The ability to collaborate has been identified as an essential learning outcome for the 21st century. However, if group members lack the skills, abilities, and attitudes to work in a team, these groups may work inefficiently or fail to achieve what they set out to do. To achieve success, group members need to engage in productive regulatory processes to manage cognitions, behaviors, motivation, and emotions as needed to attain desired outcomes. One area of regulation that has been underemphasized in collaborative contexts is the regulation of emotions. Therefore, the purpose of this multi-paper dissertation was to examine the emotional experiences of undergraduate students working collaboratively on two online time-limited problem-solving tasks. Using a regulation of learning framework, the research unfolded over four studies drawing from a variety of data sources and building upon one another to explore the socio-emotional aspect of online collaboration. Study 1 (Webster & Hadwin, 2018) provides an overview of students’ emotions and plans for emotion regulation, self-reported during two collaborative tasks, offering an in-the-moment picture of how students feel and how they respond to those feelings. Study 2 (Bakhtiar, Webster, & Hadwin, 2018) consisted of a comparative case study to examine differences in regulation and socio-emotional interactions between two groups with contrasting socio-emotional climates. Findings revealed differences between these groups in terms of planning and preparation; therefore, the final two studies examined emotions and emotion regulation strategies reported during groupwork under different levels of planning and preparation at the individual or group level. Study 3 (Webster & Hadwin, 2019) documented the types of strategies students recalled using individually and as a group to regulate a salient emotion during collaboration and compared strategies between groups who were given different types of collaborative planning support. Finally, Study 4 (Webster, Davis, & Hadwin, 2019) compared emotions, emotion regulation strategies, and evaluations of strategy effectiveness for a purposeful sample of students who were well-prepared versus underprepared for the first of two collaborative working sessions. Four overarching factors emerged from this research as important for productive emotion regulation in online collaboration: (a) planning and preparation, (b) regulating both negative and positive emotions, (c) regulating at both individual and group levels, and (d) providing support for selecting and enacting helpful strategies. With further research, tools and interventions can be improved and utilized to support students to productively regulate in collaborative groups. / Graduate

Esta dissertação tem por escopo a questão das emoções - ?à ???? - na obra de Aristóteles, principalmente nos livros I e II da Retórica e da Ética Nicomaquéia. A definição aristotélica de como ????? \'emoção\' foi compreendida de diversas formas, porém sempre a partir dos seguintes elementos: como integrante da porção não-racional da alma, habituável à tutela da razão, como manifestação psicofísica, como causada por cognições. O problema é, portanto, reencontrar e reunir todos esses elementos na obra do Estagirita. / This thesis aims at the question of emotions - ?à ???? - in the works of Aristotle, mainly in the first and second books of Rhetoric and Nicomachean Ethics. The Aristotelian definition of ????? as \'emotion\' was understood in different ways, but always from the following elements: as part of the nonrational portion of the soul; as something that can grow accustomed to reason; as a psychophysic manifestation; as caused by cognitions. The problem is to find and gather all these elements from the works of Aristotle.

Thesis advisor: Michael G. Pratt / Despite calls to understand the micro-foundation of institutional theory and to understand how professional identity change relates to the broader macro context (e.g., Lok, 2010; Lepisto, Crosina and Pratt, forthcoming); exploration of the link between a field-level institutional change and the individual professionals' identity responses within the field remains. For this dissertation, I conducted an inductive qualitative study of French veterinarians and their reactions to "the Service Directive", a European Union regulation that re-categorizes veterinarians as "service providers" from "healthcare professionals." Drawing on interviews with practicing veterinarians, leaders of the field, observations, and archival data, my dissertation advances our understanding of professionals' responses to an institutional change which can potentially redefine what their profession is. My findings suggest that professionals negotiate an institutional change (in this case, the Service Directive) at the professional level before its formal implementation and before individual professionals within their organization engaged in any form of response. My dissertation introduces a model centered on understanding how veterinarians responded to this change at the individual level (and more particularly, in terms of identity) within their organization. This model suggests that individual professionals perceive the institutional regulatory change in hopeful, fearful or ambivalent manners. I found that these perceptions are influenced by professionals' work orientation and perceived organization's time orientation. Further, I found that these perceptions lead to different types of identity responses: identity expansion, identity maintenance, giving up a possible self, and de-emphasizing an existing identity. My research enriches emerging perspectives on identity responses to an institutional change by pointing out various identity responses and tying them to the perceptions of an institutional change. My research further suggests that such a change can be perceived as an opportunity, as a threat, or both, not solely as a threat. Furthermore, my dissertation introduces the notions of orientation (work orientation and perceived organization's time orientation) as key to the processing of an institutional trigger. Finally, it calls attention to an emotional processing of the institutional trigger. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management. / Discipline: Management and Organization.

