This work takes as its central "conceit" a specific cultural site, namely a small town choir-- The Emu Park and District Amateur Choral Society Inc., which operates in Central Queensland, circa 1965. A discontinuous narrative of interconnected short stories of one chapter each, highlight significant and often highly traumatic aspects of the interconnected lives of selected choir members. The narrative lampoons the English choral tradition against the setting of a society which does not deal with the political and social negativities of Queensland in the sixties. It is a culture in denial. The comedy deals with the often banal, though always good natured, behaviours of the choir members in dealing with often black-edged lives. An Overture introduces all characters, while Acts I, II & III deal with individual's stories. The Finale deals with the outcome of rehearsals in a culminating performance of the Emu Park and District Amateur Choral Society Incorporated. The short stories, one to a chapter, concern individual choir member's life stories and form discreet, fully finished pieces of work in their own right. Background action throughout the stories involves a series of rehearsals which structurally tie all the narratives to the final chapter. Lyrics of popular songs of the 1900's through to early 1960's are mentioned within the text. For copyright reasons the texts are not reproduced in full. However, these lyrics do comment tangentially on some aspect of the character's story.

EMU-samarbetet är omdiskuterat, och man pratar om vilka de ekonomiska effekterna av ett eventuellt inträde skulle innebära för Sverige. Denna uppsats behandlar tillit på olika nivåer i samhället, och syftar till att undersöka om EMU-samarbetet för med sig positiva effekter på tillit hos de länder som är medlemmar i samarbetet. Det är statistik som analyseras för att undersöka om det finns ett sådant samband. Slutsatsen är inte helt entydig på grund av relativt svaga samband, men dock syns det en tendens till att EMU-samarbetet faktiskt för med sig positiva effekter på tillit i de länder som är medlemmar i samarbetet.

This diploma thesis is concerned with the Robert Mundell's theory of optimum currency area (OCA) and its relation to European monetary union (EMU) or (if you like) Eurozone. The OCA theory belongs to one of the most comprehensive approach to evaluate whether adoption of a common currency by a certain block of countries is beneficial of not. Thus this paper tries to apply OCA theory to the current Eurozone member countries and is focused especially on three main attributes -- the symmetry of economic shocks, the labor market flexibility and the economic integration of international trade between the member states of the euro area. Results of this analysis are then applied to the new member states and the immediate candidate EU member states -- especially to the Czech Republic. The work assesses the feasibility of the OCA theory for classification the candidate countries and their readiness for entering the Eurozone and finally offers alternative criteria by which the readiness for adoption of the Euro should be measured. The text is based on available theoretical and empirical sources supplemented by the author's analyses.

This study describes, on a comparative basis, the morphology of mechanical (the linguo-laryngeal apparatus) and sensory (Herbst corpuscles and taste buds) specialisations in the upper digestive tract (bill and oropharynx) of the ostrich and emu, with a view to a better understanding of the functional significance of these structures. The ostrich and emu are commercial entities that constitute important niche industries and are farmed intensively throughout South Africa. A lack of information on the mechanical and sensory specialisations of the upper digestive tract in these two birds hampers a sound understanding of food selection and intake. A total of 48 adult (12-14 months) ostrich heads and 48 adult emu (12-14 months) heads obtained from birds at slaughter at commercial abattoirs and farms, as well as 5 ostrich chick (2-4 weeks) heads and 1 emu chick (8 weeks) head, obtained from previous research projects, were used for this study. Morphological features were described using basic gross anatomical (dissection and stereomicroscopy) and histological techniques (H&E staining), supplemented by differential staining for cartilage and bone, transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The findings of the study were compared with the relevant literature and hypotheses for functional significance were formed. The avian glottis channels air from the oropharynx to the trachea and is situated on an elevated structure, the laryngeal mound. It is imperative that the glottis be protected and closed during swallowing, which in mammals is achieved by covering the glottis with the epiglottis, as well as by adduction of the arytenoid cartilages. An epiglottis, however, is reportedly absent in birds. Ratites