O objetivo desta dissertação é mostrar como a estratégia de inserção internacional da Índia se articula com sua estratégia de desenvolvimento. Inicialmente, o trabalho conceitua inserção internacional e desenvolvimento econômico para países subdesenvolvidos e apresenta algumas estratégias estilizadas de inserção de alguns países emergentes. Posteriormente, busca-se caracterizar a economia da Índia do ponto de vista da evolução histórica e em seus aspectos distintivos. Entre as principais conclusões do trabalho, percebe-se que apesar da maior integração da Índia com o mundo, esta se dá em um grau inferior ao dos demais países em grau semelhante de desenvolvimento. Mesmo com o avanço recente, o crescimento não se traduziu em grandes modificações estruturais, com a maior parte da população ainda em condições de pobreza, e alocada no setor rural da economia. A relativamente baixa integração econômica e a própria abertura gradual e planejada da economia da Índia, mantendo reduzidos os índices de vulnerabilidade externa, permite que a Índia coloque algumas das prioridades da nação em primeiro lugar, tanto no arcabouço do regime macroeconômico, como nos fóruns internacionais. As oportunidades de crescimento, especialmente através do setor externo, devem ser consideradas tendo em vista as fontes de vulnerabilidade e oportunidades de mudanças estruturais que se traduzam em melhores condições de vida. / The objective of this dissertation is to show how the strategy of international insertion of India is linked to its development strategy. Initially, this dissertation conceptualizes international insertion and economic development for underdeveloped countries and it presents some stylistic strategies of insertion for some emerging countries. Subsequently, it seeks to characterize the Indian economy from the standpoint of historical development and its distinguishing features. Among the main conclusions of this dissertation is that despite India’s greater integration with the world, this occurs at a lower grade than that of other countries in similar levels of development. Even with recent progress, growth has not translated into major structural changes, as most of the population remains in poverty in the rural sector of the economy. The relatively low economic integration and the very gradual and planned opening of the economy of India, while maintaining low rates of external vulnerability, allows India to place some of the priorities of the nation's first, both in the framework of the macroeconomic regime, and in international forums. The opportunities for growth, especially through the external sector, should be considered in view of the sources of vulnerability and opportunities for structural changes that translate into better living conditions for its population.

This thesis explores the question: How are the spiritual lives of evangelical Christian FIU graduates affected during the two to four years following their college graduation? In twenty mini-case studies participants describe their patterns in prayer life, devotion, community service outreach, and ways that they understand their own growth process as evangelical Christian emerging adults. A total of twenty FIU alumni from the classes of 2009-2012 between the ages of 23 and 34 were interviewed in this study. The sample population of evangelical Christian FIU alumni was identified by the graduates’ previous membership in on-campus Christian organizations, including Campus Bible Fellowship, InterVarsity, Cru, and the Wesley Organization. Emerging adults in this study saw changes in their community life, prayer life, Scripture reading, and their views of theology, yet overall they maintained a strong commitment to their evangelical Christian worldviews. Findings suggest types of support that evangelical Christians in this sample seek during emerging adulthood.

