Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Full text release at OhioLINK's ETD Center delayed at author's request

Os estudos dos sistemas agrícolas em geral, incluindo os sistemas de produção frutícola, com freqüência abordam a sua configuração e dinâmica numa ótica ex-post à sua origem e formação. Neste trabalho os sistemas agrícolas foram analisados numa ótica ex-ante. As variáveis determinantes da emergência dos sistemas de produção frutícola foram identificadas, com vistas à construção de um modelo de emergência destes sistemas. Inicialmente, por meio de entrevistas com experts, foram identificadas as variáveis percebidas como determinantes da emergência de um sistema de produção frutícola consolidado, localizado no Vale do Rio São Francisco, na Região Nordeste do Brasil. A seguir, estas variáveis foram avaliadas, quanto à sua importância, na emergência de oito sistemas de produção frutícola menos desenvolvidos, localizados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sendo que destes, cinco sistemas são focalizados na citricultura e três na persicultura. Assim foi possível determinar um conjunto de variáveis que representam as condições básicas para a emergência de sistemas de produção frutícola. As condições edafoclimáticas, a demanda do mercado, o apoio tecnológico, a existência de mão-de-obra especializada, a infra-estrutura produtiva na região, as condições das estradas e a existência de uma liderança foram as variáveis que receberam os maiores escores de importância para a emergência. As variáveis relativas à logística, ao apoio governamental, ao envolvimento de múltiplos produtores, instituições e empresas complementares do sistema de produção frutícola, complementam os condicionantes da plena expressão das propriedades características dos sistemas emergentes. A identificação dessas variáveis pode ajudar nas decisões sobre iniciativas de estímulo de emergência de sistemas de produção frutícola desejados, embora a configuração do sistema resultante destas iniciativas não possa ser antevista. O próximo passo seria testar essas variáveis em outros tipos de sistemas agrícolas, para modelagem de uma equação da emergência dos sistemas agrícolas em geral. / General studies on agricultural systems, including fruit production systems, often approach their configuration and dynamics under an ex-post viewpoint to their origin and formation. In this work the agricultural systems were analyzed in their ex-ante aspects. The variables, which determine the emergence of fruit production systems were identified, and considered for the construction of a model of emergence of these systems. At first, through interviews with experts, it was possible to identify the variables perceived as determinant for the emergence of a consolidated fruit production system, located in the Sao Francisco River Valley, Brazilian northeastern region. Later, such variables were evaluated in terms of importance for the emergence of eight less developed fruit production systems located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, of which five were focused on citrus culture, and three were focused on peach culture. A set of variables were determined that represent the basic conditions for emergence of fruit production systems, which might represent the bases for emergence and development of other fruit production systems. Edaphic-climatic conditions, market demand, technological support, availability of skilled labor force, productive infra-structure in the region, road conditions, and the existence of leadership were the variables that received the highest scores of importance for the emergence. The variables involving infrastructure and logistics, government support, market and participation of multiple producers, institutions and complementary companies of the fruit system complete the other conditioning aspects of the full expression of the characteristic properties of emerging systems. The identification of these variables could help in processes of decision making, regarding initiatives to stimulate emergence of the fruits production systems, although the resulting configuration of the systems cannot be forecasted for sure. The next step in this kind of study would be to test these variables in other agricultural systems types, for modeling of an equation of the agricultural systems emergence in general.

