Syftet med studien var att ta reda på om det går att predicera medarbetares livstillfredsställelse, psykosociala välmående och upplevd relation till närmaste chef utifrån chefers emotionsperception och emotionsreglering. Detta gjordes genom att 38 chefer utförde ett datorbaserat emotionsperceptionstest samt besvarade Emotional Regulation Questionaire. Deras närmaste medarbetare bestående av totalt 213 stycken fick sedan besvara en enkät bestående av delar från Satisfaction With Life Scale, SF-1 och QPS Nordic. Studiens huvudresultat visade att generaliserat kan resultatet från emotionsperceptionstestet och det självrapporterade användandet av omvärdering av känslor hos chefer förklarar 28 % av skattningarna på Satisfaction With Life Scale hos medarbetarna. Resultaten diskuteras i termer av att chefer skapar en positiv atmosfär på arbetsplatsen, identifierar sociala problem och löser konflikter effektivare när de är skickliga på emotionsperception och omvärderar sina känslor. / The purpose of the study was to determine if it is possible to predict employees' life satisfaction, psychological well-being and perceived relationship to the immediate supervisor by managers emotional perception skill and emotion regulation. This was done by 38 managers whom did a computer-based emotional perception test and answered an emotional regulation questionnaire. A questionnaire consisting of parts from Satisfaction With Life Scale, SF-1 and QPS Nordic was answered by a total of 213 employees. The findings of the study showed that the results from the emotion perception test and self-reported use of reappraisal among managers explained 28 % of the scores on the Satisfaction With Life Scale among the employees. The results are discussed in terms of managers creating a positive atmosphere in the workplace, identifying social problems and resolve conflicts, when they are skilled at emotion perception and reevaluate their own emotions.

The role of emotional regulation as a predictor for forthcoming sleep disturbances was investigated within the Prospective Investigations on Psychological Processes for Insomnia (PIPPI) study. Participants were classified to one of four sleep groups in accordance with a classification algorithm based on self report-data on nighttime symptoms, daytime symptoms, and sleep disorders other than insomnia. Measures of baseline emotional regulation were then examined as a predictor for follow-up sleep group affiliation. The results indicate that emotional regulation is a non-significant predictor of forthcoming sleep disturbances, also when individual sleep group-movements are controlled for. It is suggested that models on how sleep disturbances evolve are revised, that measures of emotional regulation are refined, and that a person oriented approach is adopted. / Betydelsen av emotionell reglering som prediktor för kommande sömnstörningar undersöktes inom projektet "Prospektiva undersökningar på psykologiska processer rörande insomni". Baserat på självrapporteringsdata för nattidssymptom, dagtidssymptom och andra sömnstörningar än insomni, klassificerades deltagarna till en av fyra sömngrupper i enlighet med en klassificeringsalgoritm. Baslinjedata för emotionell reglering undersöktes sedan som prediktor för sömngruppstillhörighet vid uppföljningsmätningen. Resultatet indikerar att emotionell reglering inte är en signifikant prediktor för kommande sömnstörningar, detta även när individuella förflyttningar mellan sömngrupper tas i beaktande. Det föreslås att modeller för hur sömnstörningar utvecklas revideras, att mått för emotionell reglering förfinas samt att en personorienterad ansats antas.

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The aim of the study was to investigate the reduction of counterproductive work behavior (CWB) through two interventions. The sample consisted of 22 nursing assistants working in an elderly nursing home, who were divided into two treatment groups, where one received a mindfulness intervention and one received a feedback intervention. The main hypothesis was that both interventions would be effective in reducing CWB by increasing self-efficacy through positive feedback and increasing emotional regulation through mindfulness practice, respectively. A pre-post quasi-experimental design was used, where the participants engaged in the interventions two times per week for four consecutive weeks. The results did not support the main hypothesis, as the interventions did not significantly reduce CWB. The lack of support for the main hypothesis is most likely due to low self-reported engagement in CWB at baseline. However, the interventions did significantly affect both self-efficacy and emotional regulation, but not in line with the hypotheses’ expectations. The feedback intervention significantly increased both emotional regulation dimensions but not self-efficacy, while the mindfulness intervention increased emotional self-efficacy and showed strong tendencies towards increasing social self-efficacy, but did not increase any of the emotional regulation dimensions as hypothesized. A conclusion from the results is that more research is needed to further investigate the effectiveness of the two interventions.