such as the ostrich and emu possess a very wide glottis in comparison to other birds. The question therefore arises as to how these large birds avoid inhalation of food particles through a wide glottis, with apparently little protection, particularly as their feeding method involves throwing the food over the glottis to land in the proximal esophagus. In the ostrich, when the glottis was closed and the tongue body retracted, the smooth tongue root became highly folded and the rostral portion of the laryngeal mound was encased by the pocket in the base of the ∩-shaped tongue body. In this position the lingual papillae also hooked over the most rostral laryngeal projections. However, in the emu, retraction of the tongue body over the closed glottis resulted in the prominent, triangular tongue root sliding over the rostral portion of the laryngeal mound. In both the ostrich and emu these actions resulted in the rostral portion of the laryngeal mound and weakest point of the adducted glottis being enclosed and stabilised. Only after conducting a comparative study between these two birds using fresh specimens did it become clear how specific morphological peculiarities were perfectly specialised to assist in the closure and protection of the wide glottis. A unique anatomical mechanism in ratites was identified, described and proposed, which may functionally replace an epiglottis; the linguo-laryngeal apparatus. The oropharynx of the ostrich and emu is richly supplied with Herbst corpuscles. This widespread distribution of these mechanoreceptors has not previously been reported in birds. Specific concentrations of Herbst corpuscles within the oropharynx, which differ between the ostrich and emu, assist in the accurate positioning of the tongue and laryngeal mound for cleaning the choana (internal nares). The Herbst corpuscles are strategically located to aid in the handling and transport of food and the median palatine and ventral ridges in the ostrich display a concentration of Herbst corpuscles which denote these structures as sensory organs, namely the palatal and interramal organs. Three specific arrangements of Herbst corpuscles were noted in the oropharynx. The first arrangement consisted of groups of corpuscles located peripherally around a myelinated nerve and was present in the bill tip. The second arrangement, possibly linked to the first, was that of individual or groups of corpuscles without an obvious associated nerve and was present throughout the remaining regions of the oropharynx. The third arrangement was that of corpuscles associated with large, simple branched tubular mucus-secreting glands. The basic structure of Herbst corpuscles in the ostrich and emu, observed by light and transmission electron microscopy, of a capsule (with cellular and acellular lamella), an outer zone (collagen fibrils, fibroblasts and a fluid matrix), an inner core (formed by bilaterally symmetrical specialised Schwann cells) and a receptor axon, is similar to that noted for other avian species. However, unlike in other birds, the capsule of the Herbst corpuscle in the ostrich and emu is formed by myofibroblasts which indicates contractile properties for this component of the corpuscle in ratites. Sensory cilia were noted in the myofibroblasts of the capsule and fibroblasts of the outer zone of the ostrich Herbst corpuscle which may assist in regulating the tension of the capsule. These features have not been reported in other avian species. Although the structure of the palaeognathous palate has been widely studied, relatively little information is available on the morphology of the ratite bill. The kiwi possesses a bill tip organ and the present study confirmed the existence of this somatosensory organ in the ostrich and emu. Examination of the rhamphotheca of these two birds demonstrated numerous specialisations. In the emu, rhamphothecal serrations with intervening keratinised pegs on the rostral mandibular tomia resembled a form of pseudo-teeth. These structures may share a similar embryological origin to teeth; however, they would appear to function by channelling and enhancing vibratory stimuli to Herbst corpuscles in nearby bony pits. In the ostrich, epidermal troughs were present in the regions overlying the bill tip organ and functioned to enhance vibratory stimuli to the underlying Herbst corpuscles. Additionally, in the ostrich only, and not related to the structure or functioning of the bill tip organ, the rostral tomia and maxillary and mandibular nails were composed of typical tubular and inter-tubular horn. This may represent a unique feature in birds. The structure of the mandible and premaxilla was similar to that described previously for these birds. However, the persistence of Meckel’s cartilage through to the adult bird in the ostrich and emu is a novel avian feature not previously reported. The bony bill tips were adorned with numerous sensory (bony) pits which displayed similar distribution patterns in the