La connaissance de l’exposition des personnes aux champs électromagnétiques radiofréquences, pour le public ou pour les professionnels, est encore aujourd’hui très parcellaire. Deux problématiques sont encore mal connues:• La connaissance des usages des objets communicants, en évolution constante et rapide,• L'estimation de l'impact potentiel que pourraient avoir ces nouvelles technologies sur l'environnement.Ce document est une synthèse des travaux de recherche conduits pour affiner les questions de compatibilité électromagnétique et d’exposition des personnes. Dans ce contexte, il a fallu évaluer, caractériser et définir les paramètres les plus importants des signaux rayonnés ou des niveaux des champs électromagnétiques émis par les dispositifs mettant en œuvre les technologies émergentes. Dans cette étude, on s’est également intéressé à des problématiques connexes comme l’exposition des personnes aux champs électromagnétiques de très basses fréquences induits par des lignes à très haute tension ou aux émissions rayonnées par des équipements domestiques intégrant des dispositifs électroniques potentiellement rayonnants. Il comprend également, une synthèse de tous les résultats obtenus à partir d'études de cas concrets, tant sur le plan des connaissances détaillées de la compatibilité électromagnétique des systèmes nouveaux ou émergents que sur la problématique de l’exposition des personnes. Enfin, des solutions ont été proposées, pouvant permettre d’améliorer les connaissances des signaux et des impacts potentiels par des modifications de normes, par la prise en compte de nouveaux paramètres plus pertinents, ou par la modification de procédures d’étalonnage de systèmes utilisés pour caractériser l’exposition. / The knowledge of human exposure, either general public or occupational, to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, is still incomplete. Two issues are yet to be addressed:• Knowledge of the uses of communicating objects that are ever changing,• The evaluation of the potential impact that these new technologies could have on the environment.This document provides a synthesis of studies conducted to address the issues of electromagnetic compatibility and human exposure. In this context, it was necessary to evaluate, to characterize and to define the most relevant parameters of the radiated signals or the levels of electromagnetic fields emitted by devices that implement these emerging technologies. We additionally examined related issues such as exposure to electromagnetic fields at very low frequencies induced by high-voltage lines or emissions from domestic equipment integrating potentially radiating electronic devices. It also includes a summary of all results obtained from actual case studies, in terms of the knowledge of both the detailed electromagnetic compatibility of new or emerging systems and human exposure. Finally, solutions have been proposed that can help to improve the knowledge of signals and potential impacts, through updates of either current standards by taking into account more relevant new parameters or modification of calibration procedures of the instrumentation employed to characterize the exposure.

La modélisation de matériaux composites est un domaine d’étude qui bénéficie d’un intérêt croissant. En effet, la vulgarisation de l’utilisation de tels matériaux nécessite le développement de nouveaux modèles afin de mieux comprendre leur comportement. L’industrie automobile et aéronautique s’efforce d’optimiser le choix des matériaux en fonction des spécificités de chaque application, afin de réduire la masse des équipements et de leur assurer de meilleurs caractéristiques mécaniques et thermiques. Les matériaux composites se sont aussi présentés comme une éventuelle alternative au métal pour le rôle de blindage électromagnétique. Leur généralisation dans cette optique se heurte néanmoins à une relative méconnaissance de leur comportement électromagnétique. A cet effet, il est nécessaire de disposer de méthodologies permettant d'évaluer l'efficacité de blindage de boîtiers en matériaux composites et de cerner les différents mécanismes et paramètres correspondants.Par ailleurs, le déploiement de ces matériaux alternatifs à plus grande échelle est freiné par d'autres contraintes liées essentiellement à la difficulté de l'analyse électromagnétiques 3D complète de systèmes complexes abritant des boîtiers en matériaux composites. En effet, la complexité topologique de certains composants complique considérablement leur insertion dans les outils de simulation électromagnétique existants. De plus, le rapport d'échelle entre les différents niveaux (système, boîtiers composites, cartes, circuits, composants) est trop important ; cette disparité d'échelle complexifie considérablement la discrétisation géométrique de l'ensemble. L'association de ces différentes contraintes conduisent à des difficultés réelles aux quelles les ingénieurs CEM sont confrontés. C'est pourquoi il est nécessaire de développer des modèles performants permettant de faciliter l'analyse 3D du système hôte complet. Ce travail de thèse s'est donc réparti sur deux volets :- dans un premier temps, nous présentons une méthodologie de calcul de l'efficacité de blindage des boîtiers en matériaux composites, afin d'évaluer la potentialité de ces matériaux en termes de blindage électromagnétique et de cerner les principaux facteurs qui y contribuent.