abstract: Private label growth in emerging markets has not kept pace with the growth in private labels elsewhere. For instance, in Europe and North America, private labels now constitute an average of 35% of total retail market share, compared to emerging markets, where market shares vary between 1% and 8 %. This dissertation examines the possibility that differences in private-label performance between developed and emerging economies is not driven by one mechanism, but arises from a variety of sources, both structural, and behavioral. Specifically, I focus on manufacturers’ market power, retailers’ private label portfolio strategies, and consumers’ perceptions of private labels. In most emerging economies, national brand manufacturers tend to be the sole producers of private labels. As a result, manufacturers have inherent market power and can deter retailers from pursuing aggressive private label strategies, which results in low private label market shares. Moreover, some retailers in emerging economies now carry their private labels as part of a multi-tiered portfolio. However, a small price-gap between the quality tiers results in high intraportfolio competition leading to cannibalization and lower private label market shares. Last, private label market shares in emerging economies may be smaller than in developed economies because low-income households prefer higher priced national brands. This counterintuitive phenomenon is driven by two interrelated factors. First, social influence implies that low-income households are upward-comparing, they contrast themselves with high-income households whom they believe are better-off. Because higher-income households purchase national brands, upward-comparisons lead to a preference for national brands. Second, low income households are unknowledgeable about private label advancements hence they prefer national brands. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Agribusiness 2016

abstract: With the establishment of the emerging adult developmental period and the rise of helicopter parents, attachment theory provides foundation for conceptualizing the continued involvement of helicopter parents in their emerging adults’ emotion regulation processes. This study utilized dyadic data from 66 emerging adult children and their helicopter parents to examine the association of helicopter parent-emerging adult communication in mitigating the associations between experiences of affect and stress. Specifically, the purpose of the present study was to use dyadic data to examine how communication within the helicopter parent-emerging adult relationship associates with emerging adults’ ability to regulate experiences of negative and positive affect. Both associations within the emerging adult and helicopter parent individually (actor effects) and how helicopter parents impact construct associations for emerging adults’ (partner effects) were considered. Two multilevel mediation models using Actor-Partner Interdependence Models were conducted to assess the relations between affect, stress, and helicopter parent-emerging adult communication quality for negative and positive affect separately. The positive direct effect between negative affect and stress was statistically significant for emerging adults, but not for helicopter parents, suggesting that, for emerging adults, higher perceptions of negative affect were associated with higher levels of stress. The direct and indirect effects for the mediation model examining actor and partner effects between negative affect, communication quality, and stress were non-significant for both emerging adults and helicopter parents. The direct effect between positive affect and stress was statistically significant for helicopter parents but not for emerging adults; however, the directionality of the significant association was positive and not as hypothesized. Finally, the direct and indirect effects for the mediation model examining actor and partner effects between positive affect, communication quality, and stress were non-significant for emerging adults and helicopter parents. Considerations for future studies examining aspects of attachment within emotion regulation for the helicopter parent-emerging adult relationship and the importance of considering relationship characteristics, such the relational characteristics of social support and conflict, are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Counseling Psychology 2017

abstract: High-k dielectrics have been employed in the metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) since 45 nm technology node. In this MOSFET industry, Moore’s law projects the feature size of MOSFET scales half within every 18 months. Such scaling down theory has not only led to the physical limit of manufacturing but also raised the reliability issues in MOSFETs. After the incorporation of HfO2 based high-k dielectrics, the stacked oxides based gate insulator is facing rather challenging reliability issues due to the vulnerable HfO2 layer, ultra-thin interfacial SiO2 layer, and even messy interface between SiO2 and HfO2. Bias temperature instabilities (BTI), hot channel electrons injections (HCI), stress-induced leakage current (SILC), and time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) are the four most prominent reliability challenges impacting the lifetime of the chips under use. In order to fully understand the origins that could potentially challenge the reliability of the MOSFETs the defects induced aging and breakdown of the high-k dielectrics have been profoundly investigated here. BTI aging has been investigated to be related to charging effects from the bulk oxide traps and generations of Si-H bonds related interface traps. CVS and RVS induced dielectric breakdown studies have been performed and investigated. The breakdown process is regarded to be related to oxygen vacancies generations triggered by hot hole injections from anode. Post breakdown conduction study in the RRAM devices have shown irreversible characteristics of the dielectrics, although the resistance could be switched into high resistance state. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2018

