Personality inventories in South Africa are challenged with many factors restricting unbiased and fair measurement. The Employment Equity Act clearly stipulates that all psychometric measuring instruments should be proven bias free, equivalent, and fair. Most of the current inventories utilised in South Africa are imported from Europe and/or the United States of America, and these instruments are translated into either English or Afrikaans, which restricts the language proficiency factor of respondents from other language groups. There are 11 official language groups in South Africa; people also differ regarding race, culture, socioeconomic status, and educational backgrounds. All of these factors are not always properly accounted for in the standardisation of imported inventories - which limits their appropriate employment in the South African context. The objective of this study was to uncover the personality structure of each of the 11 language groups in South Africa, and to identify the shared and unique personality dimensions of the different language groups. From this structure, an instrument will be developed to measure personality in such a way that it will meet the Employment Equity Act. A qualitative research design was used in this study. Quasi-sampling («=1308j was implemented in order to identify participants from each of the 11 language groups, which differed from each other with regard to age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Following the lexical approach, structured interviews were conducted in the native language of the participants to gather information about personality-descriptive terms. The results of the interviews were transcribed and captured in Excel, and sent to language experts for language editing and translation into English. Ambiguous, superfluous and non-personality terms were removed from the data. Following this process, more than 50 000 personality-descriptive terms were identified. Content analysis was utilised in order to interpret the personality- descriptive terms to personality dimensions. Language and cultural experts were employed in order to validate the initial interpretations. The 50 000 descriptive terms were reduced to 190 personality dimensions through the use of cluster analysis. The analysis included the grouping of synonyms and antonyms, together with the use of dictionaries, literature and knowledge about content. The 190 dimensions were also divided into those that are common (shared by all 11 language groups), semi-common (shared by seven to ten of the language groups), semi-specific (shared by two to six of the language groups), and language-specific (unique to a particular language group). It was discovered that 78 dimensions were common, 69 semi-common, 32 semi-specific, and only 11 were language-specific. Most of the personality dimensions seem to be shared by the language groups, rather than to be unique. These 190 dimensions were clustered further in order to build the indigenous personality structure. Similar methods from the initial clustering phase were implemented. Clustering concluded 37 sub-clusters, which consisted of two to ten dimensions, and nine overall clusters consisting of two to six sub-clusters. These nine clusters are Extroversion, Soft-heartedness, Conscientiousness, Emotional stability, Intellect, Openness, Integrity, Relationship harmony, and Facilitating. Many indigenous aspects are evident, as well as universal aspects within the structure. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

National cultures play a critical role in effective leadership and organisational success in international businesses. Contemporary organisations are therefore challenged by cross-cultural leadership needs to address increasing diversity. In the past decades, there has been a growing interest in studies of non-Western leadership. Recent papers have focused particularly on leadership in the Asia-Pacific region. This paper compares leadership in China and New Zealand, based on the data collected by using the GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organisational Behaviour Effectiveness) project leadership questionnaire. In addition, the paper reviews the main findings of previous research in order to investigate the similarities and differences in preferred leadership behaviours/characteristics in both cultures, while attempting to examine the consistency of current findings against the previous GLOBE studies. Significant differences of leadership behaviours between China and New Zealand have been identified. This paper generally supports the findings of previous GLOBE studies that charismatic/value-based leadership is the universally contributing factor towards outstanding leadership and self-protective leadership is the universally negative factor against leadership excellence. Findings in this paper may contribute to further understanding of leadership practice in these two countries. Future research should be undertaken to examine the effects of cultural differences on organisational practice by a more comprehensive research method.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:55:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 1790409 bytes, checksum: 2c9e9422fbfc1c76e73393d4b9808a5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The research aimed to study the emic knowledge of swimming crabs (Portunidae - Callinectes spp.) fishermen, Tramataia community, located on the margins of Mamanguape River Estuary (MRE) from january 2009 to may 2010. The methodology encompassed qualitative methods: participant observation, free and semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. 30 community fishermen were interviewed. At least four captures techniques were identified: puçá e linha , trawl, siri de seco and siri de alagado . The swimming crabs are used for own consumption and marketing. According to the fishermen the capture techniques are determined by tide type. The sale of swimming crab meat is more usual in the region, but can also be marketed alive or frozen. Process stages of meat withdrawal consist: washing, cooking, meat removal, packaging, weighing and storage. The final product is marketed in the community, adjacent communities or free markets, and in some cases, by middlemen. Fishing in the community is characterized as artisanal and is performed both by women as men. The educational level of fishermen is low and the majority never completed elementary school. Because of the low profit of swimming crabs fishery, fishermen commonly exploit other resources. The results indicated that swimming crabs constitute an important basis of resource and survival for many families of Tramataia community, therefore this work can be useful to support future management plans to the region. / O foco desta pesquisa foi estudar o conhecimento êmico dos pescadores de siris (Portunidae - Callinectes spp.), da comunidade Tramataia localizada as margens do Estuário do Rio Mamanguape (ERM). A pesquisa desenvolveu-se de janeiro de 2009 a maio de 2010. A metodologia envolveu métodos qualitativos: observações participantes, questionários, entrevistas livres e semi-estruturadas. Foram entrevistados 30 pescadores da comunidade. Foram identificadas quatro técnicas de coleta: puçá e linha, rede de arrasto, siri de seco e siri de alagado. Os siris são utilizados para consumo e comercialização. A técnica de captura é determinada pelo tipo de maré. A venda da carne de siris é mais freqüente na região, mas os mesmos podem ser comercializados vivos ou congelados. O processo de beneficiamento da carne consiste de: lavagem; cozimento; retirada da carne; acondicionamento; pesagem e estocagem. O produto final da pesca é comercializado na comunidade, comunidades vizinhas ou feiras livres, e em alguns casos, para atravessadores fixos. A pesca na comunidade caracteriza-se como artesanal e é realizada tanto por mulheres como por homens. O nível de escolaridade dos pescadores é baixo, a maioria não chegou a completar o ensino fundamental. A margem de lucro com a comercialização dos siris é pequena, levando os pescadores a explotar outros recursos. Os resultados apontam que a atividade de pesca de siris constitui importante fonte de recurso e de sobrevivência para inúmeras famílias de pescadores de Tramataia, sendo assim esse trabalho pode subsidiar a elaboração de futuros planos de manejo na região.

