Apresenta-se uma metodologia que tem como base a análise de campos magnéticos no monitoramento da qualidade da energia de sistemas elétricos. Em particular, são avaliados os aspectos referentes à detecção de faltas em sistemas elétricos. Diferente do processo de monitoração tradicional, cujos sensores precisam estar fisicamente conectados aos circuitos analisados, propõe-se estudar a viabilidade da utilização dos sinais provenientes da assinatura magnética resultante no exame do desempenho dos sistemas elétricos. Ressalta-se, assim, a característica não invasiva deste processo. Em uma primeira instância, simulações numéricas e medidas experimentais são usadas para estimar a validade deste método. Com base em valores das correntes de falta fase-terra, relacionados a configurações reais de sistemas de distribuição, provenientes de simulações numéricas e disponibilizadas na literatura, são calculados os campos magnéticos em regiões pré-selecionadas próximas às linhas. A seguir, aplicam-se os conceitos relacionados a wavelets no tratamento dos sinais resultantes. É nesta etapa que, por meio da decomposição da assinatura magnética correspondente, serão obtidos os dados necessários para se correlacionar os componentes dos sinais ao diagnóstico das faltas, nos sistemas elétricos. A Análise de múltirresolução é aplicada. Além destes resultados teóricos, aqueles provenientes de uma bancada experimental são examinados. Algumas configurações canônicas foram pré-selecionadas, visando estudar a eventual influência dos aspectos geométricos nos resultados relacionados à decomposição do sinal em análise. Embora métodos analíticos pudessem ser empregados na determinação da assinatura magnética resultante, os métodos numéricos, tais como o método dos elementos finitos, foram utilizados visando agilizar a obtenção de resultados teóricos a serem avaliados. Da mesma forma, aplicativos já disponibilizados comercialmente foram utilizados na decomposição dos sinais. Esta metodologia foi aplicada, também, para identificar faltas, aplicando-se a análise da variância para os diversos níveis do detalhe wavelet. A validação da metodologia foi feita pela comparação entre os resultados simulados e obtidos experimentalmente. / A methodology based on the analysis of magnetic fields for monitoring the quality of energy in electrical systems is presented herein. Aspects referring to fault detection in electrical systems in particular are evaluated. Contrary to the traditional monitoring process, in which sensors must be physically linked to the circuits under analysis, the results are presented from a feasibility study on the use of signals arising from the resulting magnetic signature by means of the electrical systems analysis. Thus the non-invasive characteristic of this process should be pointed out. First, numerical simulations and experimental measures were used to estimate the validity of this method. Based on values of the current of phase-earth fault related to actual features of the distribution systems and derived from numeric simulations found in the literature, the magnetic fields, in pre-established regions, were calculated. Following this, the concepts related to wavelets in the treatment of resulting signals were applied. It is in this phase that, by means of the decomposition of the corresponding magnetic signature, the data necessary to correlate the signal components for the diagnosis of faults in electrical systems were obtained. A Multiresolution Analysis (MRA) was applied. In addition to these theoretical results, the results from a laboratory workbench were also examined. Some canonical features were pre-selected, aiming to study the influence of geometric aspects on the results related to the signal decomposition analyzed. Although analytical methods could be employed to determine the resulting magnetic signature, numerical methods, such as the finite element method, were used to expedite obtaining the theoretical results to be analyzed. Likewise, commercial software was also used for the decomposition of signals. This methodology was validated by comparing the measured and simulated magnetic flux density. This methodology was also applied to identify and classify faults by means of the variance curve towards the wavelet detail.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo fornecer contribuições metodológicas à implementação da tecnologia PLC/BPL em seus diversos ambientes reais de instalação. São apresentados os aspectos básicos envolvidos, princípio de operação, as topologias das redes PLC, vantagens e desvantagens e exemplos de aplicação. Além disso, são apresentadas as contribuições deste trabalho, as quais visam estabelecer procedimentos no desenvolvimento dos projetos de redes de comunicação que utilizam a tecnologia PLC, assim como procedimentos de instalação nos diversos ambientes reais e os procedimentos para o comissionamento das redes implantadas. São destacados os aspectos relacionados às redes comerciais, as quais possuem inúmeros requisitos de desempenho, manutenção preventiva e/ou corretiva, além dos aspectos financeiros dos projetos e os pontos importantes para atendimento da legislação atualmente em vigor. Finalmente, para cada procedimento apresentado, o mesmo é contextualizado através da apresentação de um caso prático associado. / This work aims to provide methodological contributions to PLC/BPL implementations in their several real installation environments. It is presented the basic aspects of the technology as well as the operation principle, the networks topologies, the advantages and the disadvantages and application examples. Furthermore, it is presented the contributions of this work, which goal is to establish procedures related to projects developments of PLC communication networks, some procedures related to the installation process in their real environments and the procedures for commissioning a deployed network. It is emphasized the commercial networks aspects, which demand several performance requirements, the preventive and/or corrective maintenance, as well as the financial aspects and the main topics to comply with the current regulation. Finally, every presented procedure is exemplified with a real case in order to demonstrate its practical functionality.