- dans un second temps et dans l'objectif de fournir une approche permettant de mettre les systèmes électroniques complexes intégrant des boîtiers de blindage composites en conformité avec les exigences strictes de CEM, nous proposons une méthodologie de modélisation des rayonnements électromagnétiques. Cette modélisation (à base d’algorithmes génétiques) permet de remplacer les dispositifs ou les boîtiers rayonnants (composites notamment) par un ensemble de dipôles élémentaires. Le modèle équivalent, de type "boîte noire", est ainsi représentatif de l’ensemble de la structure en termes de rayonnement électromagnétique en hautes fréquences et est facilement intégrable dans le maillage de structures hôtes. Ce modèle multipolaire fournit des prédictions spatiales et fréquentielles du champ électrique et magnétique permettant entre autres de calculer l'efficacité de blindage du boîtier dans l'espace, donnant ainsi un moyen de quantifier son impact perturbateur sur son environnement. D'autre part, cette approche permet de simplifier l'analyse 3D d'un système complet abritant des boîtiers composites en contrôlant le comportement EM à tous les niveaux : système, boîtiers, cartes, circuits et composants. / The modeling of composite materials is a domain of study which benefits of increasingly interest. Indeed, the popularization of the use of such materials requires the development of new models in order to better understand their behavior. The automotive and aerospace industry strives to optimize material selection based on the specificities of each application in order to reduce the weight of the equipment and to provide better mechanical and thermal characteristics. Composite materials have been also presented as a potential alternative to metals for the role of electromagnetic shielding. Their generalization in this context is nevertheless hampered by a relative lack of knowledge of their electromagnetic behavior. For this purpose, it is necessary to have methodologies to evaluate the shielding effectiveness of composite enclosures and identify the different corresponding mechanisms and parameters.Moreover, the deployment of these alternative materials on a larger scale is hindered by other constraints related mainly to the difficulty of complete 3D analysis of complex systems including composite enclosures. In fact, the topological complexity of certain components greatly complicates their integration into existing electromagnetic simulation tools. Moreover, the scale ratio between the different levels (system, composite enclosures, electronic card, circuit, component) is too large ; This disparity of scale complexifies considerably the geometrical discretization of the entire system. The combination of these different constraints leads to real difficulties to which EMC engineers face. That is why it is necessary to develop efficient models to facilitate the 3D analysis of the complete host system.This work is therefore divided in two sections :- In a first time, we present a methodology to calculate shielding effectiveness of composite enclosures of electronic equipment. The goal is to evaluate the potential of these materials in terms of electromagnetic shielding and to identify the main contributing factors.- In a second time, and in order to ensure compliance of complex electronic systems incorporating composite shielding enclosures with the stringent requirements of EMC, we propose a modeling methodology of electronic devices radiation. This modeling (based on genetic algorithms) allows to replace the radiating devices and enclosures (especially composites) by a set of elementary dipoles. The equivalent model, "black box" type, is thus representative of the entire structure in terms of high frequency electromagnetic radiation and is easily integrable in the mesh of host structures. This multipolar model provides spatial and frequency predictions of the electric and magnetic field, enabling among others to calculate the shielding effectiveness of the radiating enclosure in space, thereby giving a way to quantify its disruptive impact on its environment. Moreover, this approach allow to simplify the 3D analysis of a complete system comprising composite enclosures by controlling the EM behavior at all levels: system, enclosures, cards, circuits and components.