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of emotion on an individual's ability to bind actors and actions in memories for events. Binding is the process of creating associations among features of a stimulus in order to represent that they belong together; however, errors can occur when a feature from one stimulus is incorrectly associated with a feature from another stimulus. Participants viewed a series of video clips, each depicting an actor performing a simple emotional or non-emotional action. One week later, they viewed a series of retrieval video clips consisting of old, (previously seen), conjunction (previously seen action performed by a different actor) and also new video clips. Participants responded "yes" to viewing the old clips the most, followed by both conjunction clips, and then new clips. Participants also responded "yes" more often to emotional items and also displayed higher confidence ratings to "yes" responses for emotional items. / by Leslie A. Butler. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2009. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2009. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Em psicoterapia, à medida que o terapeuta cria as condições necessárias para que um relacionamento íntimo seja construído com o cliente, comportamentos problema, da mesma classe daqueles que são emitidos em seu ambiente natural, podem aparecer em sessão, podendo constituirse em respostas improdutivas para o processo terapêutico (sejam elas respostas agressivas ou de esquiva). O modo como o terapeuta responde a esses comportamentos pode ter efeitos diferentes na aliança terapêutica, que é tida como preditora de resultados terapêuticos. Estudos indicaram que terapeutas apresentariam tendência a responder a clientes resistentes ou hostis com contrahostilidade, frieza e distanciamento. Os terapeutas que obtiveram bons resultados em manejar tais situações realizaram intervenções interpretativas e não diretivas, focando na relação terapêutica. Entretanto, houve dificuldade de se encontrar trabalhos que tenham analisado o comportamento do terapeuta por meio de observação direta em situações que eliciam nele sentimentos negativos. O presente trabalho se propõe a investigar esse tipo de interação. Nesta linha, pretendeu-se verificar (1) se o terapeuta altera, no decorrer do processo terapêutico, sua resposta aos comportamentos do cliente que eliciam sentimentos negativos, demonstrando que está sensível ao impacto de suas intervenções no comportamento do cliente e vice-versa; e (2) se houve diminuição desses comportamentos do cliente, sendo, mesmo que indiretamente, uma medida de eficácia das intervenções terapêuticas. Para isso, foram filmadas sessões de três terapeutas analíticocomportamentais (T1, T2a e T2b) e uma estudante de psicologia (T3) e seus clientes. As terapeutas responderam a questionário pós-sessão durante todo o período de coleta de dados com o objetivo de identificar a ocorrência de sentimentos negativos nas sessões. Os comportamentos de terapeuta foram categorizados com o Sistema Multidimensional de Categorização da Interação Terapêutica. Para os comportamentos de clientes foram elaboradas categorias com o auxílio das transcrições dos áudios das supervisões. Os resultados indicaram que quatro comportamentos foram observados como eliciadores de sentimentos negativos para todas as terapeutas: Falta de Diálogo, Fala Superficial, Oposição e Atenuar. De maneira geral, as interações desse tipo corresponderam a um pouco mais de um terço do total da sessão. Houve uma prevalência das categorias Facilitação, Empatia e Solicitação de Relato nas intervenções de todas as terapeutas a esses comportamentos, confirmando dados da literatura para clientes difíceis. Facilitação e Empatia apresentaram muitas vezes padrões de ocorrência diferenciados, entendendo-se que Empatia é uma intervenção mais ativa que Facilitação. Ainda, a categoria Facilitação indicaria problemas na condução do caso, quando apresenta predominância muito acentuada entre as categorias ou quando tem percentuais muito baixos. Nas situações que produziram melhores resultados a Facilitação apresentava proporções próximas de outras categorias do terapeuta. As