roterande verktyg utan att man behöver förbruka material. I detta arbete har ett nytt testsystem för denna testmetod designats och konstruerats för att testa om det är möjligt med testning på flera storlekar på maskiner för skärandebearbetning. Resultaten för prototypen presenteras och utvärderas.

Comprehensive knowledge and information about the static and dynamic behaviour of machine tools, cutting processes and their interaction is essential for machining system design, simulation, control and robust operation in safe conditions. The very complex system of a machine tool, fixture and cutting tools during the machining of a part is almost impossible to model analytically with sufficient accuracy. In combination with increasing demands for precision and efficiency in machining call for new control strategies for machining systems. These strategies need to be based on the identification of the static and dynamic stability under both the operational and off-operational conditions. To achieve this it is necessary to monitor and analyze the real system at the factory floor in full production. Design information and operational data can then be linked together to make a realistic digital model of a given machining system. Information from such a model can then be used as input in machining simulation software to find the root causes of instability. The work presented in this thesis deals with the static and dynamic capability of machining systems. The main focus is on the operational stability of the machining system and structural behaviour of only the machine tool, as well. When the accuracy of a machining system is measured by traditional techniques, effects from neither the static stiffness nor the cutting process are taken into account. This limits the applicability of these techniques for realistic evaluation of a machining system’s accuracy. The research presented in this thesis takes a different approach by introducing the concept of operational dynamic parameters. The concept of operational dynamic parameters entails an interaction between the structural elements of the machining systems and the process parameters. According to this concept, the absolute criterion of damping is used to evaluate the dynamic behaviour of a machining system. In contrast to the traditional theory, this methodology allows to determine the machining system's dynamic stability, in real time under operating conditions. This framework also includes an evaluation of the static deformations of a machine tool.  In this context, a novel concept of elastically linked system is introduced to account for the representation of the cutting force trough an elastic link that closes the force loop. In addition to the elastic link which behaves as a static element, a dynamic non-contact link has been introduced. The purpose is to study the non-linear effects introduced by variations of contact conditions in joints due to rotational speed. / QC 20111123

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:16:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3593.pdf: 1533465 bytes, checksum: e6c7e69123e578c6215f314d32db9e2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-22 / The objective of this research is to contribute to the study of the legal definition of Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) and its legal implications for contract negotiation and local sales tax. These definitions will provide greater transparency and legal certainty for negotiations in the carbon market defined by the Kyoto Protocol. The methodology used in the study was to analyze the current National Legislation, literature from government sources and international research organizations. The study showed that the most viable legal classification for CERs is intangible, because the certificates can be equaled to a right which the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) certificate holder has after its approval. From the understanding of the legal nature of CERs as intangible, we performed an analysis of contractual arrangements applied during the negotiations of the licenses and taxes that could be incident on the certificates. The contract type that was the most appropriate for the negotiation of licenses was the promise to transfer or assignment of future intangibles. In relation to taxation, taxes were the main Income Tax of Legal Entities and the Tax on Financial Operations. However, a full tax exemption could attract interest from new investors in CDM projects, which would result in a more sustainable environmental and socioeconomic development. / O objetivo desta pesquisa é contribuir no estudo da definição da natureza jurídica dos Certificados de Emissões Reduzidas (CERs) e suas implicações legais, forma contratual de negociação e incidência de impostos. Estas definições permitem dar maior transparência e segurança jurídica para as negociações realizadas no Mercado de Carbono do Protocolo de Quioto. Como metodologia utilizada no estudo foi realizada a análise da atual Legislação Nacional, além de pesquisa bibliográfica mediante consulta de fontes governamentais e organizações internacionais de pesquisa. O trabalho demonstrou que a classificação mais viável de natureza jurídica para os CERs é de bem intangível, já que tais certificados podem ser equiparados a um direito que o titular do projeto de Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) tem após a sua certificação. A partir da compreensão da natureza jurídica dos CERs como bem intangível, foi realizada uma análise das formas contratuais aplicáveis durantes as negociações dos certificados e os impostos que poderiam incidir sobre estas. O tipo de contrato que se mostrou mais adequado para a negociação dos certificados foi o de cessão ou promessa de cessão futura de bens intangíveis. Já, em relação à tributação, os principais impostos incidentes seriam o Imposto sobre a Renda de Pessoa Jurídica (IRPJ) e o Imposto sobre Operações Financeiras (IOF). Todavia, uma total isenção tributária poderia fomentar o interesse de novos investidores em projetos de MDL, o que resultaria em um desenvolvimento socioeconômico e ambiental mais sustentável.

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The article reviews the experiences of programs to promote renewable energy in Southeast Asian countries and proposes some learned lessons that can be useful in the context of COP 20 to promote renewable energy.The article analyzes the rates and mechanisms of promotion used in countries such as India, Indonesia and Vietnam, that are led by the World Bank. These mechanisms are used as a legal basis that proposes successful tested alternatives and its usefulness is that renewable energies can be implemented within the current legal structure of international environmental law.In conclusion, it is the correct timing for the COP 20 to secure funds and international legal mechanisms that promote sustainable energy infrastructure. / El presente artículo revisa las experiencias de programas de promoción de energías renovables en países del sudeste asiático a fin de proponer algunas lecciones aprendidas que puedan ser útiles en el contexto de la Vigésima Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (COP 20) para la promoción de las energías renovables. Asimismo, revisa las tarifas y mecanismos de promoción utilizados en India, Indonesia y Vietnam, impulsados por el Banco Mundial, como una base para proponer alternativas legales ya probadas. Su utilidad es que las energías renovables pueden ser implementadas dentro de la estructura legal actual del Derecho Ambiental Internacional, la COP 20 es el momento de asegurar fondos y mecanismos jurídicos internacionales que promueven una infraestructura energética sostenible.