Nos últimos 20 anos, o inversor de frequência PWM passou a ser largamente utilizado. Dentre as razões principais de sua ampla difusão, cita-se a introdução do IGBT que, devido à sua capacidade de comutação rápida, possibilitou a redução de perdas, tamanho e custo dos conversores, ao mesmo tempo em que permitiu o uso do motor de indução em aplicações que demandam alto desempenho dinâmico. Porém, esta mesma característica que trouxe tais benefícios, contribuiu para acentuar os efeitos relacionados a fenômenos eletromagnéticos, devido à rápida transição que produz sinais em alta frequência, responsáveis por tornar os sistemas de acionamentos potenciais fontes de interferência eletromagnética. Os principais fenômenos desta natureza são a tensão de onda refletida, associada a ruídos de modo diferencial, e a corrente de modo comum. De maneira geral, a corrente de modo comum tem maior potencial de contribuição para a emissão radiada que a de modo diferencial e, em sistemas de acionamento, constitui a principal fonte de interferência eletromagnética. Esta não é resultado apenas da rápida comutação dos IGBTs, mas, também, da configuração do sistema, que propicia o surgimento das tensões de modo comum. Este trabalho visa estudar alternativas que minimizem, naturalmente, estas tensões através de sua configuração, reduzindo-se a necessidade de novos componentes, como filtros passivos ou circuitos ativos. Ressalta-se, assim, que o primeiro passo consistiu-se na compreensão do problema de geração da tensão de modo comum. Visando atingir os propósitos anteriormente mencionados, foi idealizado um inversor, composto de duas pontes chaveando em oposição, chamado de duplo-trifásico. A partir de simulações, avaliou-se seu potencial e definiu-se sua implementação, a partir de dois inversores idênticos. Testou-se o protótipo contra um terceiro módulo de mesmo tipo, em iguais condições. A comparação dos resultados indicou que a configuração proposta pode ser eficiente no controle do ruído de modo comum, obtendo-se valores de redução de 86%. Nota-se que o comportamento observado via o protótipo, permite um melhor entendimento dos fenômenos relativos à circulação da corrente de modo comum. Desta forma, à luz da pesquisa realizada, nota-se que, conceitualmente, a solução proposta se destaca das demais apresentadas na literatura pela sua exequibilidade e simplicidade. / Over the last 20 years, the PWM frequency inverter has become widely used. Among the main reasons for its widespread distribution is the introduction of the IGBT, due to its ability for fast switching allowing the reduction of losses, size and cost of the converters, and the use of the induction motor in applications that demand high dynamic performance. However, this same characteristic that brought such benefits, stressed the effects related to electromagnetic phenomena, due to the fast transition that produces high frequency signals, responsible for turning drive systems, potential sources of electromagnetic interference. The main phenomena of this nature are the reflected wave overvoltage, associated with differential mode noise, and the common mode current. In general, the common mode current has greater potential of contribution to the emission of radiated interference than the differential mode current and is the main source of electromagnetic interference in drive systems. The common mode current is not just the result of the fast transitions of IGBTs, but also of the system configuration, which produces common mode voltages. This work aims to study alternatives that minimize, naturally, those voltages through its configuration, reducing the need for additional components, such as passive filters or active circuits. It is pointed, that the first step consisted in the understanding of the problem of the common mode voltage generation. In order to address this objective, an inverter composed of two bridges, switching in opposition, called double-three-phase was designed. Its potential for noise mitigation, as well, its implementation, with two identical inverters was evaluated by simulations. The prototype was tested against a third module of the same type, under the same conditions. The comparison of the results indicated that the proposed configuration can be efficient in the common mode noise control, with 86% reduction. The behavior observed through the prototype allows a better understanding of the phenomena involving common mode current. Thus, in the light of the research, we note that, conceptually, the proposed solution stands out for its practicality and simplicity, from the others presented in the literature.

O aumento do consumo no Brasil aparte com problemas de abastecimento de energia elétrica na década de 90, durante um período de más condições hidrológicas causou uma preocupação e instou uma pesquisa sobre as formas de redução do consumo. A qualidade de energia não era uma prioridade, cargas não eram tão sensíveis, nem os processos existentes exigiam tanto na qualidade do fornecimento de energia elétrica. A preocupação sobre a qualidade do abastecimento de energia aumentou, principalmente no setor industrial, com o aumento da concorrência nos mercados nacionais e no exterior. A qualidade e a quantidade da produção tornaram-se um item para distinguir o lucro. Desta forma, a qualidade do fornecimento de energia e a continuidade das linhas de produção tornaram-se mais importante. Este trabalho pretende mostrar resultados de um estudo experimental sobre lâmpadas fluorescentes compactas com reator integrado, e algumas conseqüências da sua utilização generalizada. / The increase of the consumption in Brazil aside with problems of supply of electrical energy in the decade of 90, during a period of bad hydrological conditions caused a concern and urged a search for ways of reduction of the consumption. The quality of power was not a priority, loads were not so sensitive nor the existing processes demanded as much as quality of the supply of electric energy. The concern on quality of energy supply increased, mainly in the industrial sector, with the increase of the competition in the domestic markets and overseas. The quality and the amount of production became a distinguished item for the profit. In this way, the quality of energy supply and the continuity of the production lines became more important. This work aims to show results of an experimental survey about compact fluorescent light bulbs with integrated reactor, and some consequences of its generalized use.