demais categorias foram agrupadas em Interventivas e apresentaram diferentes tendências dependendo do resultado da terapia. T1 apresentou tendência de aumento na categoria Interventivas no decorrer das sessões, sendo este o único caso que continuou em atendimento e que apresentou comportamentos de melhora expressivos. As respostas das terapeutas foram diferentes de acordo com a categoria de cliente, em que é possível inferir que cada uma delas lida melhor com alguns comportamentos das clientes que com outros / In psychotherapy, as the therapist creates the necessary conditions for an intimate relationship with the client, some problem behaviors may appear in session, which can be of the same class of those that the clients display in their natural environment. These behaviors may be unproductive responses to the therapeutic process (aggressive or avoidance responses). The way the therapist responds to these behaviors may have different effects on the therapeutic alliance, which is regarded as a predictor of therapeutic results. Studies have indicated that therapists would present a tendency to respond to resistant and hostile clients with counter-hostility, coldness and detachment. Therapists who have been successful in handling such situations made interpretative and non directive interventions, focusing on the therapeutic relationship. However, it was difficult to find studies which investigated the therapist behavior through direct observation in situations in which he had negative feelings. This study proposed to investigate the therapeutic interaction in sessions which produce negative feelings in therapist. Thus it intends to examine (1) whether the therapist, having supervision, changes his behavior over the course of the therapeutic process, in response to the clients behaviors that generate negative feelings and (2) whether these clients behaviors decrease, which can be an indirect measure of efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Sessions of three behavior-analytic therapists and a psychology student were videotaped. The therapists completed a questionnaire after each session in order to identify if any adverse situation had occurred. The therapist behaviors were coded with the Multidimensional System for Coding Behaviors in Therapist-Client Interaction. Clients behaviors categories were developed based on audio transcripts of supervisions. The results indicated that four behaviors were observed as eliciting negative feelings for all therapists: Lack of Dialogue, Superficial Talk, Opposition and Attenuation. In general, interactions of this type correspond to a third part of the session. There was a prevalence of categories Facilitation, Empathy and Request Report for all therapists in response to these behaviors, confirming literature data for difficult clients. Facilitation and Empathy often showed different patterns of occurrence, being Empathy a more active intervention than Facilitation. The category Facilitation indicates problems in conducting the case, when it presents very marked predominance among the categories or when it presents very low percentages. In situations with better results Facilitation had proportions similar to other therapist categories. The remaining categories were grouped into Interventional and showed different trends depending on the outcome of therapy. T1 tended to increase the Interventional category during the sessions, and it was the only case that has continued in therapy and showed significant improvement during sessions. The therapists responses differed according to client categories. It is possible to infer that each therapist deals best with some client behaviors than with others