<p>This thesis deals with the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems of distributed electrical networks, especially that caused by lightning to electrified railway. Lightning transients were found to damage important devices that control train movements, causing traffic stoppage and delays. This thesis attempts to develop computational models for identification of parameters influencing the coupling phenomena between those devices and lightning. Some supporting experimental investigations are also carried out. This thesis forms the groundwork on the subject of lightning interaction with the electrified railway networks.</p><p>Lightning induces transient overvoltages in railway conductor systems such as tracks, overhead wires, and underground cables, either due to direct lightning strike to the system or due to the coupling of electromagnetic fields from remote strikes. Models based on multiconductor transmission line theory were developed for calculating the induced voltages and currents. A transmission line return stroke model, that can predict the remote electromagnetic fields comparable to experimental observations, is also developed. </p><p>Earlier works on modeling earth return impedances for transient studies in power distribution systems are not readily applicable for railways for lightning transients, in cases of low earth conductivities found in Sweden and for large variation in conductor heights. For the wires above ground, the ground impedance models were modified for wide range of frequencies, soil conductivities and wide spread of conductor heights. Influences of pole insulator flashovers, pole-footing soil ionizations and interconnections between the conductors on the lightning surge propagation are studied. Wave propagation in buried shielded and unshielded cables with ground return is studied. Simplified, valid and computationally efficient ground impedance expressions for buried and on-ground wires are proposed. A model for the coupling phenomena (transfer impedance) through multiple cable shields with multiconductor core is also proposed. Besides, experimental studies on lightning induced transients entering a railway technical house, failure modes of relay and rectifier units used in the train position/signaling applications for lightning transients are performed. A high frequency circuit model for the booster transformer for lightning interaction studies is developed. The simulation models are being converted to user-friendly software for the practicing engineers of the railway industry.</p>

<p>The present society is highly dependant on complex electronics systems, which have a low damage threshold level. Therefore, there is a high risk of partial or total loss of the system’s electronics when they are exposed to a thunderstorm environment. This calls for a deep understanding on the mechanism related to the interaction of lightning generated electromagnetic fields with various large distributed/scattered systems. To accurately represent the interaction of lightning electromagnetic fields with electrical networks, it is necessary to have return stroke models capable to reproduce the electromagnetic field signatures generated by a lightning flash. Several models have been developed in the recent past to study the field-to-wire coupling mechanism. The most popular, simple and accurate among the available models is the Agrawal et al. model. On the other hand, ATP-EMTP is a well-known transient simulation package widely used by power engineers. This package has various built-in line models like Semlyen, Marti and Noda setups. There is a difficulty in applying the Agrawal et al. model with the built-in line models of ATP-EMTP, as the voltage source due to the horizontal component of electric field in Agrawal et al. model is in series with the line impedance and not in between two transmission line segments. Furthermore, when the electromagnetic field is propagating over a finite conducting ground plane, the soil will selectively attenuate the high frequency content of the electromagnetic field; causing a change in the field wave shape. A finite conducting ground will also produce a horizontal field component at the ground level. Several approximations are available in the literature to obtain the horizontal electric field; namely the wave-tilt and the Cooray-Rubinstein approximation. Consequently, it is important to investigate the change on the induced voltage signature when the power line is located over a finitely conducting ground. Additionally, to provide protection from lightning induced transients it is necessary to use Surge Protective Devices (SPDs) capable of diverting the incoming transients and provide protection level necessary to avoid damage in the equipment. However, standard test procedures of the SPDs do not take into account sub-microsecond structure of the transients. Therefore, to provide the required protection level to sensitive equipments connected to the low voltage power network, it is essential to understand the response of SPDs subjected to high current derivative impulses. This thesis is aimed to investigate the research problems as addressed above. Special attention will be given to a new proposed return stroke model, a simple circuit approach for efficient implementation of Agrawal et al. model using ATP-EMTP, the effect of the soil conductivity on the lightning induced overvoltage signatures and the response of surge protective devices subjected to high current derivative impulses.</p>