O aumento do consumo no Brasil aparte com problemas de abastecimento de energia elétrica na década de 90, durante um período de más condições hidrológicas causou uma preocupação e instou uma pesquisa sobre as formas de redução do consumo. A qualidade de energia não era uma prioridade, cargas não eram tão sensíveis, nem os processos existentes exigiam tanto na qualidade do fornecimento de energia elétrica. A preocupação sobre a qualidade do abastecimento de energia aumentou, principalmente no setor industrial, com o aumento da concorrência nos mercados nacionais e no exterior. A qualidade e a quantidade da produção tornaram-se um item para distinguir o lucro. Desta forma, a qualidade do fornecimento de energia e a continuidade das linhas de produção tornaram-se mais importante. Este trabalho pretende mostrar resultados de um estudo experimental sobre lâmpadas fluorescentes compactas com reator integrado, e algumas conseqüências da sua utilização generalizada. / The increase of the consumption in Brazil aside with problems of supply of electrical energy in the decade of 90, during a period of bad hydrological conditions caused a concern and urged a search for ways of reduction of the consumption. The quality of power was not a priority, loads were not so sensitive nor the existing processes demanded as much as quality of the supply of electric energy. The concern on quality of energy supply increased, mainly in the industrial sector, with the increase of the competition in the domestic markets and overseas. The quality and the amount of production became a distinguished item for the profit. In this way, the quality of energy supply and the continuity of the production lines became more important. This work aims to show results of an experimental survey about compact fluorescent light bulbs with integrated reactor, and some consequences of its generalized use.

Depuis de nombreuses années, la prise en compte des critères de compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) constitue une étape capitale dans la conception des systèmes électroniques. Or, l'augmentation de la complexité des circuits intégrés rend indispensable l'étude du comportement électromagnétique directement au niveau du silicium. L'objectif de ces travaux est la définition d'une méthodologie de prédiction, avant fonderie, de l'émission conduite des circuits intégrés. Celle-ci s'appuie sur le langage VHDL-AMS et le modèle ICEM (Integrated Circuit Electromagnetic Model), et peut s'intégrer dans un flot de conception industriel. / For many years, taking into account electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) constraints has been a fundamental requirement in electronic system design. However, the increase in complexity of integrated circuits now demands the study of their electromagnetic behavior at chip level. The objective of this work is the definition of a methodology aimed at predicting conducted emission in integrated circuits. This methodology is based on the VHDL-AMS language and the ICEM (Integrated Circuit Electromagnetic Model) model, and can be integrated into an industrial design flow.

Ο σκοπός αυτής της εργασίας είναι να προωθηθεί ένας οδηγός σχετικά με τις κατασκευαστικές προδιαγραφές και την απόδοση των ηλεκτρομαγνητικών ανηχοικών θαλάμων και των εσωτερικών εγκαταστάσεων δοκιμής. Εντούτοις, απαιτείται κάποια γνώση ηλεκτρομαγνητικών μετρήσεων, για να εξασφαλιστεί ότι όλοι οι εφαρμόσιμοι κατασκευαστικοί παράγοντες, έχουν εφαρμοστεί στις καταστάσεις που θα ζητηθούν. Η μέτρηση των ηλεκτρομαγνητικών κυμάτων περιλαμβάνει μεγάλο αριθμό ηλεκτρονικών συσκευών. Αυτές οι συσκευές μπορούν να ταξινομηθούν σε άμεσους ή σε έμμεσους εκπομπούς. Η μέτρηση των άμεσων εκπομπών (όπως οι κεραίες) ή η εκπομπή της ηλεκτρομαγνητικής ενέργειας, όπως στη διατομή του ραντάρ, απαιτεί εξειδικευμένες εγκαταστάσεις. Ο καθορισμός του επιπέδου ακτινοβολίας από τους έμμεσους εκπομπούς όπως οι ψηφιακές συσκευές ή ο καθορισμός του επιπέδου «ευαισθησίας» που έχει μια ηλεκτρονική συσκευή, όσον αφορά ένα εισερχόμενο ηλεκτρομαγνητικό κύμα περιλαμβάνει επίσης τη μέτρηση των ηλεκτρομαγνητικών κυμάτων στις εγκαταστάσεις που σχεδιάζονται συγκεκριμένα για τη μέτρηση που πραγματοποιείται. Ηλεκτρομαγνητικό κύμα είναι το αποτέλεσμα από την επιτάχυνση των ηλεκτρικών φορτίων. Το ηλεκτρικό πεδίο λόγω μιας ανεπιθύμητης φόρτισης (σε κάποια δοκιμή ή στην ομοιόμορφη κίνηση σε μια ευθεία γραμμή) κατευθύνεται ακτινωτά και μειώνεται ως το τετράγωνο της απόστασης από τη φόρτιση. Εντούτοις, η επιτάχυνση της φόρτισης προκαλεί αύξηση του ηλεκτρικού