Les zoonoses émergentes constituent un problème de santé publique majeur. A l'image des virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH), influenza, ou encore Ebola, la plupart des pathogènes zoonotiques prennent leur origine chez la faune sauvage. Les chiroptères sont des réservoirs de virus zoonotiques qui peuvent provoquer des pathologies graves chez l'Homme, comme le virus de la rage ou le coronavirus responsable de la pandémie du syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (SRAS) en 2003-2004. En Asie du Sud-Est, reconnue comme un point chaud d'émergence, les chiroptères sont régulièrement en contact avec l'Homme du fait de l'exploitation des mêmes environnements et des activités de chasse et de consommation de ces animaux sauvages. Le risque de transmission de potentiels virus des chiroptères à l'Homme reste encore très peu étudié, notamment au Cambodge et au Laos. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit ce travail de thèse, qui a pour but de détecter et de caractériser des coronavirus et des astrovirus chez les chiroptères de ces deux pays, et d'explorer les environnements où le risque de transmission à l'Homme serait plus élevé.Un premier axe de travail a porté sur la détection et la caractérisation de ces deux familles virales chez des chiroptères échantillonnés de 2010 à 2013. Une forte diversité de coronavirus et d'astrovirus a été détectée chez de nombreux genres de chiroptères insectivores et frugivores. De nouveaux hôtes réservoirs et de nouvelles souches virales ont été mis en évidence, dont certaines sont relativement proches de souches pathogènes chez l'Homme ou chez d'autres espèces animales. Le deuxième axe d'étude visait une caractérisation plus approfondie des virus. L'étude des protéines impliquées dans l'entrée cellulaire (protéines de capside et de spicule pour les astrovirus et coronaivrus respectivement), permet d'évaluer le potentiel de passage de la barrière d'espèce de ces virus. Plusieurs techniques de séquençage ont été tentées, en particulier au niveau des gènes d'intérêt. Les résultats ont été très limités, et n'ont pas permis une caractérisation approfondie des souches. Néanmoins, ce travail a mis en évidence les points critiques et les approches à envisager dans l'optique d'un futur séquençage de ces virus.Enfin, le troisième axe de recherche a porté sur l'étude des facteurs environnementaux qui pourraient impacter les chiroptères et les potentiels virus zoonotiques qu'ils peuvent porter. Bien que les données aient été limitées, l'approche méthodologique et les pistes d'étude sont à retenir pour des études épidémiologiques futures. De plus les caractéristiques liées à la transformation des paysages naturels par l'Homme est un aspect important à prendre en compte. / Zoonoses are important public health issues, and represent 60% of emerging infectious diseases. Most of zoonotic pathogens originate from wildlife, such as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Influenza Virus or Ebola Virus. Chiroptera have been recognized as an important reservoir of zoonotic viruses, such as the lyssavirus or the coronavirus responsible for the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003-2004.Southeast Asia is a hotspot for emerging diseases. Bats represent 30% of the biodiversity and are in close contact with human populations, due to the exploitation of the same environment and the use of bats as food in subsistence hunting. So far, there has been a lack of knowledge and understanding concerning the viruses circulating in the bat population in this region, especially in Cambodia and Lao P.D.R. The work presented in this thesis is dedicated to this problematic, with a special focus on the detection and molecular characterization of coronaviruses and astroviruses in bat populations in these two countries. The aim was also to depict environmental aspects which increase the risk of potential transmission from bats to humans.The first part of this work was dedicated to the detection and typing of astroviruses and coronaviruses in bats collected over a three-year period throughout Cambodia and Lao P.D.R. A high diversity of these viruses was found in various insectivorous and frugivorous bats. New bat reservoirs and new potential virus strains were detected, including some related to strains known to be highly pathogenic for humans or livestock species.The second part of this work therefore concentrates on a deeper characterization of the strains of interest, targeting genomic regions involved in cell host entry, and thus in ability to cross species barriers .Several isolation and sequencing methods were implemented in order to characterize the regions of interest, i.e. capsid and spike proteins. Results were limited and did not permit a deeper characterization. Nevertheless, this work highlights the aspects which need to be improved in order to sequence the viruses more effectively.The final part of this thesis examined environmental factors impacting the distribution pattern of bats, as well as the potential risk for virus transmission to humans. Transformation of landscape by humans from natural to cultivated lands, appeared to be important factors to take into account when investigating bat distribution, and the viruses they can harbor. Despite the weakness of the dataset, the methodological approach is worth being considered in further epidemiological studies on bat-associated viruses.