The present society is highly dependant on complex electronics systems, which have a low damage threshold level. Therefore, there is a high risk of partial or total loss of the system’s electronics when they are exposed to a thunderstorm environment. This calls for a deep understanding on the mechanism related to the interaction of lightning generated electromagnetic fields with various large distributed/scattered systems. To accurately represent the interaction of lightning electromagnetic fields with electrical networks, it is necessary to have return stroke models capable to reproduce the electromagnetic field signatures generated by a lightning flash. Several models have been developed in the recent past to study the field-to-wire coupling mechanism. The most popular, simple and accurate among the available models is the Agrawal et al. model. On the other hand, ATP-EMTP is a well-known transient simulation package widely used by power engineers. This package has various built-in line models like Semlyen, Marti and Noda setups. There is a difficulty in applying the Agrawal et al. model with the built-in line models of ATP-EMTP, as the voltage source due to the horizontal component of electric field in Agrawal et al. model is in series with the line impedance and not in between two transmission line segments. Furthermore, when the electromagnetic field is propagating over a finite conducting ground plane, the soil will selectively attenuate the high frequency content of the electromagnetic field; causing a change in the field wave shape. A finite conducting ground will also produce a horizontal field component at the ground level. Several approximations are available in the literature to obtain the horizontal electric field; namely the wave-tilt and the Cooray-Rubinstein approximation. Consequently, it is important to investigate the change on the induced voltage signature when the power line is located over a finitely conducting ground. Additionally, to provide protection from lightning induced transients it is necessary to use Surge Protective Devices (SPDs) capable of diverting the incoming transients and provide protection level necessary to avoid damage in the equipment. However, standard test procedures of the SPDs do not take into account sub-microsecond structure of the transients. Therefore, to provide the required protection level to sensitive equipments connected to the low voltage power network, it is essential to understand the response of SPDs subjected to high current derivative impulses. This thesis is aimed to investigate the research problems as addressed above. Special attention will be given to a new proposed return stroke model, a simple circuit approach for efficient implementation of Agrawal et al. model using ATP-EMTP, the effect of the soil conductivity on the lightning induced overvoltage signatures and the response of surge protective devices subjected to high current derivative impulses.

This thesis deals with the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems of distributed electrical networks, especially that caused by lightning to electrified railway. Lightning transients were found to damage important devices that control train movements, causing traffic stoppage and delays. This thesis attempts to develop computational models for identification of parameters influencing the coupling phenomena between those devices and lightning. Some supporting experimental investigations are also carried out. This thesis forms the groundwork on the subject of lightning interaction with the electrified railway networks. Lightning induces transient overvoltages in railway conductor systems such as tracks, overhead wires, and underground cables, either due to direct lightning strike to the system or due to the coupling of electromagnetic fields from remote strikes. Models based on multiconductor transmission line theory were developed for calculating the induced voltages and currents. A transmission line return stroke model, that can predict the remote electromagnetic fields comparable to experimental observations, is also developed. Earlier works on modeling earth return impedances for transient studies in power distribution systems are not readily applicable for railways for lightning transients, in cases of low earth conductivities found in Sweden and for large variation in conductor heights. For the wires above ground, the ground impedance models were modified for wide range of frequencies, soil conductivities and wide spread of conductor heights. Influences of pole insulator flashovers, pole-footing soil ionizations and interconnections between the conductors on the lightning surge propagation are studied. Wave propagation in buried shielded and unshielded cables with ground return is studied. Simplified, valid and computationally efficient ground impedance expressions for buried and on-ground wires are proposed. A model for the coupling phenomena (transfer impedance) through multiple cable shields with multiconductor core is also proposed. Besides, experimental studies on lightning induced transients entering a railway technical house, failure modes of relay and rectifier units used in the train position/signaling applications for lightning transients are performed. A high frequency circuit model for the booster transformer for lightning interaction studies is developed. The simulation models are being converted to user-friendly software for the practicing engineers of the railway industry.