πεδίου, και μειώνεται γραμμικά με την απόσταση. Στην πράξη, σχεδόν πάντα υπάρχει ενδιαφέρον για τα μακροσκοπικά αποτελέσματα. Στην μακροσκοπική κλίμακα, η αλληλεξάρτηση μεταξύ των ηλεκτρικών και μαγνητικών πεδίων περιγράφεται από μαθηματική άποψη από τις εξισώσεις Maxwell [ 2 ..3 ]. Τα μαθηματικά των ηλεκτρομαγνητικών πεδίων και των σχετικών μέσων χρησιμοποιούν την διανυσματική ανάλυση. Η ανάλυση μπορεί να αναμιχθεί πολύ, σε πολλά προβλήματα, ειδικά εκείνα που περιλαμβάνουν τη διάδοση στα μη ισοτροπικά , μη-αμοιβαία, μη γραμμικά, ή ανομοιογενή μέσα. Αν και ορισμένα προβλήματα στις ηλεκτρομαγνητικές μετρήσεις μπορούν να απαιτήσουν την εφαρμογή πιο λεπτομερών μαθηματικών. Στους ανηχοικούς θαλάμους πραγματοποιούνται δύο ειδών δοκιμές, η δοκιμή ηλεκτρομαγνητικής παρεμβολής (EMI) και η δοκιμή ηλεκτρομαγνητικής συμβατότητας (EMC). Ηλεκτρομαγνητική παρεμβολή (EMI) είναι κάθε σήμα ή εκπομπή που ακτινοβολείται στον χώρο ή άγεται σε καλώδια τροφοδοσίας ή σημάτων και θέτει σε κίνδυνο τη λειτουργία συστημάτων ασύρματης πλοήγησης ή άλλες υπηρεσίες ασφαλείας ή υποβαθμίζει, παρεμποδίζει ή διακόπτει επανειλημμένα μια αδειοδοτημένη υπηρεσία ασύρματων επικοινωνιών. Στις υπηρεσίες ασυρμάτων επικοινωνιών περιλαμβάνονται, ενδεικτικά, οι εμπορικές εκπομπές AM/FM, η τηλεόραση, η κινητή τηλεφωνία, τα ραντάρ, ο έλεγχος εναέριας κυκλοφορίας, η τηλεειδοποίηση και οι Υπηρεσίες Προσωπικής Επικοινωνίας (Personal Communication Services ή PCS). Αυτές οι αδειοδοτημένες και οι μη αδειδοτημένες υπηρεσίες ασυρμάτων επικοινωνιών, όπως το WLAN ή το Bluetooth, μαζί με ακούσιους πομπούς όπως ψηφιακές συσκευές, συμπεριλαμβανομένων συστημάτων υπολογιστών, συμβάλλουν στο ηλεκτρομαγνητικό περιβάλλον. Η ηλεκτρομαγνητική συμβατότητα (ΗΜΣ) είναι η δυνατότητα στοιχείων του ηλεκτρονικού εξοπλισμού να λειτουργούν ομαλά μαζί, μέσα σε ηλεκτρονικό περιβάλλον. Παρόλο που το συγκεκριμένο σύστημα υπολογιστή έχει σχεδιαστεί και έχει προσδιοριστεί ως συμβατό με τα όρια που καθορίζονται από το φορέα κανονισμών για ηλεκτρομαγνητικές παρεμβολές, δεν παρέχεται κανενός είδους εγγύηση ότι δεν θα υπάρξει παρεμβολή σε μία συγκεκριμένη εγκατάσταση. Τα προϊόντα της EMC Corporation είναι σχεδιασμένα, ελεγμένα και κατηγοριοποιημένα σύμφωνα με το συγκεκριμένο ηλεκτρομαγνητικό περιβάλλον χρήσης τους. Αυτές οι κατηγορίες ηλεκτρομαγνητικού περιβάλλοντος αναφέρονται γενικά στους ακόλουθους εναρμονισμένους ορισμούς: • Τα προϊόντα κατηγορίας B προορίζονται για χρήση σε οικιακά περιβάλλοντα, αλλά μπορούν επίσης να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε μη οικιακά περιβάλλοντα. Σημείωση: Οικιακό περιβάλλον είναι ένα περιβάλλον όπου η χρήση πομπών ραδιοσυχνοτήτων και τηλεοπτικών δεκτών μπορεί να είναι αναμενόμενη σε απόσταση 10 m από το σημείο που χρησιμοποιείται το προϊόν. • Τα προϊόντα κατηγορίας A προορίζονται για χρήση σε μη οικιακά περιβάλλοντα. Τα προϊόντα κατηγορίας A μπορούν επίσης να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε οικιακά περιβάλλοντα, αλλά ενδέχεται να προκαλέσουν παρεμβολές και να απαιτηθεί η λήψη διορθωτικών μέτρων από το χρήστη. Εάν αυτός ο εξοπλισμός προκαλέσει παρεμβολή σε υπηρεσίες ραδιοεπικοινωνιών, η οποία παρεμβολή διαπιστώνεται ενεργοποιώντας και απενεργοποιώντας τον εξοπλισμό, επιχειρήστε να διορθώσετε την παρεμβολή ενεργώντας ως εξής: • Επαναπροσανατολισμός της κεραίας λήψης. • Αλλαγή θέσης του υπολογιστή σε σχέση με το δέκτη. • Μετακίνηση του υπολογιστή μακριά από το δέκτη. • Σύνδεση του υπολογιστή σε διαφορετική πρίζα έτσι ώστε ο υπολογιστής και ο δέκτης να βρίσκονται σε διαφορετικά κυκλώματα. Εάν είναι απαραίτητο, επικοινωνήστε με έναν τεχνικό υποστήριξης της EMC Corporation ή κάποιο εξειδικευμένο τεχνικό ραδιοφώνων/τηλεοράσεων ή ειδικό ΗΜΣ για περαιτέρω υποδείξεις. Ο εξοπλισμός τεχνολογίας πληροφοριών (ITE) που περιλαμβάνει περιφερειακά όπως κάρτες επέκτασης, εκτυπωτές, συσκευές εισόδου/εξόδου (I/O), οθόνες κ.λπ., και οι οποίες είναι ενσωματωμένες μέσα στο σύστημα ή συνδεδεμένες σε αυτόν, πρέπει να συμμορφώνεται με την κατηγορία ηλεκτρομαγνητικού περιβάλλοντος του υπολογιστή. / The purpose of this paper is to provide a guide on the design and performance specification of electromagnetic anechoic chambers or indoor test facilities. However, some knowledge of electromagnetic measurements is required to ensure that all applicable design factors have been applied in any given design situation. The measurement of electromagnetic waves involves a large number of electronic devices. These devices can be categorized as intentional or unintentional radiators. Measurement of intentional radiators (such as antennas) or the