O gerenciamento da água em bacias hidrográficas implica criar as condições para congregar os diversos pontos de vista dos atores sociais envolvidos, de modo a possibilitar a tomada de decisão consensual. Os interesses dos atores que disputam esse recurso precisam ser compartilhados e alinhados com o equacionamento dos problemas no presente e com a criação de uma visão de futuro que respeite as condições de sustentabilidade para as próximas gerações. Portanto, a gestão precisa promover aprendizagem de natureza social. Este estudo procurou mostrar como ocorre a aprendizagem social em um comitê de gerenciamento de bacia hidrográfica e também como a Teoria da Emergência auxilia na compreensão do comportamento coletivo dos agentes nesse espaço de negociação. A construção do referencial teórico com base nas teorias da aprendizagem social e da emergência possibilitou verificar que o empreendedorismo socioambiental apresenta elementos subjacentes a essas duas correntes conceituais. Diante disso, essa temática foi incorporada ao estudo. A estratégia metodológica utilizada foi o estudo de caso em profundidade no sentido proposto por Yin (2005). A unidade de análise foi o Comitê de Gerenciamento da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. Quanto à finalidade, a pesquisa foi classificada como descritiva. Foram utilizados dados primários e secundários e o processo de análise contemplou abordagens quantitativas e qualitativas. A principal fonte de evidências foi um levantamento estruturado realizado com os integrantes do Comitê. O estudo utilizou outras fontes como documentos, entrevistas e observações. A aprendizagem social foi observada nos níveis individual, de grupo e organizacional. Os resultados mostraram que esse é um fenômeno multidimensional que exige o desenvolvimento do conhecimento e também das habilidades relacionais dos agentes. A análise das características do Comitê à luz da Teoria da Emergência evidenciou as propriedades subjacentes dessa teoria respeitando os preceitos dos autores consultados e ressaltando diversas emergências decorrentes de sua criação. A criação do Comitê parece tratar-se de uma inovação social transformadora que contribuiu para demover a estrutura atomizada dos agentes envolvidos e que pode mudar os rumos dos problemas socioeconômicos e ambientais na região, em grande medida pelas relações e interações que possibilitou entre esses mesmos agentes. A análise do comportamento empreendedor dos integrantes mostrou que eles desenvolveram competência social baseada principalmente em interdependência e "suscetibilidade mútua", comprometimento, redes e relacionamento, liderança e adaptabilidade social. As mudanças sofridas por eles, assim como as principais mudanças atribuídas ao Comitê, evidenciaram a ampliação do capital social dos indivíduos e da organização e também a valorização do coletivo acima dos interesses individuais. / Watershed basin management involves creating the right conditions to bring together a variety of points of view from involved social actors, in such a way as to make consensual decision making possible. The interests of actors competing for this resource need to be shared and aligned with the establishment of present-day problems and by creating a vision for the future that respects sustainable conditions of sustainability for generations to come. Therefore, management needs to promote learning of a social nature. This study has sought to demonstrate how social learning takes place in a watershed basin management committee, as well as how Emergence Theory helps one to comprehend the collective behavior of agents in this negotiation space. The construction of a theoretical foundation based on social learning and emergence theories made it possible to verify that socioenvironmental entrepreneurship presents elements which underlie these two conceptual currents. In the face of this, this theme was incorporated into the study. An in-depth case study, in the sense proposed by Yin (2005) was chosen as the methodological strategy. The unit chosen for analysis was the Santa Maria River Watershed Basin Management Committee, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. As for the finality, the research was classified as descriptive. Primary and secondary data was used, and the analytical process contemplated quantitative and qualitative approaches. The main source of evidence was a structured survey carried out with the members of the Committee. The study also used other sources, such as documents, interviews and observations. Social learning was observed at the individual, group, and organizational levels. The results demonstrated that this is a multidimensional phenomenon that demands the development of knowledge, as well as interpersonal skills on the part of the agents. The analysis of the Committee's characteristics under the light of the Emergence Theory provided evidence of the underlying properties of this theory, respecting the precepts of the consulted authors and emphasizing a variety of emergences resulting from its creation. The creation of the Committee appears to be a transformative social innovation that contributed to changing the atomized structure of involved agents and which can change the course of regional socio-economic and environmental problems, in great measure through the relations and interactions it made possible between said agents. Analysis of members' entrepreneurial behavior demonstrated that they developed social abilities based mainly on interdependence and "mutual susceptibility", commitment, networks and relationships, leadership and social adaptability. The changes they experienced, as well as the main changes attributed to the Committee, provided evidence of the enlargement of the social capital of individuals and the organization as well as increased value placed on the collective, above individual interests.