Observed trends in R&D expenditures reveal that the quantity and geographical distribution of such investments has changed over the years. Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) are increasingly spending money on R&D investments, as they must continuously upgrade their processes, products and services for establishing long-term success in today’s increasingly competitive landscape. In the mist of this, MNEs from developed countries are increasingly making R&D investments in emerging markets. India and China has in this regard be termed “hotspots” and do today house several R&D clusters. Given the important role of R&D and the changing patterns of such investments,  the following thesis aims to address four related research gaps: (1) the limited understanding of how MNEs make location choices, (2) the limited recognition of the inherent differences between research and development oriented activities and how such differences impact location choices, (3) the relatively limited attention scholars have given India, although this country is attracting significant amounts of R&D investments, and (4) the limited understanding of how emerging markets differ on a sub-national level. Based on these issues, the following research question has been formulated: What are the differences and similarities between R&D city clusters in India, that are significant from a western R&D investment perspective?   The purpose of this research question is three-fold. It firstly serves to encourage the integration of International Business (IB) and Economic Geography (EG) literature for better understanding location choices for economic activities. Secondly, it serves to encourage researchers to acknowledge and take into account the inherent difference between research and development activities. And thirdly, it serves to highlight that regional variation exist in emerging markets on a sub-national level. A sub purpose of this is to encourage more research on India.   For addressing the research question in matter, this thesis has studied Bangalore and Gurgaon which are two growing clusters in India. They have been studied through a qualitative research methodology where interviews have been combined with secondary sources for understanding their differences and similarities, and subsequently their strengths and weaknesses from a research and development perspective respectively. By looking at factor-, demand-, industry-, firm rivalry- , network- and policy conditions, it has been found that several areas of similarities and differences exist between the two clusters. In regards to similarities, both have similar levels of costs in terms of human capital; both cities receive support from the national government and both cities largely serve customers across the world, including India, and do thus both provide environments where there is to some degree a pressure from sophisticated demand conditions to be more innovative. In regards to differences, Bangalore has relatively more talented human capital available; Bangalore is dominated by the IT industry whereas Gurgaon is not clearly dominated by a single industry; Bangalore has more proactive support from its local policy makers; Bangalore has more local network linkages whilst Gurgaon has more global network linkages; and lastly, Gurgaon has more local rivalry. Based on these similarities and differences, it has been argued that Gurgaon is a relatively better location for both research and development oriented R&D investments from a telecom industry perspective.   Essentially strong enough evidence for the identified similarities and differences has not always been found due to limited data. They are nevertheless indications of regional variations that could serve as a basis for future research to have a closer look at. As indications of similarities and differences that affect the location choice of research and development activities differently has been found - using an approach integrating insights from IB and EG - this paper has served its purpose in terms of encouraging further research related to identified research gaps.

Background: Companies from developed economies have pursued various outward foreign direct investment strategies for as long as there has been trade. Research on the topic has been covering most available aspects of the phenomenon. In recent decades, however, firms from emerging economies have started to find their way to the international market, and the traditional theories of internationalization have appeared to be not as comprehensive as they were thought to be.   Purpose: This thesis will explore the internationalization of Chinese firms into Sweden. It will more specifically look at the internationalization, as well as the differences and the connection with Chinese parent companies.   Method: By using a qualitative method and an abductive approach, the empirical data for this thesis was collected and interpreted. In this multiple case study, semi-structured interviews were performed with three managers at two Chinese companies in Sweden.   Conclusion: Chinese internationalization into Sweden is influenced by both push factors, such as government subsidies, and pull factors, such as market knowledge and technology. However, the observed Chinese firms in Sweden have different connection with their parent companies but the level of involvement is equally limited. The findings in this paper suggests that this is linked to the ownership structure and the mode of entry.