scattering facilities. Determining the level of radiation from unintentional radiators such as digital devices or determining the level of immunity an electronic device has with respect to an impinging electromagnetic wave also involves the measurement of electromagnetic waves in testing facilities designed specifically for the measurement to be performed. Electromagnetic waves result from the acceleration of electric charges. The electric field due to an unaccelerated charge (one at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line) is radially directed and decreases as the square of the distance from the charge. However, the acceleration of the charge gives rise to a tangential component of the electric field, and this decreases linearly with distance. This time-varying electric field has associated with it a time varying magnetic field, together, they comprise an electromagnetic field. An electromagnetic field that decreases linearly with distance represents an outward radiation. In practice, one is almost always concerned with macroscopic effects resulting from acceleration of gross numbers of charges. On the macroscopic scale, the interrelationship between electric and magnetic fields is described mathematically by Maxwell’s equations. An additional set of equations called constitutive relationships specifies the characteristics of the medium in which the field exists. The mathematics of electromagnetic fields and the associated media makes use of vector and tensor analysis. The analysis can become very involved in many problems, especially those involving propagation in nonisotropic, nonreciprocal, nonlinear, or nonhomogeneous media. Although certain problems in electromagnetic measurements can require application of more detailed mathematics. In anechoic chambers, take place two types of tests, the electromagnetic interference test (EMI) and the electromagnetic compatibility testing (EMC). Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is any signal or emission radiated in space or is induced in cables or signals and threatening the operation of wireless navigation services or other security or degrade, obstruct or repeatedly interrupts a licensed radio communications service. In wireless communications services including, without limitation, commercial broadcasting AM / FM, TV, mobile telephony, radar, air traffic control, paging and personal communications services (Personal Communication Services or PCS). These licensed and non licensed wireless communications such as WLAN or Bluetooth, along with unintentional transmitters such as digital devices, including computer systems, contribute to the electromagnetic environment. The electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is the potential components of electronic equipment to operate seamlessly together in an electronic environment. While this computer system has been designed and determined to be compatible with the limits set by the service regulations for electromagnetic interference, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. Its products are EMC Corporation is designed, tested and categorized according to the specific electromagnetic environment of use. These types of electromagnetic environment generally refers to the following harmonized definitions: • Products category B for use in domestic environments, but can also be used in non-domestic environments. Note: the domestic environment is an environment where the use of RF transmitters and television receivers may be expected within 10 m from where the product is used. • Class A products are intended for use in non-domestic environments. Class A products can also be used in domestic environments, but it may cause interference and require remedial action by the user. If this equipment cause interference to radio services, which insert shows activating and disabling the equipment, try to correct the interference by acting as follows: • Reorient the receiving antenna. • Relocating the computer to the receiver. • Move the computer away from the receiver. • Connect the computer into a different outlet so that computer and receiver are on different circuits. If necessary, contact technical support EMC Corporation or any qualified radio / TV technician or special EMC for further instructions. Information technology equipment (ITE), including peripherals such as expansion cards, printers, input / output (I / O), monitors, etc., which are embedded in the system or connected to it, must comply with Category electromagnetic environment of the computer.