Esta Tese estuda o papel da Razão e da Emoção no virtuosismo, como se integram aí sintaxe e semântica. Procuramos entender como a obra de arte é vivida, intuída, tanto no momento da sua concepção quanto no momento da sua execução. Nosso objetivo específico foi o de estudar como as composições de Ludwig van Beethoven encontram resplendor artístico nas mãos do virtuose Fritz Jank. Depois de várias leituras, cursos, estudos sobre a obra musical escolhemos como nosso referencial teórico, a obra de Suzanne Langer por harmonizar-se inteiramente com a linha de pesquisa Razão e Emoção, do Laboratório de Epistemologia Genética do qual participamos. Sua formação néo-kantiana, grandemente influenciada por Ernst Cassirer, permitiu-nos uma compreensão e uma visão da obra de arte e especialmente da música, perfeitamente inseridas na produção científica desse Laboratório. Um virtuose necessita ter o domínio da sintaxe da linguagem musical, ou seja, o domínio do conhecimento musical. Entretanto, quando só há a técnica, aos artistas parece faltar humanidade, paixão, emoção. Procuramos mostrar como, tanto a razão quanto a emoção, estão unidas, quer para a composição, quer para a interpretação musicais. O virtuose, assim, transcende esses aspectos, pois necessita ser um artista com excepcional domínio da técnica, da sintaxe da linguagem musical, além de ter profunda sensibilidade musical. Para fundamentar esta pesquisa realizamos comparações das interpretações pianísticas de Fritz Jank com as de outros grandes mestres do teclado, em execuções de algumas sonatas de Ludwig van Beethoven, por nós selecionadas. Neste trabalho procuramos dar uma idéia da carreira musical de Fritz Jank como professor e virtuose, recolhendo dados dos jornais, entrevistando alguns de seus contemporâneos e até acompanhando cursos sobre a sua obra. Esperamos assim, prestar uma homenagem ao grande mestre, nosso professor, que presenteou seus ouvintes com magníficas interpretações pianísticas e enriqueceu a vida, sobretudo o espírito, de todos aqueles que tiveram o privilégio não só de ouvi-lo, mas também de com ele aprender. / The current Thesis deals with the rule of reason and emotion in virtuosism and the way they integrate themselves in syntax and semantics. We try to understand how one lives and feels the work of art, both at the moment of its creation as well as when its being performed. Our specific aim was studying how Ludwig van Beethovens compositions could achieve success in the hands of the virtuose Fritz Jank. After a lot of reading, course attending and studies we decided to choose, as our theoretical reference the works of Suzanne Langer as it totally combines with the Reason and Emotion research field of our Genetic Epistemology Laboratory. Suzanne Langer´s neo-kantian upbringing greatly influenced by Ernst Cassirer, gave us a better understanding and feeling of the work of art and music inserted in this laboratorys scientific production. A virtuose needs to master the syntax of musical language, that means, the mastery of musical knowledge. However, when there is only technique it looks as though the artists lack humanity, passion and emotion. Thats why we try to demonstrate how reason and emotion are related to each other both in the creation of composition and musical interpretation. This way, the virtuose is the one who transcends these aspects because he needs to be an artist with outstanding mastery of technique and syntax and, along with that, have deep musical sensitivity. In order to give fundaments to this research we have done comparisons between Fritz Jank´s piano interpretations and other piano masters on some of Ludwig van Beethovens sonatas previously selected by us. In this work we try to give an idea about the musical career of Fritz Jank, as a Professor and virtuose, by collecting data from newspapers, interviewing some of his contemporaries and even taking courses on his works. Through this way we want to pay a tribute to the Great Master, our teacher, who gifted his listeners with magnificent piano interpretations that enriched the lives and above all, the spirits of all those who had the privilege of not only listen to him (his plays) but also of learning from him.