Submitted by Reinaldo Kagi (reinaldo.kagi@gmail.com) on 2014-03-07T16:23:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KAGI, Reinaldo Kenji. (2014) - Fragmentos da Complexidade Aplicados ao Mercado Financeiro.pdf: 976757 bytes, checksum: 053f1bfa52560a1fc533f8c2860a3caa (MD5) / Rejected by JOANA MARTORINI (joana.martorini@fgv.br), reason: prezado Reinaldo, boa tarde A numerações das paginas não podem ficar visíveis antes da introdução, existem paginas em branco que devem ser retiradas e o titulo não está de acordo com o titulo apresentado na Ata de Dissertação conforme segue abaixo: Fragmentos DE complexidade aplicados ao mercado financeiro Fragmentos DA complexidade aplicados ao mercado financeiro Por gentileza fazer os ajustes listados acima. on 2014-03-07T18:20:57Z (GMT) / Submitted by Reinaldo Kagi (reinaldo.kagi@gmail.com) on 2014-03-07T19:05:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KAGI, Reinaldo Kenji. (2014) - Fragmentos de Complexidade Aplicados ao Mercado Financeiro.pdf: 953573 bytes, checksum: d484fb79cf4de8d48c79d7b72dd959a0 (MD5) / Rejected by JOANA MARTORINI (joana.martorini@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Reinaldo, boa tarde. Tem um único ponto a ser ajustado, na folha de assinatura a data está errada, o correto seria 07/02/2014 (data de sua apresentação de dissertação. por gentileza ajustar. on 2014-03-07T19:25:51Z (GMT) / Submitted by Reinaldo Kagi (reinaldo.kagi@gmail.com) on 2014-03-07T19:31:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KAGI, Reinaldo Kenji. (2014) - Fragmentos de Complexidade Aplicados ao Mercado Financeiro.pdf: 975473 bytes, checksum: 955bb2b02ccec9d2b6a97da997eb9af3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by JOANA MARTORINI (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2014-03-07T19:32:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 KAGI, Reinaldo Kenji. (2014) - Fragmentos de Complexidade Aplicados ao Mercado Financeiro.pdf: 975473 bytes, checksum: 955bb2b02ccec9d2b6a97da997eb9af3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-03-07T19:50:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KAGI, Reinaldo Kenji. (2014) - Fragmentos de Complexidade Aplicados ao Mercado Financeiro.pdf: 975473 bytes, checksum: 955bb2b02ccec9d2b6a97da997eb9af3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-10 / The rise of complexity in financial markets has been reported by Rajan (2005), Gorton (2008) and e Haldane & May (2011) as one of the main features that led to the increase of systemic risk, which climaxed in the financial crisis of 2007/08. The Bank for International Settlements (2013) covers the matters of complexity in the context of banking regulation and discusses the comparability of capital adequacy among banks and jurisdictions. Nonetheless, definitions for concepts such as complexity and complex adaptive systems are omitted from the major discussions. This paper elucidates some concepts related to the Theories of Complexity, how this phenomenon arises, how they may be applied to financial markets. We discuss the use of two tools in the context of complex adaptive systems: Agent Based Models (ABMs) and entropy. We come to the conclusion that although the complexity research agenda still leaves us some gaps, it most definitely contributes to the economic research in understanding the mechanisms that trigger systemic risks, as well as adding tools that allows us model interacting heterogeneous agents, which leads to the rise of emergent phenomena in the system. Some research hypotheses are suggested for later development. / O aumento da complexidade do mercado financeiro tem sido relatado por Rajan (2005), Gorton (2008) e Haldane e May (2011) como um dos principais fatores responsáveis pelo incremento do risco sistêmico que culminou na crise financeira de 2007/08. O Bank for International Settlements (2013) aborda a questão da complexidade no contexto da regulação bancária e discute a comparabilidade da adequação de capital entre os bancos e entre jurisdições. No entanto, as definições dos conceitos de complexidade e de sistemas adaptativos complexos são suprimidas das principais discussões. Este artigo esclarece alguns conceitos relacionados às teorias da Complexidade, como se dá a emergência deste fenômeno, como os conceitos podem ser aplicados ao mercado financeiro. São discutidas duas ferramentas que podem ser utilizadas no contexto de sistemas adaptativos complexos: Agent Based Models (ABMs) e entropia e comparadas com ferramentas tradicionais. Concluímos que ainda que a linha de pesquisa da complexidade deixe lacunas, certamente esta contribui com a agenda de pesquisa econômica para se compreender os mecanismos que desencadeiam riscos sistêmicos, bem como adiciona ferramentas que possibilitam modelar agentes heterogêneos que interagem, de forma a permitir o surgimento de fenômenos emergentes no sistema. Hipóteses de pesquisa são sugeridas para aprofundamento posterior.