Ο στόχος της διπλωματικής αυτής είναι η περιγραφή της αναδυόμενης τεχνολογίας PLC (PowerLine Communication). Η τεχνολογία αυτή με τη χρήση του πανταχού παρόντος ηλεκτρικού δικτύου προσφέρει ακόμα και σε απομακρυσμένους χρήστες πληθώρα ευρυζωνικών υπηρεσιών και πρόσβαση στο διαδίκτυο, αποτελώντας μια ανταγωνιστική επιλογή τρόπου επικοινωνίας. Για την κατανόηση της PLC τεχνολογίας αρχικά κρίνουμε απαραίτητη την λεπτομερή περιγραφή της δομής του ηλεκτρικού δικτύου, του εξοπλισμού που απαιτείται για την εφαρμογή της και των αρχιτεκτονικών της. Στη συνέχεια γίνεται αναφορά στα προβλήματα που παρουσιάζονται και χρήζουν αντιμετώπισης. Επιπρόσθετα, γίνεται σύντομη παρουσίαση των εναλλακτικών υπηρεσιών και σύγκριση των PLC με αυτές. Η μετάδοση μέσω ηλεκτροφόρων καλωδίων προσφέρει ένα μεγάλο εύρος ζώνης, παρέχοντας μία γκάμα πολυάριθμων υπηρεσιών, όπως το έξυπνο σπίτι ή το AMR (Automatic Meter Reading) για τη διευκόλυνση τόσο των οικιακών χρηστών όσο και των επιχειρησιακών. Η χρήση των γραμμών ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας ως τηλεπικοινωνιακό κανάλι απαιτεί την εφαρμογή των κατάλληλων τεχνικών πρόσβασης. Οι πιο διαδεδομένες τεχνικές είναι οι FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) και CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) . Η παρούσα διπλωματική επικεντρώθηκε στην TDMA και την FDMA με διαμόρφωση σήματος OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) η οποία ονομάζεται OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). Πραγματοποιήθηκαν εξομοιώσεις σε Matlab διάφορων αλγορίθμων αναλογικής δικαιοσύνης με τεχνική OFDMA και ταυτόχρονη εξομοίωση της TDMA. Στόχος είναι να συγκρίνουμε τους αλγόριθμους αυτούς ως προς το συνολικό ρυθμό μετάδοσης και τη δικαιοσύνη κατανομής των πόρων στους χρήστες. Από τη σύγκριση αυτή προκύπτει ότι η τεχνική TDMA αποδίδει λιγότερο, ενώ από τους υπόλοιπους αλγόριθμους τα καλύτερα αποτελέσματα επιφέρει ο αλγόριθμος των Bill et al., με ισορροπία του συνολικού ρυθμού μετάδοσης και της επιθυμητής δικαιοσύνης. / Main goal of this diploma thesis is the description of the up and coming PLC (PowerLine Communication) technology. This technology offers access to the web and to several broadband services to even distant and isolated users, by exploiting the power line grid, widely spread to nearly all surface land sites, consisting this way a competitive communication alternative. For a better comprehension of the PLC technology, this work starts with a detailed description of the power line grid, the several PLC technology architectures and the necessary equipment for their application. Following this work, there is a reference to any possible problems that need to be overcome and a short comparative presentation of the PLC technology versus other alternatives to it. The data transmission over electricity lines offers a wide bandwidth and thus it may support a variety of applications, as the smart home and AMR (Automatic Meter Reading) for the proper service of either domestic or industrial users. The use of electricity power lines as a communication channel necessitates the application of multiple access Strategies as FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), which are currently the most popular. This thesis is focused on TDMA and FDMA with OFDM signal modulation. This technique is called OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). Several proportional rate constraints algorithms were simulated in Matlab applying both OFDMA and TDMA strategies in order to compare these algorithms in terms of the maximized total throughput and the fair allocation of resources to the end users (fairness). From this comparison it comes up that TDMA technique is less efficient, whereas from the other algorithms the most efficient is the one of Bill et al., that offers a good balance between total throughput and fairness.