已有文獻指出幼兒能夠根據他人的意圖、慾望和信念以解釋對方的行為。本硏究的主要目的為探究幼兒能否理解音樂所傳達的情緒以及能否運用情緒來推測對方的行為，並了解這兩種能力之間的關係。在第一項測試中，我們用了Phillip et al.（2002）的注視時間飾演方範式（looking-time paradigm)來測試幼兒能否透過觀察他人的情緒(包括面部表情及說話)來推斷他的行為。在此項測試中，幼兒會觀看兩種情景（一）實驗人員首先會笑著面向物件甲說話，跟著手抱該物件（一致的情況）；（二）實驗人員首先會笑著面向物件甲說話，但接著手抱另一物件（不一致的情況）。因為在不一致的情況下實驗人員的面部表情與她的行為不協調，假若幼兒能夠理解實驗人員的情緒與行為之間的關係，幼兒將會對這種情況比較感到驚訝，因而注視時間會較長。在另一項測試中，我們運用了跨感官比對飾演方範式（intermodal matching paradigm）來探究幼兒能否理解音樂所表達的情緒。我們在播放開心的音樂之後，幼兒同樣地會觀看兩種情景：（一）螢幕中的實驗人員面露笑容地講話（一致的情況）；（二）螢幕中的實驗人員面帶哀傷地說話（不一致的情況）。由於在不一致的情況下音樂傳達的情緒與實驗人員的面部表情不相符，如果幼兒能夠理解音樂中的情緒，他們對這種情況的注視時間將會較長。此外，鑬於幼兒的語言能力與理解他人的行為及想法有著密切的關連，我們亦要求家長填寫《漢語溝通發展量表》來評估幼兒的語言溝通能力。是次硏究對象為三十五名十八個月大幼兒（平均年齡為十八月及四天）。硏究結果顯示，（一）當實驗人員對一件物件面露笑容時，她便會手握該物件；（二）當實驗人員聽到開心的音樂時，她會面露笑容；相反，當她聽到悲傷的音樂時她便會愁眉苦臉。結果亦顯示幼兒在以上兩項測試中的表現並沒有正向的關聯，即與我們的假設不相符。由於我們認為次序效應（order effect）影響了本硏究的結果，因此我們建議在量度幼兒對音樂中的情緒之理解，以及對情緒與行為之間的關係的理解應作出適當的修改。總括而言，是次硏究把動作及視覺經驗延伸至聽覺經驗，以及由理解意向和信念延伸至理解情緒，因此本硏究對了解自身經驗和理解他人行為及想法之間的關係潛在莫大的貢獻。 / Prior studies demonstrated infants’ precocious mentalistic reasoning of attributing others’ behaviours to intentions, desires and beliefs. However, fewer studies looked at infants’ interpretation of behaviours in terms of agents’ emotional expressions. The present study examined the relationship between infants’ perception of emotions in music and their understanding of behaviours as motivated by emotional states. In Task 1, we adapted Phillips et al.’s (2002) looking-time paradigm to assess infants’ use of emotional information to predict agent’s action. Infants were shown an actress with positive emotional-visual regard directed towards one object and subsequently grasping the same object (consistent event) or the other one (inconsistent event). If infants appreciated the connection between actress’ affect and her action, they should show greater novelty response to inconsistent events in which the actress’ expressed emotion contradicted the expected action. In Task 2, an intermodal matching paradigm was used to test whether infants are sensitive to emotions conveyed in music. We exposed infants to happy or sad music and later showed them an actress portraying either happy or sad dynamic facial expressions on a monitor. If they could discern the emotions embedded in the musical excerpts, they should look longer when the actress’ posed emotion is inconsistent with the emotion represented in the music. Parental report of language skills as measured by the Mac-Arthur Bates Communicative Development Inventories was also obtained to partial out the effect of language ability on psychological reasoning. Results from 35 18-month-olds (M = 18 months 4 days) revealed that as a group (a) they recognized that the actress tended to grasp the object with which she had positively regarded previously, and (b) they appreciated that the actress tended to show happy face upon hearing positive music excerpts whereas sad facial expression was displayed when listening to sad music. Contrary to our hypothesis, we failed to find a positive correlation between these two conceptual understanding. We speculate that the result was obscured by order effects, and suggestions have been proposed to ameliorate the measurement of infants’ looking preferences as reflecting their conceptual understanding. Despite the null result, the current study is potentially significant in corroborating the role of first-person experience in social cognition by extending from motor and visual experience to auditory experience on the one hand, as well as from intention and belief attribution to emotion attribution on the other. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Siu, Tik Sze Carrey. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-84). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Introduction --- p.11 / Infants’ Early Psychological Reasoning --- p.11 / Self-experience as a Mechanism underlying Infants’ Psychological Reasoning --- p.14 / Infants’ Attribution of Behaviours to Emotions --- p.17 / Music as a Language of Emotions --- p.23 / The Perception of Emotions in Music among Young Children and Infants --- p.25 / The Hypothesis of the Present Study --- p.29 / Method --- p.32 / Participants --- p.32 / Apparatus and Materials --- p.33 / Chapter Task 1 --- : Ability to predict agent’s action based on expressed emotion --- p.33 / Chapter Task 2 --- : Ability to decode emotions in music --- p.33 / Musical stimuli --- p.33 / Facial expressions --- p.34 / The MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories --- p.35 / Procedure --- p.36 / Chapter Task 1 --- : Ability to predict agent’s action based on expressed emotion --- p.36 / Chapter Task 2 --- : Ability to decode emotions in music --- p.38 / Reliability Coding --- p.39 / Results --- p.41 / Chapter Task 1 --- : Ability to Predict Agent’s Action Based upon Expressed Emotion --- p.41 / Familiarization --- p.41 / Test events --- p.41 / Chapter Task 2 --- : Ability to Decode Emotions in Music --- p.42 / 42 / Test events --- p.42 / The Link between Task 1 and Task 2 --- p.43 / Discussion --- p.46 / Limitations and Further Research --- p.53 / Significance and Implications --- p.59 / Conclusion --- p.60 / References --- p.62 / Appendices --- p.85 / Table --- p.85 / Figures --- p.86