Seldom are we privileged to witness an international philosophical movement, which in addition to being a philosophical revolution, vindicates the values and concerns of a critical anthropological approach in Spirituality from the analytic tradition. The work of critical realists is potential remedy for the ills, dichotomies and lacunae inherent in the Western philosophical and spiritual traditions. Critical realism and philosophy of meta-reality, it is claimed, not only emancipate philosophy but, science and society as spiritual. This dissertation explores the many points of confluence and exposes dimensions of living and studying spirituality, which challenge us to think of ontological realism, epistemological relativism and rational (reflexive) judgement in a mode, which cautions against the naive relativism, tacit irrealism and other mistakes which tend to over-characterise our academic discourse with social linguistification, to the detriment of humanity and our utopian freedom and flourishing. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Christian Spirituality)

The Thesis deals with problems associated with homosexual partnership. It has two parts. The theoretical part trying to look at the problem only from the literature. It tries to show how attitudes to homosexuality is the majority society, what are the theories of homosexuality, looks like homosexual partnership, looks as family functioning, with the challenge it faces a gay couple and what are the terms of developmental psychology. The research part is based on theoretical and tries to map the issues in depth. It has focused on a specific group and they are gay man aged 20 to 30 years old, living in Strakonice and is currently in partnership. The research is using qualitative semi structured interviews. For the research method is used Snowball sampling.

O gerenciamento da água em bacias hidrográficas implica criar as condições para congregar os diversos pontos de vista dos atores sociais envolvidos, de modo a possibilitar a tomada de decisão consensual. Os interesses dos atores que disputam esse recurso precisam ser compartilhados e alinhados com o equacionamento dos problemas no presente e com a criação de uma visão de futuro que respeite as condições de sustentabilidade para as próximas gerações. Portanto, a gestão precisa promover aprendizagem de natureza social. Este estudo procurou mostrar como ocorre a aprendizagem social em um comitê de gerenciamento de bacia hidrográfica e também como a Teoria da Emergência auxilia na compreensão do comportamento coletivo dos agentes nesse espaço de negociação. A construção do referencial teórico com base nas teorias da aprendizagem social e da emergência possibilitou verificar que o empreendedorismo socioambiental apresenta elementos subjacentes a essas duas correntes conceituais. Diante disso, essa temática foi incorporada ao estudo. A estratégia metodológica utilizada foi o estudo de caso em profundidade no sentido proposto por Yin (2005). A unidade de análise foi o Comitê de Gerenciamento da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. Quanto à finalidade, a pesquisa foi classificada como descritiva. Foram utilizados dados primários e secundários e o processo de análise contemplou abordagens quantitativas e qualitativas. A principal fonte de evidências foi um levantamento estruturado realizado com os integrantes do Comitê. O estudo utilizou outras fontes como documentos, entrevistas e observações. A aprendizagem social foi observada nos níveis individual, de grupo e organizacional. Os resultados mostraram que esse é um fenômeno multidimensional que exige o desenvolvimento do conhecimento e também das habilidades relacionais dos agentes. A análise das características do Comitê à luz da Teoria da Emergência evidenciou as propriedades subjacentes dessa teoria respeitando os preceitos dos autores consultados e ressaltando diversas emergências decorrentes de sua criação. A criação do Comitê parece tratar-se de uma inovação social transformadora que contribuiu para demover a estrutura atomizada dos agentes envolvidos e que pode mudar os rumos dos problemas socioeconômicos e ambientais na região, em grande medida pelas relações e interações que possibilitou entre esses mesmos agentes. A análise do comportamento empreendedor dos integrantes mostrou que eles desenvolveram competência social baseada principalmente em interdependência e "suscetibilidade mútua", comprometimento, redes e relacionamento, liderança e adaptabilidade social. As mudanças sofridas por eles, assim como as principais mudanças atribuídas ao Comitê, evidenciaram a ampliação do capital social dos indivíduos e da organização e também a valorização do coletivo acima dos interesses individuais. / Watershed basin management involves creating the right conditions to bring together a variety of points of view from involved social actors, in such a way as to make consensual decision making possible. The interests of actors competing for this resource need to be shared and aligned with the establishment of present-day problems and by creating a vision for the future that respects sustainable conditions of sustainability for generations to come. Therefore, management needs to promote learning of a social nature. This study has sought to demonstrate how social learning takes place in a watershed basin management committee, as well as how Emergence