Avec la tendance continue vers la technologie nanométrique et l'augmentation des fonctions complexes intègres dans les électroniques systèmes embarqués, Assurant la compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) des systèmes électroniques est un grand défi. CEM est devenu une cause majeure de redesign des Circuits intègres (CI). D’ailleurs, les performances des circuits pourraient être affectés par les mécanismes de dégradation tels que hot carrier injection (HCI), negative bias temperature instability (NBTI), gate oxide breakdown, qui sont accélérés par les conditions d'exploitation extrême (haute / basse température, surcharge électrique, le rayonnement). Ce vieillissement naturel peut donc affecter les performances CEM des circuits intégrés.Les travaux développés dans notre laboratoire vise à clarifier le lien entre les dégradations induites par le vieillissement et les dérives CEM, de développer les modèles de prédiction et de proposer des "insensibles au cours du temps" structures pour CEM protection, afin de fournir des méthodes et des guidelines aux concepteurs d'équipements et CI pour garantir la CEM au cours de durée de vie de leurs applications. Ce sujet de recherche est encore sous-exploré en tant que communautés de recherche sur la «fiabilité IC» et «compatibilité électromagnétique IC» n’a souvent pas de chevauchement.Ce manuscrit de thèse introduit une méthode pour quantifier l'effet du vieillissement sur les CEM des circuits intégrés par la mesure et la simulation. Le premier chapitre donne un aperçu du contexte général et le deuxième chapitre est dédié a l’état de l'art de CEM des circuits intégrés et de problèmes de fiabilité IC. Les résultats expérimentaux de circuits CEM évolution sont présentés dans le troisième chapitre. Ensuite, le quatrième chapitre est consacré à la caractérisation et la modélisation des mécanismes de dégradation du CI. Un EMR modèle qui inclut l'élément le vieillissement pour prédire la dérive du niveau CEM de notre puce de test après stress est proposé / With the continuous trend towards nanoscale technology and increased integration of complex electronic functions in embedded systems, ensuring the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of electronic systems is a great challenge. EMC has become a major cause of IC redesign. Meanwhile, ICs performance could be affected by the degradation mechanisms such as hot carrier injection (HCI), negative bias temperature instability(NBTI), gate oxide breakdown, which are accelerated by the harsh operation conditions (high/low temperature, electrical overstress, radiation). This natural aging can thus affect EMC performances of ICs. The work developed in our laboratory aims at clarifying the link between ageing induced IC degradations and related EMC drifts, developing prediction models and proposing “time insensitive” EMC protection structures, in order to provide methods and guidelines to IC and equipment designers to ensure EMC during lifetime of their applications. This research topic is still under-explored as research communities on “IC reliability” and “IC electromagnetic compatibility” has often no overlap. The PhD manuscript introduced a methodology to quantify the effect of ageing on EMC of ICs by measurement and simulation. The first chapter gives an overview of the general context and the second chapter states the EMC of ICs state of the art and IC reliability issues. The experimental results of ICs EMC evolution are presented in the third chapter. Then, the fourth chapter is dedicated to the characterization and modeling IC degradation mechanism. An EMR model which includes the ageing element to predict our test chip’s EMC level drift after stress is proposed

Le développement de l'électronique dans les systèmes embarqués à application aéronautique, spatial, ou encore automobile est alimenté par des performances croissantes, une intégration poussée et des coûts attractifs, permettant aux industriels d'offrir des solutions techniques et économiques concurrentielles. Néanmoins, cette évolution rapide nécessite une remise en cause permanente des méthodes de conception des systèmes embarqués, dont on doit garantir la maîtrise du comportement dans des environnements sévères. En particulier, la maîtrise de la compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) est un élément clé de la réussite des challenges d'intégration et d'évolution technologique. Cette étude décrit les différentes phases de modélisation de l’immunité d’un circuit intégré analogique, basée sur les informations techniques non confidentielles données par le fabricant du circuit intégré et l’extraction des modèles électriques des éléments du circuit imprimé. Notre travail apporte un cas d’étude dans le cadre d’une proposition de norme "IEC" (International Electrotechnical Commission) sous la référence IEC-62433. De plus, dans ce mémoire, nous mettons en évidence l’impact du vieillissement des composants électroniques sur les performances CEM. Différentes technologies et types de circuits