- Galina Wood, 2015 Lahij, the Living Heritage of Azerbaijan This research explores the various aspects of identity pertaining to the traditional, bilin- gual mountainous community of Lahij. Azerbaijan is little known and its minorities are largely under-researched. Previous work done by Russian and Azerbaijani linguists described grammatical features of the Tat language, and SIL-led linguistic field surveys by J. Clifton addressed some sociolinguistic attitudes, yet the Tat people, particularly the Lahij people, remain unknown. This is the first time the Lahij community, which preserved a relict Southwest Iranian language and a unique culture, is a topic of inter-disciplinary research in English language. Resources such as Russian and Azeri literature and Western works dealing with related dis- ciplines and issues (historical, socio-linguistical, anthropological etc.) are discussed, aiming to reach a balanced and informed perspective. To present the nuances and dynamics of the emic (insider) versus etic (outsider) points of view, anthropological methods of participant observation, structured interview and narrative analysis are used. Research was done while residing long term in Azerbaijan, and spending significant amounts of time in Lahij. The sociolinguistic climate of Post-Soviet nation...

This phenomenological qualitative study aimed to forefront international students’ experiences of receiving counselling services in a university setting. Three international students, recruited from two universities in eastern Canada using criterion sampling, were interviewed. Semi-structured interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed for analysis. In this phenomenological qualitative study, within- and between-person analyses were conducted for three transcribed interviews, from which eight main themes emerged: (a) openness towards seeking counselling, (b) hesitancy towards seeking counselling, (c) helpful aspects of counselling, (d) hindering aspects of counselling, (e) positive aspects of therapeutic relationship, (f) hindrances to therapeutic relationship, (g) counsellor’s cultural awareness, and (h) counsellor’s limited cultural awareness. The themes can be understood, and are explicated along four dimensions: seeking counselling, perceptions of counselling effectiveness, therapeutic relationship, and culture in counselling. The results from this study provide insight into international students’ counselling needs, expectations, and experiences. Special attention is given to the perceived expression of in-session counsellor cultural awareness and discussed using the integrated etic-emic framework. Implications for counsellors and university counselling services, limitations of the study, and recommendations for future research are provided.