Theory helps one to comprehend the collective behavior of agents in this negotiation space. The construction of a theoretical foundation based on social learning and emergence theories made it possible to verify that socioenvironmental entrepreneurship presents elements which underlie these two conceptual currents. In the face of this, this theme was incorporated into the study. An in-depth case study, in the sense proposed by Yin (2005) was chosen as the methodological strategy. The unit chosen for analysis was the Santa Maria River Watershed Basin Management Committee, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. As for the finality, the research was classified as descriptive. Primary and secondary data was used, and the analytical process contemplated quantitative and qualitative approaches. The main source of evidence was a structured survey carried out with the members of the Committee. The study also used other sources, such as documents, interviews and observations. Social learning was observed at the individual, group, and organizational levels. The results demonstrated that this is a multidimensional phenomenon that demands the development of knowledge, as well as interpersonal skills on the part of the agents. The analysis of the Committee's characteristics under the light of the Emergence Theory provided evidence of the underlying properties of this theory, respecting the precepts of the consulted authors and emphasizing a variety of emergences resulting from its creation. The creation of the Committee appears to be a transformative social innovation that contributed to changing the atomized structure of involved agents and which can change the course of regional socio-economic and environmental problems, in great measure through the relations and interactions it made possible between said agents. Analysis of members' entrepreneurial behavior demonstrated that they developed social abilities based mainly on interdependence and "mutual susceptibility", commitment, networks and relationships, leadership and social adaptability. The changes they experienced, as well as the main changes attributed to the Committee, provided evidence of the enlargement of the social capital of individuals and the organization as well as increased value placed on the collective, above individual interests.

L'analyse des systèmes de grande taille est confrontée à des difficultés d'ordre syntaxique et sémantique : comment observer un million d'entités distribuées et asynchrones ? Comment interpréter le désordre résultant de l'observation microscopique de ces entités ? Comment produire et manipuler des abstractions pertinentes pour l'analyse macroscopique des systèmes ? Face à l'échec de l'approche analytique, le concept d'émergence épistémique - relatif à la nature de la connaissance - nous permet de définir une stratégie d'analyse alternative, motivée par le constat suivant : l'activité scientifique repose sur des processus d'abstraction fournissant des éléments de description macroscopique pour aborder la complexité des systèmes. Cette thèse s'intéresse plus particulièrement à la production d'abstractions spatiales et temporelles par agrégation de données. Afin d'engendrer des représentations exploitables lors du passage à l'échelle, il apparaît nécessaire de contrôler deux aspects essentiels du processus d'abstraction. Premièrement, la complexité et le contenu informationnel des représentations macroscopiques doivent être conjointement optimisés afin de préserver les détails pertinents pour l'observateur, tout en minimisant le coût de l'analyse. Nous proposons des mesures de qualité (critères internes) permettant d'évaluer, de comparer et de sélectionner les représentations en fonction du contexte et des objectifs de l'analyse. Deuxièmement, afin de conserver leur pouvoir explicatif, les abstractions engendrées doivent être cohérentes avec les connaissances mobilisées par l'observateur lors de l'analyse. Nous proposons d'utiliser les propriétés organisationnelles, structurelles et topologiques du système (critères externes) pour contraindre le processus d'agrégation et pour engendrer des représentations viables sur les plans syntaxique et sémantique. Par conséquent, l'automatisation du processus d'agrégation nécessite de résoudre un problème d'optimisation sous contraintes. Nous proposons dans cette thèse un algorithme de résolution générique, s'adaptant aux critères formulés par l'observateur. De plus, nous montrons que la complexité de ce problème d'optimisation dépend directement de ces critères. L'approche macroscopique défendue dans cette thèse est évaluée sur deux classes de systèmes. Premièrement, le processus d'agrégation est appliqué à la visualisation d'applications parallèles de grande taille pour l'analyse de performance. Il permet de détecter les anomalies présentes à plusieurs niveaux de granularité dans les traces d'exécution et d'expliquer ces anomalies à partir des propriétés syntaxiques du système. Deuxièmement, le processus est appliqué à l'agrégation de données médiatiques pour l'analyse des relations internationales. L'agrégation géographique et temporelle de l'attention médiatique permet de définir des évènements macroscopiques pertinents sur le plan sémantique pour l'analyse du système international. Pour autant, nous pensons que l'approche et les outils présentés dans cette thèse peuvent être