Ming Lui. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-53). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Introduction --- p.6-22 / Method --- p.23-30 / Results --- p.31-34 / Discussion --- p.35-42 / References --- p.43-51 / Tables --- p.52-55 / Figure Caption --- p.56 / Figures --- p.57-62

An ecological approach to space allows human constructs to become the primary prism through which to view workplaces (Nespor, 2000; Urry, 2005; Murdoch 2006). Human beings create meaning in their environments via the unity of symbolic actions and generalized meaning fields that gain their social usefulness via their affective tone. The resulting personal system becomes projected onto the world via the personal arrangement of things that are important for each person (Valsiner, 2000; Valsiner, 2005). Consequently, individual human beings constantly order parts in their environments through an affective-emotional lens when they encounter ideas, objects and spaces (Hochschild, 2003; Thrift, 2008; Boys, 2011). I use the emotional labour (Hochschild, 1983) concepts of display rules (expectations for emotional display) and feeling rules (expectations for internal affect) together with an ecological approach to space to investigate the existence of affective-emotional zones in schools. My research questions were: How do participants in a school make sense of their work environment through the lens of affective-emotional zones? How are affective-emotional zones characterized in terms of display rules and feeling rules? What challenges do teachers face when they are in particular affective-emotional zones and why? I broadly utilized a case study approach with a European international school to interview six experienced teachers using an active interview technique with open coding (Strauss and Corbin, 1998) and critical event coding (Webster and Mertova, 2007) as the principle methods of analysis. I was able to label and describe four zones that I argued are products of teacher rituals, habits, feelings (feeling rules) and emotions (display rules); the communal zone, the school zone, the student zone and the teacher zone. I further the notion of heretical feelings and emotions and describe how they constitute elements of the teacher condition. I found school affective-emotional zones are temporal as school spaces have the potential to shift from one affective-emotional zone to another as a consequence of time changes in the school day. I outline questions for future research based on my findings.

Tidigare forskning om arbetet med relationsbrottsdömda saknar studier som är inriktade på behandlingsavdelningar, samt studier om vårdarnas egna upplevelser av dagligt behandlingsarbete. Syftet med studien är att få kunskap om kriminalvårdares upplevelser och känslor av att arbeta på en relationsbrottsavdelning på en klass ett-anstalt. De tre frågeställningarna var: Vilka känslor upplevs i arbetet med denna typ av brottslingar? Vilka egenskaper upplever kriminalvårdare hos relationsbrottsdömda?  Hur upplever kriminalvårdarna de dömdas möjlighet till stöd och behandling på anstalten? Studien är gjord med kvalitativ ansats där nio intervjuer genomfördes. Resultatet visar att känslor som förekommer hos vårdarna är bland annat frustration, glädje och obehag. Upplevelsen av klienternas egenskaper visar på socialt fungerande individer. Resultaten visar också att det finns en upplevd brist hos vårdarna i fråga om kunskap gällande behandlingsarbete men ett väl fungerande behandlingsprogram. Resultaten diskuteras bland annat i relation till om MORM (Multifactor offender readiness model) skulle kunna införas för att utvärdera hur väl klienter är redo för att påbörja behandlingsprogram och i större utsträckning dra nytta utav det.