Background The effects of prolonged, interpersonal trauma have long been recognised. Such traumatic events can lead to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but are also associated with a range of other psychological difficulties. The forthcoming ICD-11 has proposed the inclusion of a new diagnostic category to cover such trauma reactions, named complex-PTSD (CPTSD). CPTSD is conceptualised as including the core elements of PTSD with additional difficulties with affect regulation, self-concept, interpersonal relationships. This thesis presents a systematic review of the research into the proposed CPTSD diagnosis. In addition, this thesis investigates the association between difficulties with emotional regulation, interpersonal problems and PTSD symptoms in a group of male prisoners, and a male community sample. Aims This project aims to investigate whether the proposed CPTSD diagnosis accurately describes the difficulties seen following complex trauma, and examines whether it is best to view CPTSD is different from exiting disorders, including PTSD and borderline personality disorder (BPD). In addition, it aims to investigate the association between difficulties with emotional regulation, interpersonal problems and PTSD among men in prison. Methods We systematically assessed and synthesised the available research regarding the proposed ICD-11 CPTSD diagnosis. In the second paper, data regarding PTSD, emotional regulation, and interpersonal problems were collected from HMP Glenochil, a male-only prison in Scotland (n=51), and matched to an existing community data set (n=46). Results The results of the systematic review provide partial support for the factorial validity of CPTSD. In addition, they indicate that CPTSD can be conceptualised as distinct from both PTSD and BPD, and that CPTSD is more closely related to prolonged interpersonal trauma than PTSD. However, there is overlap between PTSD and CPTSD in terms of both symptomology and aetiology. The results also indicate high levels of PTSD among male prisoners. In addition, PTSD was found to be strongly associated difficulties with emotional regulation, but not interpersonal problems, in the forensic sample. In the community sample emotional regulation was a less strong predictor of PTSD symptoms, and both emotional regulation, and interpersonal problems were associated with the severity of PTSD. Conclusions This thesis supports the inclusion of CPTSD as a distinct diagnostic entity. Inclusion of CPTSD may allow survivors a better understanding of the aetiology of their difficulties, and may initiate research into effective ways of working with individuals who have experienced complex-trauma. I addition, they demonstrate the need for trauma-informed prison services, which prioritise the development of emotional regulation strategies in recovery and rehabilitation.

Literature review: Background: Military-related stressors can adversely affect veterans’ mental health, in particular PTSD. This can have a detrimental impact on intimate relationships and family adjustment. To date, couple based interventions for PTSD and relational functioning in military couples have not been systematically reviewed. Objectives: This review summarises and synthesises literature investigating couple based interventions for PTSD and relational functioning in military couples. Method: A systematic review of all literature to date across 24 databases using an advanced combination of search terms. Ten studies were included (nine USA; one Australian). Results: A wide range of couple based interventions were identified: complementary and alternative therapies (CAM), sport and recreation programmes, retreats, courses as well as structured disorder focused couple therapies. There was preliminary evidence of support for couple based interventions treating PTSD, with relatively stronger support for disorder focused couple therapies over sports and recreation activities, CAM and retreats/courses. There was relatively little support for improved relational functioning assessed in couple based interventions treating PTSD. However, spouses tended to report a greater degree of improved relational functioning compared to veterans. Conclusions: There was relatively stronger evidence to support disorder focused couple therapies over other treatment modalities. However, there was a lack of robust designs used in effectiveness research of couple based interventions in military populations. There is potential for couple based interventions to be effective in treating PTSD in the UK military. Empirical study: Objective: Deployment to the armed conflicts in Afghanistan (Operation HERRICK/Enduring Freedom) and Iraq (Operation TELIC/Iraqi Freedom) can adversely affect the physical and mental health of those deployed. This study explored the association between traumatic brain injury (TBI), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the mediating effect of maladaptive emotional regulation strategies (MERS) and the effect of cause of injury (no injury, blunt force related or blast force related) in UK military veterans. Methods: 16 month longitudinal follow-up was conducted on a sample of 123 veterans (Murphy et al., 2015). Regression based secondary data analyses investigated the mediating effects of MERS (n=116) whilst correlational analyses explored the effect of injury mechanism on the relationship between TBI severity and PTSD severity (n=29). Results: Findings revealed support for the role of anger in mediating the effect that TBI severity had on PTSD severity. There was no support that the mechanism of injury was associated with greater reporting of psychological symptoms (anger, alcohol use or PTSD) or that MERS influenced the association between TBI severity and PTSD recovery at 16 month follow-up. Conclusion: Findings contribute to the understanding of how anger may underlie the relationship between TBI severity and PTSD severity, i.e., TBI severity was positively associated with PTSD scores and this effect operated due to increased TBI severity leading to higher rates of expressed anger which in turn increased PTSD symptoms. Future research using larger samples is required to further understand how the complicating factors of MERS and cause of physical injury affect outcome in veterans with co-occurring TBI and PTSD.