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Sweden, being a multicultural society, has an increased need for transcultural care. The purpose of this literature review is to provide, through Madeleine Leinger's Culture Care-theory and her Sunrise model, a greater knowledge to nurses and to other professions within the health care units in meeting with circumcised or genitally mutilated girls or women. The result is based upon two scientific dissertations and nine scientific studies. It emerged mainly the etic (outsider) perspective. To underline the emic (insider) perspective, pure literature and fiction have been used. The result shows that seven out of twelve factors from the Sunrise model helps the nurse to behave in a culture congruent way, related to an emic and etic- prospective. The factors are cultural values, belief and lifeways, kinship and social factors, language and communication, religion and philosophical factors, political and legal factors, technological factors, educational factors. Even more, the result also shows the importance of health care professionals' knowledge and understanding of circumcised or genitally mutilated girls or women and of their culture, as well as the importance of always keeping the genus perspective in mind. This review proposes a way for nurses on how to handle difficulties which they may encounter in meeting with circumcised or genitally mutilated girls or women. / I och med att Sverige är ett mångkulturellt samhälle finns det ett ökat behov av transkulturell omvårdnad. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att med hjälp av Madeleine Leiningers Culture Care - teori och hennes Sunrise-modell, ge ökad kunskap för sjuksköterskor och andra professioner inom vården i bemötandet av omskurna eller könsstympade flickor eller kvinnor. Resultatet baseras på två vetenskapliga avhandlingar och nio vetenskapliga artiklar. Där framkom främst etic perspektivet (utifrån). Skönlitteratur används för att ge emic perspektivet (inifrån). I resultatet framkommer att sju av tolv faktorer i Sunrise-modellen visar sig ge sjuksköterskan ett kulturkongruent bemötande, kopplat till ett emic- och etic-perpektiv. Faktorerna är kulturellt betingade värderingar och livsstilar, släktband och sociala faktorer, språk och kommunikation, religion och filosofiska faktorer, politiska och juridiska faktorer, teknologiska faktorer, utbildningsfaktorer. Dessutom framkommer vikten av sjukvårdpersonalens kunskap och förståelse för omskurna eller könsstympade flickor och kvinnor och deras kultur, samt vikten av att ha ett genusperspektiv i åtanke. Utifrån resultatet framkommer hur sjuksköterskor kan hantera svårigheter som kan uppstå i mötet med omskurna eller könsstympade flickor och kvinnor.

Reiki is a hands-on healing method classified as complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) that helps the body relax and heal itself, according to its practitioners. Sessions involve practitioners channeling energy to the client to assist this process. The consensus within the Reiki community is that Mikao Usui discovered the method while he was on Mount Kurama in 1922. There is ample research on the efficacy of Reiki in healthcare, but very few researchers have investigated its characteristics related to religiosity and rituals. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to examine Reiki as a secular sacred phenomenon and how it can be understood as such. This thesis also discusses how rituals in Reiki can be understood using other research on rituals. There is also a comparative analysis of Reiki rituals, focusing on three of them and how they differ between four Reiki Masters where three have studied with the same Reiki Master Teacher. The rituals are gassho, a meditation ritual; kenyoku-ho, a cleansing ritual; and, finally, reiji-ho, a direction ritual. The search for academic sources has been a major obstacle to overcome. Firstly, there is very little research on Reiki as a spiritual phenomenon or Reiki as a ritualistic phenomenon; most etic studies have focused on effects or possible benefits. Sources from within the Reiki community (emic sources) tend to make statements without clear evidence. Furthermore, some etic sources use emic sources to support their statements.

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This research focused primarily on exploring the talk of mothers of daughters with Anorexia Nervosa, paying specific attention to their emic perceptions of the underlying causes of Anorexia Nervosa. The research sought to reveal the discourses underpinning participants talk. Further, the way in which these discourses serve to construct Anorexia Nervosa in particular ways as well as the function these discourses serve were explored. This study is qualitative and exploratory in design and provides a unique understanding of Anorexia Nervosa in the form of emic accounts gleaned from mothers' own experiences. The findings of this research suggest that mothers of daughters with Anorexia Nervosa primarily reproduce a discourse on the causality of Anorexia Nervosa that is family or biomedically focused. Through analysis of the discourses embedded in participants’ talk, it became evident that participants reproduce discourses of gender and femininity and are influenced by societal pressure as well as the constructions of womanhood and motherhood. Insight into a side of the mother of the Anorectic, often concealed in the literature, was revealed through a semi-structured interview process with nine urban, middle-class, white South African mothers of daughters with Anorexia Nervosa. Interviews were then transcribed and analysed according to Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis. Incorporating the silenced voices of mothers of daughters with Anorexia Nervosa appears to have allowed for the emergence of a more generous view of the mother and has contributed to a larger set of discursive repertoires through which to understand Anorexia Nervosa. This research further gave rise to the realisation of a need for a critical education program whereby taken for granted notions can be revealed and actively engaged. This program would ideally seek to free the anorexic woman as well as the mother from the constraints of the uncritically constructed conceptualisations of Anorexia Nervosa and femininity.