intégrés sont étudiés pour apporter une analyse qualitative sur l’évolution des paramètres CEM après une certaine durée de vie. Nous proposons une méthodologie de qualification pour apprécier l’évolution des marges CEM sous la dénomination « fiabilité électromagnétique ». Cette méthode, basée sur des procédés expérimentaux et statistiques, permet de caractériser l’impact du vieillissement des composants électroniques sur les paramètres CEM. Ces travaux mettent en évidence l’intérêt d’introduire le facteur « effet du temps » dans nos modèles d’immunité afin de garantir la compatibilité électromagnétique de nos systèmes électroniques embarqués tout au long de leur profil de mission / The development of electronic embedded systems in aerospace application, spatial, or automotive is powered by increased performance, advanced integration and attractive prices, enabling manufacturers to offer technical solutions and economic competitiveness. However, this rapid evolution necessitates a questioning of permanent methods of designing embedded systems that must guarantee the control of behavior in severe environments. In particular, the control of electromagnetic compatibility "EMC" is importante of successful challenges of integration and evolution technology. This study describes the various stages of immunity modeling an analog integrated circuit, based on non-confidential technical information given by the manufacturer of the integrated circuit and models extraction of electrical printed circuit board. Our work provides a case study in the context of standard proposal "IEC" (International Electrotechnical Commission) under reference IEC-62433. Moreover, in this repport we show the impact of aging electronic components on EMC performance. Different types of technologies and integrated circuits are designed to provide a qualitative analysis on the evolution of EMC parameters after a period lifetime. We propose a methodology for qualification of the evolution of EMC margins under the name "electromagnetic reliability". This method, based on experimental methods and statistics, used to characterize the impact of the aging of electronics components on the EMC parameters. These works demonstrate the interest of introducing the factor "time effect" in our immunity models to ensure the electromagnetic compatibility of our electronics systems throughout their mission profile

Les éléments constituant la chaîne de traction sont le plus souvent dissocies et indépendants entre eux (pack de batteries, convertisseur de traction et moteur). L'utilisation des convertisseurs en cascade en tant que convertisseurs de traction a été le cœur de ces travaux de thèse. Les performances énergétiques des convertisseurs en cascade et de l'onduleur de tension classique ont été comparées sur un cycle de conduite normalisé pour différentes configurations sur les convertisseurs de puissance (niveau de tension mis en jeu dans la chaîne de traction, variation du nombre d'onduleurs connectés en série pour les convertisseurs en cascade et variation du nombre de semi-conducteurs en parallèle pour réaliser la fonction des interrupteurs de puissance dans les convertisseurs). D'autres convertisseurs d'électronique de puissance sont nécessaires pour le bon fonctionnement d'un véhicule électrique. L'un de ces convertisseurs est le chargeur de batteries qui puise l'énergie du réseau électrique pour venir recharger les batteries du véhicule. Un autre est le système de monitoring des batteries qui permet d'assurer un équilibrage et un état de charge uniforme entre les différentes cellules qui composent le pack de batteries du véhicule. Dans une optique de mutualisation de fonction du convertisseur de puissance, les convertisseurs en cascade ont été étudiés pour assurer la fonction de chargeur et d'équilibreur lorsque la traction du véhicule n'est pas utilisée. / The elements that can be found in traction chain are usually separate and independent between them (battery pack, traction converter and motor). The use of cascaded inverter in order to drive the vehicle has been the heart of this thesis. The energy performance of cascaded inverter and classical voltage source inverter were compared on a standardized driving cycle for different power converters configurations (voltage level for the traction chain, variation of the number serial inverter for cascaded H-bridge and different number of semiconductors in parallel to do the function of the power switches in converters). Other power electronic converters are necessary for the electrical vehicle. One of these converters is the battery charger which tranfer energy from the network to the vehicle's batteries. Another is the battery monitoring system that ensures a balance and uniform state between the different cells which make up the battery pack of the vehicle. With an objective of increasing the function of the power converter, cascaded H-bridge have been designed to provide the function of charger and balance the battery cell when the traction chain of the vehicle is not used.