Ces travaux ont pour but d'étudier des mécanismes centraux de l'olfaction, et la manière dont ils sont intégrés dans les processus de régulationémotionnelle. Les stratégies de distraction et de réévaluation ont fait l'objet de deux expériences distinctes en IRMf, dans lesquelles les sujets devaientdiminuer l'intensité d'émotions suscitées par des odeurs. Dans une troisième expérience, des données psychophysiques et psychophysiologiques ont étécollectées pour évaluer la capacité d'une odeur agréable à réguler un sentiment négatif préalablement induit par uneimage désagréable.Les résultats montrent que la régulation d'émotions induites par des odeurs mobilise des aires cérébrales décrites dans les études utilisant du matérielvisuel (cortex préfrontal, lobule pariétal inférieur, gyrus temporal moyen) mais aussi d'autres plus spécifiques à cette modalité sensorielle (insula, gyrusfusiforme, gyrus lingual). De plus, le cortex préfrontal semble moduler certaines aires du cortex olfactif comme le cortex piriforme et le cortexorbitofrontal lorsque les sujets utilisent une stratégie de distraction. Les données issues de la troisième expérience révèlent également qu'une odeuragréable permet de diminuer l'impact d'un affect négatif préalablement induit, tant au niveau subjectif que psychophysiologique.Par conséquent, il semble exister chez l'Homme une réelle capacité à la régulation des émotions induites par des odeurs. Ce processus met enjeu desrégions habituellement décrites pour la régulation d'émotions induites par des stimuli visuels, mais également d'autres aires plus spécifques.De plus, les odeurs elles-mêmes sont capables de réguler une émotion négative. / The research presentee in this thesis aimed to study neural mechanisms of olfaction, and the way they are integrated in emotion regulation processes. Distraction and reappraisal strategies were studied using fMRI in two separate experiments in which subjects had to decrease the intensity of emotions induced by odors. In a third experiment, psychophysical and psychophysiological data were collected to assess the ability of pleasant odors to down-regulate negative feelings induced by unpleasant pictures. The results show that the regulation of odor-triggered emotions recruits brain areas that are usually described in studies based on Visual stimulations (prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobule, middle temporal gyrus) but also others more specic to this sensory modality (insular cortex, fusiform gyrus, lingual gyrus). Moreover, the prefrontal cortex seems to modulate the activity within olfactory areas, such as the piriform and the orbitofrontal cortex when subjects use distraction. The data from the third experiment also reveal that a pleasant odor is able to decrease negative aects that have been previously induced by unpleasant pictures, both at subjective and psychophysiological level.Therefore, it appears that odor-triggered emotions can be down-regulated by both distraction and reappraisal strategies. This processinvolves brain regions usually recruited by the regulation of visual-triggered emotions, but also other areas more specic to theregulation of emotions elicited by odors. Moreover, odors themselves can regulate negative feelings.

Recent literature in couple therapy has demonstrated the effects of physical health on some common presenting problems; however, few studies have considered progress as a construct on its own, irrespective of client-identified presenting problem. The current study used an Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediated Model to determine the connection between each partner's physical health and their own and their partner's self-reported progress in couple therapy, mediated by each partner's emotional regulation. Physical health was measured every four sessions using the Health-Related Quality of Life scale, and progress was measured by the Presenting Problem Progress Questionnaire given each time a couple attended therapy. Emotional regulation was measured by the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation scale. The research questions asked whether healthier people and/or their partners would be more emotionally regulated and therefore experience more progress. Results indicated a significant predictive relationship between individual health and presenting problem progress for males and females; however, neither association was mediated by emotional regulation. Additional results suggested that health may predict emotional regulation for both male and female clients, with female health also predicting variation in male emotional regulation. Clinicians are encouraged to consider client health as a predictor of emotional regulation and create treatment goals that facilitate improvements to client health.

Positive memories play an important role in the etiology and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Additionally, there are potential clinical benefits of recalling positive memories on affect, cognitions, and behaviors. However, most research/clinical work has focused on the role of traumatic memories in PTSD's symptomatology and treatment. The current study examined positive memory recall difficulties and positive memory phenomenology among 185 trauma-exposed individuals with varying PTSD severity. Participants completed the Life Events Checklist for DSM-5, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, Autobiographical Memory Test, Memory Experiences Questionnaire – Short Form, Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire, Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale – Brief 16-Item Version, Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale – Positive Emotions, the Positive Affect subscale of the Affective Control Scale, and two items from the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. Results showed that (1) greater PTSD severity was a marginally significant predictor of fewer recalled positive memories; (2) greater positive emotional dysregulation predicted fewer recalled positive memories controlling for PTSD severity; and (3) increasing PTSD severity predicted more negative valence, less vividness, less coherence, less accessibility, less clear time perspective, fewer sensory details, and greater distancing ratings of the recalled positive memory, controlling for sleep quantity/quality. Such findings add to the PTSD-positive memory literature by informing PTSD theoretical perspectives; enhancing an understanding of if/how positive memories may be incorporated into PTSD treatments; and highlighting potential clinical targets, such as positive emotional regulation skills, when integrating a focus on positive memories into PTSD intervention.