Orientador: Elton Eustáquio Casagrande / Banca: Alexandre Sartoris Neto / Banca: Patrícia Helena Fernandes Cunha / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo investigar como pode ser diferente o padrão financeiro e de financiamento entre empresas quando um ambiente com maior proteção ao investidor resultante de melhor proteção legal e melhores práticas de governança por parte das empresas passa a existir. É essa a nova perspectiva que foi instaurada no Brasil a partir de 2000, denominado de Novo Mercado contrapondo-se ao mercado tradicional de capitais, representado pelo IBOVESPA. A comparação que propomos é entre duas amostras através de índices econômicofinanceiros, na qual a primeira amostra possui firmas do Novo Mercado enquanto a segunda possui firmas do IBOVESPA. Observaremos a experiência de três países emergentes (México, Polônia e Chile) no desenvolvimento de seus mercados de capitais. Tais evidências sugerem que um ambiente de liberalização financeira e de boas práticas de governança corporativa, são capazes de influenciar positivamente o desenvolvimento e o crescimento das firmas. Para criar o contexto da análise nos dedicamos a explorar como a estrutura financeira torna-se relevante à análise econômica e como o sistema financeiro é capaz de fomentar o desenvolvimento econômico através de intermediários mais eficientes. / Abstract: This work has the purpose of investigating how different the financial and funding pattern can be among firms when exists an environment with more investor protection resulting from better legal protection and corporate governance practices at firms. That is the new perspective in Brazil since 2000, with Novo Mercado becoming the counterpart of traditional capital markets, represented by IBOVESPA. We propose a comparison using economic-financial indexes for two samples, the first one is formed with Novo Mercado companies, and the second one with IBOVESPA companies. We also will observe three emerging countries (Mexico, Poland and Chile) in their capital markets development. There is evidence that an environment with financial liberalization and good corporate governance practices are capable of influentiating positively the development and growth of firms. To create the analysis context, we dedicate to explore how the financial structure became relevant in the economic analysis and how the financial system can foment economic development through more efficient intermediaries. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:27:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_gtp_me_arafcl.pdf: 586589 bytes, checksum: cb3373fc13737cea0537525e7742cd59 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo investigar como pode ser diferente o padrão financeiro e de financiamento entre empresas quando um ambiente com maior proteção ao investidor resultante de melhor proteção legal e melhores práticas de governança por parte das empresas passa a existir. É essa a nova perspectiva que foi instaurada no Brasil a partir de 2000, denominado de Novo Mercado contrapondo-se ao mercado tradicional de capitais, representado pelo IBOVESPA. A comparação que propomos é entre duas amostras através de índices econômicofinanceiros, na qual a primeira amostra possui firmas do Novo Mercado enquanto a segunda possui firmas do IBOVESPA. Observaremos a experiência de três países emergentes (México, Polônia e Chile) no desenvolvimento de seus mercados de capitais. Tais evidências sugerem que um ambiente de liberalização financeira e de boas práticas de governança corporativa, são capazes de influenciar positivamente o desenvolvimento e o crescimento das firmas. Para criar o contexto da análise nos dedicamos a explorar como a estrutura financeira torna-se relevante à análise econômica e como o sistema financeiro é capaz de fomentar o desenvolvimento econômico através de intermediários mais eficientes. / This work has the purpose of investigating how different the financial and funding pattern can be among firms when exists an environment with more investor protection resulting from better legal protection and corporate governance practices at firms. That is the new perspective in Brazil since 2000, with Novo Mercado becoming the counterpart of traditional capital markets, represented by IBOVESPA. We propose a comparison using economic-financial indexes for two samples, the first one is formed with Novo Mercado companies, and the second one with IBOVESPA companies. We also will observe three emerging countries (Mexico, Poland and Chile) in their capital markets development. There is evidence that an environment with financial liberalization and good corporate governance practices are capable of influentiating positively the development and growth of firms. To create the analysis context, we dedicate to explore how the financial structure became relevant in the economic analysis and how the financial system can foment economic development through more efficient intermediaries.