généralisés à de nombreux autres domaines d'application. / The analysis of large-scale systems faces syntactic and semantic difficulties: How to observe millions of distributed and asynchronous entities? How to interpret the disorder that results from the microscopic observation of such entities? How to produce and handle relevant abstractions for the systems' macroscopic analysis? Faced with the failure of the analytic approach, the concept of epistemic emergence - related to the nature of knowledge - allows us to define an alternative strategy. This strategy is motivated by the observation that scientific activity relies on abstraction processes that provide macroscopic descriptions to broach the systems' complexity. This thesis is more specifically interested in the production of spatial and temporal abstractions through data aggregation. In order to generate scalable representations, the control of two essential aspects of the aggregation process is necessary. Firstly, the complexity and the information content of macroscopic representations should be jointly optimized in order to preserve the relevant details for the observer, while minimizing the cost of the analysis. We propose several measures of quality (internal criteria) to evaluate, compare and select the representations depending on the context and the objectives of the analysis. Secondly, in order to preserve their explanatory power, the generated abstractions should be consistent with the background knowledge exploited by the observer for the analysis. We propose to exploit the systems' organisational, structural and topological properties (external criteria) to constrain the aggregation process and to generate syntactically and semantically consistent representations. Consequently, the automation of the aggregation process requires solving a constrained optimization problem. We propose a generic algorithm that adapts to the criteria expressed by the observer. Furthermore, we show that the complexity of this optimization problem directly depend on these criteria. The macroscopic approach supported by this thesis is evaluated on two classes of systems. Firstly, the aggregation process is applied to the visualisation of large-scale distributed applications for performance analysis. It allows the detection of anomalies at several scales in the execution traces and the explanation of these anomalies according to the system syntactic properties. Secondly, the process is applied to the aggregation of news for the analysis of international relations. The geographical and temporal aggregation of media attention allows the definition of semantically consistent macroscopic events for the analysis of the international system. Furthermore, we believe that the approach and the tools presented in this thesis can be extended to a wider class of application domains.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The sunflower cultivation has great potential for success in different edaphoclimatic regions. However, the stress occurrence, including the water excess on soil is detrimental to the crop development and production. The aim of this study was to determine the initial development stages wherein water excess and its duration affect longer negatively the emergence and early growth of sunflower plants. The experiments were carried out in the experimental area of Departamento de Fitotecnia of UFSM, during the second half of 2011. Three experiments were carried out under greenhouse and a field experiment. The experiments under greenhouse were carried out in pots, with treatments based on the application of water excess at different stages of development (at sowing date, three days after sowing, emergency date, V2 and V4 stage) combined with different durations (0, 48, 96, 144, 192 and 240 hours), in a completely randomized design, bifactorial. We determined the following variables: percentage and speed of emergency after emergency stabilization; dry mass of shoots and roots, leaf area, plant height, leaf number, maximum length of roots and main length root, and some growth index, determined after the end of application the last treatment of water excess. The field experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, consisting of weekly sowing made between 28/07/2011 and 27/11/2011, which occurred in different conditions of excess water, soil temperature and soil moisture. Soil temperature was monitored by Pt-100 sensors, while excess water and soil moisture were determined by sequential water balance, which were correlated with the percentage of emergence, speed emergence and number of days of the phase sowing-emergency. It was found that the water excess is more detrimental for sunflower in phase sowing-emergence, because it affects negatively the emergence and consequently the plants density, reducing the growth of shoots and roots significantly, even after just 48 hours under water excess. Applied after emergence, the water excess causes significant reduction of shoot growth, while in the soil occurs development of adventitious and secondary roots. Both water excess as water deficit is detrimental to the field emergency, because soil moisture between 80 and 85% of the soil storage capacity and soil temperature of 21.5 °C are the best conditions to sunflower emergence. / O cultivo de girassol tem grande potencial de sucesso em diferentes regiões edafoclimáticas. Entretanto, a ocorrência de estresses, dentre eles o excesso hídrico do solo, é prejudicial ao desenvolvimento e produção da cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento em que a ocorrência de excesso hídrico e sua duração mais afetam negativamente a emergência e o crescimento inicial de plantas de girassol. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na área experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia da UFSM, durante o segundo semestre de 2011. Foram realizados três experimentos em casa de vegetação e um experimento a campo. Na casa de vegetação os experimentos foram conduzidos em vasos, com tratamentos constando da aplicação de excesso hídrico em diferentes estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento (data da semeadura, três dias após a semeadura, data da emergência, estágio V2 e estágio V4) combinados com diferentes durações (0, 48, 96, 144, 192 e 240 horas), sendo bifatorial no delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram determinadas as variáveis: porcentagem e velocidade de emergência após a emergência estabilizar; massa seca de parte aérea e raízes, área foliar, altura de plantas, número de folhas, comprimento máximo de raízes e da raiz principal, além de alguns índices de crescimento, determinadas ao final da aplicação do último tratamento de excesso hídrico. O experimento a campo, conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, constando de semeaduras semanais realizadas entre 28/07/2011 e 27/11/2011, para as quais ocorreram diferentes condições de excesso hídrico, temperatura do solo e umidade do solo. A temperatura do solo foi monitorada por sensores Pt-100, enquanto o excesso e a umidade do solo foram determinadas pelo balanço hídrico sequencial, sendo correlacionadas com a porcentagem de emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência e número de dias do subperíodo semeadura-emergência. Verificou-se que o excesso hídrico é mais prejudicial para o girassol no subperíodo semeadura-emergência, pois afeta negativamente a emergência e consequentemente, a população de plantas, reduzindo significativamente o crescimento de parte aérea e raiz, mesmo sob apenas 48 horas de excesso. Aplicado após a emergência, o excesso hídrico causa redução significativa do crescimento da parte aérea, enquanto no solo são formadas raízes secundárias e adventícias. Tanto o excesso quanto o déficit hídrico é prejudicial à emergência no campo, sendo que a umidade entre 80 e 85% da capacidade de armazenamento do solo, e a temperatura do solo de 21,5 °C são as condições mais adequadas.

Dans le cadre de cette recherche sur l'émergence de la parole auprès d'enfants paralysés cérébraux, ayant comme pathologie des troubles moteurs, nous avons situé notre démarche épistémologique dans le champ de théories qui permet de comprendre le développement cognitif général, avec le fonctionnement neurobiologique du cerveau et les processus moteurs biomécaniques et sensoriels,impliqués dans la production de parole. Dans notre étude, nous avons émis l'hypothèse de l'existence d'une corrélation entre le développement de la déglutition-mastication et l'émergence de la parole. Sous-jacents à cette corrélation, serait le développement du contrôle de la mandibule, ainsi que celui des articulateurs de la sphère oro-faciale (langue, lèvres, velum, épiglotte). Les résultats expérimentaux principaux montrent que malgré leurs pathologies, ces enfants suivent les tendances préférentielles observées chez les tous enfants « valides », avec la production d'un nouveau patron associatif qui apparaît, dont les sons labiaux et coronaux. En outre, notre étude indique que la saisie et la prise alimentaire, à travers sa diversité, ainsi que sa texture, permettraient l'évolution du développement pré-linguistique et linguistique chez ces enfants. Par ailleurs, nous pouvons souligner que les enfants présentant des troubles de l'oralité alimentaire, correspondant au trouble de l'oralité primaire, auront tendance à développer des troubles de l'oralité secondaire qui engendreront des troubles de la parole. / In this research on the emergence of speech among children with cerebral palsy, whose pathology is motor disorders, our epistemological approach lies within theories that help to understand general cognitive development, based on the neurobiological functioning of the brain, and also on motor biomechanical and sensory processes involved in speech production. ln our study, we hypothesized the existence of a correlation between the development of swallowing-mastication and the emergence of speech. Underlying this correlation would be the development of control of the mandible, as well as that of the articulators of the orofacial sphere (tongue, lips, velum and epiglottis). The main experimental results show that despite their pathologies, these children follow preferential trends observed in all "valid" children, with the production of a new associative pattern that appears, including labial and coronal sounds. ln addition, our study indicates that grasping and food intake, through ils diversity, as well as its texture, would favour the development of prelinguistic and linguistic maturity in these children. Moreover, we posit that children with eating disorders, corresponding to primary eating disorders, will tend to develop secondary eating disorders that will lead to speech disorders.