Au fur et à mesure que le nombre de composants augmente, il existe une forte demande pour identifier les sources de rayonnement pour la prédiction de la compatibilité électromagnétique des circuits électroniques. Le balayage d’une sonde à proximité du circuit est une méthode générale d'identification des sources rayonnantes dans une PCB. La première partie de la thèse consiste à concevoir et à caractériser des sondes magnétiques à haute sensibilité et à haute résolution spatiale. Les sondes conventionnelles basées sur la ligne micro ruban et la configuration coplanaire sont étudiées. À mesure que la longueur de la ligne de transmission connectée à la sonde augmente, le bruit sur le signal de sortie augmente en raison de tensions de mode commun induites par le champ électrique. Afin de supprimer cette tension induite par le champ électrique, une sonde magnétique blindée est conçue et fabriquée à l'aide d'une technologie de circuit imprimé à faible coût (PCB). La performance de la sonde passive est validée dans la bande 1MHz - 1GHz. La sonde blindée est fabriquée sur un substrat FR4 d'une épaisseur de 0,8 mm et se compose de 3 couches avec le signal dans la couche intermédiaire et les couches supérieure et inférieure dédiées aux plans de masse. La taille d'ouverture de la boucle est de 800 μm x 800 μm, avec une résolution spatiale attendue de 400 μm. La haute sensibilité de la sonde est obtenue en intégrant un amplificateur à faible bruit à la sortie de la sonde, ce qui en fait une sonde active. La performance de la sonde blindée avec différentes longueurs de lignes de transmission est faite pour étudier. Une sonde à trois axes capable de mesurer les trois composantes du champ magnétique est également conçue et validée par un balayage en champs proches au-dessus d'une structure standard plan de masse.Dans la deuxième partie, la méthode de la matrice de la ligne de transmission inverse (Inv-TLM) est utilisée, pour reconstruire la distribution source à partir des champs proches (NFS) mesurés au-dessus d'un plan sur la carte PCB. Même si, la résolution de la reconstruction dépend de la longueur d'onde et des paramètres du maillage, la propagation inverse augmente la largeur de l'onde reconstruite. Comme cette méthode corresponde à un problème « mal posé» et entraîne des solutions multiples, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode basée sur la corrélation croisée bidimensionnelle, qui représente les données de balayage en champ proche sous forme de de dipôles équivalents. Avec cette nouvelle méthode, nous avions pu identifier et de localiser les sources actuelles dans le PCB et est représenté avec des sources équivalentes. La méthode est validée pour les sources avec des orientations différentes. Les données simulées des champs proches utilisant le logiciel commercial CST sont utilisées pour valider les deux méthodes. Le champ lointain prédit à partir de ces sources équivalentes est comparé aux champs simulés. / As the number of components in a confined volume is increasing, there is a strong demand for identifying the sources of radiation in PCBs and the prediction of EMC of electronic circuits. Electromagnetic near field scanning is a general method of identifying the radiating sources in a PCB. The first part of the thesis consists of the design and characterization of printed circuit magnetic probes with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution. Conventional probes based on microstrip and coplanar configuration is studied. As the length of the transmission line connected to the probe increases, the probe output contains noise due to common mode voltages which is many induced by the electric field. In order to suppress the voltage induced due to the electric field, a shielded magnetic probe is designed and fabricated using low cost printed circuit board (PCB) technology. The performance of the passive probe is calibrated and validated from 1MHz – 1GHz. The shielded probe is fabricated on an FR4 substrate of thickness 0.8mm and consists of 3 layers with the signal in the middle layer and top and bottom layers dedicated to ground planes. The aperture size of the loop is 800µm x 800µm, with an expected spatial resolution of 400 µm. The high sensitivity of the probe is achieved by integrating a low noise amplifier at the output of the probe, hence making an active probe. The performance of the shielded probe with a different length of transmission lines is made to study. When the probe has to be operated above 100MHz, it is found that the transmission lines connected to the probe should be short (around 1.5cmm). For frequencies below 100MH, the length of the lines can be up to 12cm. A three-axis probe which is able to measure the three components of the magnetic field is also designed and validated by near field scanning above a standard wire over the ground structure.In The second part, the inverse transmission line matrix method (Inv-TLM) method is used reconstruct the source distribution from the near field scan (NFS) data above a single in plane on the PCB. Even though the resolution of reconstruction depends on the wavelength and the mesh parameter, the inverse propagation increases the width of the reconstructed wave. As this method is found to be ill posed and results in multiple solutions, we have developed a new method based on the two-dimensional cross-correlation, which represents the near field scan data in terms of the equivalent electric currents of the dipole. With the new method, we are able to identify and locate the current sources in the PCB and are represented by an equivalent source. The method is validated for the current sources with different orientations. The simulated near field data using CST microwave studio is used to validate both the methods. The radiated far field from these equivalent sources is compared with the simulated fields.

Le travail de thèse s'intéresse aux effets liés aux agressions MFP et du chaos sur l'électronique. Après une étude théorique et expérimentale du couplage électromagnétique entre deux ports d'accès d'impédance 50 Ω réalisés dans une cavité complexe, un nouveau modèle est proposé pour étendre l'étude aux cas des impédances de rayonnements quelconques en s'appuyant sur le principe de Babinet. L'impact des agressions EM intentionnelles sur les circuits "front-end" des récepteurs comme par exemple les circuits limiteurs lorsque les antennes sont agressées en dehors de leur bande passante a été aussi étudié et validé sur plusieurs types d'antennes pour les applications 2,45 GHz et bande-X. Les résultats montrent que pour certaines conditions, il est possible que l'agression EM génère des signaux chaotiques à l'entrée du récepteur. Enfin, deux sources chaotiques ont été étudiées et caractérisées et la possibilité d'enrichir leur spectre est proposée. / The thesis focuses on the effects associated with HPM and Chaos aggressions on electronics. After a theoretical and experimental study of the electromagnetic coupling between two ports of 50 Ω impedance in a complex cavity, a new model based on Babinet principle is proposed to extend the study to the case of any radiation impedances. The impact of intentional EM attacks on the "front end" receiver circuits such as limiters at outside the antennas bandwidth was also studied and validated on several types of antennas for 2.45 GHz an X-band applications. The results show that for certain conditions, it is possible that EM aggression generates chaotic signals in the front end receivers. Finally, two chaotic sources have been studied and characterized. The opportunity to enhance their spectrum is also proposed.

Les filtres CEM sont largement utilisés dans les systèmes électroniques de puissance pour la suppression des interférences électromagnétiques. Ils sont en général composés d'une succession de condensateurs et de selfs. En haute fréquence, on est amené à compléter le modèle des composants par des éléments parasites. Ce travail de thèse est consacré à l'étude de l'influence du couplage inter composants sur la performance du filtre CEM. Une étude mathématique a été réalisée sur un filtre LC de type Γ. Cette dernière nous a permis de déduire qu'un meilleur comportement du filtre est obtenu quand le couplage magnétique inter-composants annule l'inductance parasite du condensateur (ESL=M). Pour atteindre cet objectif, une méthodologie permettant d'optimiser les emplacements des composants a été développée en se basant sur des modèles 3D simplifiés des composants du filtre. Dans ce travail de thèse, un condensateur film métallisé est présenté par un modèle 3D constitue d'un volume unique de conducteur. Les bobines avec ferrite sont modélisées en 3D en prenant en compte les propriétés physiques et géométriques. Ces modèles de condensateurs et de bobines ont été étudiés dans le cas de plusieurs configurations pour différents positionnements des composants. Les résultats obtenus ont montré leurs capacités de prédire à la fois les paramètres intrinsèques (Inductance parasite ESL pour le condensateur, Inductance L pour la bobine) et l'inductance mutuelle M inter-composants. Finalement, la méthodologie d'optimisation a été validée expérimentalement sur un filtre CEM de type Γ (condensateur film et bobine bâtonnet avec ferrite) intégré dans un moteur d'essuie-glace / EMC filters are widely used in power electronic systems for electromagnetic interference suppression. They usually consist of a series of capacitors and inductors. At high frequencies, it is necessary to complete the model of component with parasitic elements. This work is devoted to the study of the influence of inter-component coupling on the performance of the EMC filter. A mathematical study was performed on an LC filter in type Γ. The latter allowed us to deduce a better behavior of the filter can be obtained when the magnetic coupling inter-component cancels the parasitic inductance of the capacitor (ESL = M). To achieve this goal, a methodology to optimize the locations of components has been developed based on their 3D models simplified. In this thesis, a metalized film capacitor is presented by a 3D model constituting a single volume conductor. The inductor with ferrite is modeled by taking into account the physical and geometrical properties. These models of capacitors and inductors have been studied in several configurations for different positions of the components. The results have shown their ability to predict both the intrinsic parameters (parasitic inductance ESL for the capacitor, inductance L for the inductor) and mutual inductance M inter-components. Finally, the optimization method was validated experimentally with an EMC filter type Γ (film capacitor and ferrite-rod inductor) built in a wiper motor