ostrich and emu and indicated the presence, macroscopically, of a bill tip organ. The total number of pits in the bill tip of the ostrich and emu did not differ significantly, although regional differences did occur. The sub-divisions of the trigeminal nerve (N. opthalmicus R. medialis and N. intramandibularis) innervating the bill tip were well developed in both birds and displayed extensive branching. The emu displayed more myelinated nerve fibres in both nerves than in the ostrich. As myelinated nerve fibres supply Herbst corpuscles, the number of nerve fibres is correlated to the number of corpuscles. No correlation could be made between the number of pits in a particular region and the number of nerve fibres or with the relative percentage of Herbst corpuscles in that region. The bill tip organ in both species was basically similar except for the epidermal specialisations noted above. Two parts of the bill tip organ were recognised; the bony bill tip organ (Herbst corpuscles stacked in bony cavities and pits) and the peripheral bill tip organ (Herbst corpuscles in sheets or chains in the connective tissue between the epithelium and bone). The morphology of the bill tip organ in the ostrich and emu indicates that it is an organ that functions by direct touch. These two ratite species appear to possess the most elaborate bill tip organ of any pecking bird. The existence of a bill tip organ in the ostrich and emu is an enigma and points to the possibility that a bill tip organ is a basal structure in all palaeognathous birds (living and extinct). Furthermore, it is evident by observing the exploratory behaviour of the ostrich and emu, that they use their bill tip organ extensively as a tool for exploring and interpreting their environment as well as for discriminating food. The sense of taste in birds is an important motivator for feeding as well as initial food selection. The existence of this sense in ratites has remained largely speculative. In the present study taste buds were only identified in the emu and were predominantly located in the caudal region of the non-pigmented oropharyngeal roof and sparsely located on the oropharyngeal floor. The taste buds extended the full width of the epithelium in which they were located and were ovoid structures. The taste bud was composed of centrally located, vertically oriented light and dark cells (representing both receptor cells and supporting elements) and peripherally situated follicular cells which were continuous with the surrounding Str. germinativum of the stratified squamous epithelium. Positive IHC labelling for neurofilament demonstrated numerous fine nerve fibres (Neurofibra gustatoria) within the connective tissue immediately surrounding the taste bud. Taste bud morphology in the emu was similar to that described in other birds. However, when sectioned tangentially they were indistinguishable from the surrounding epithelium with H&E staining. By using IHC labelling, concentrations of nerve fibres could be demonstrated beneath apparently nondescript epidermal structures, thus indicating the presence of a taste bud. The distribution of taste buds in the oropharynx could be linked to the particular feeding method of the emu. Based on information from GenBank, it would appear that the relatively few taste buds present in the emu oropharynx would mainly function in distinguishing bitter taste. As bitter-tasting compounds can cause a negative association with a particular food type, it would appear that the sense of taste in the emu would predominantly function for protection and not food selection. This study revealed various unique findings regarding the mechanical and sensory specialisations in the upper digestive tract of the ostrich and emu.  The ostrich and emu possess a combination of structures which functionally replace an epiglottis, namely the linguo-laryngeal apparatus.  Herbst corpuscles are widely distributed in the oropharynx of the ostrich and emu and their distribution is related to the particular feeding habits of these birds.  The capsule of Herbst corpuscles in the ostrich and emu is composed of contractile elements, a feature not reported in other birds.  The ostrich and emu possess a well-developed bill tip organ, which is an unusual feature amongst pecking birds.  Taste buds are present in the emu and no structures resembling taste buds were identified in the ostrich. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Anatomy and Physiology / Unrestricted

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering / William B. Kuhn / Balasubramaniam Natarajan / Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are an important part of the developing internet of things (IOT). NASA currently uses space suits with wired sensors to collect limited biomedical data. Continuous monitoring and collecting more extensive body vital signs is important to assess astronaut health. This dissertation investigates wireless biomedical sensor systems that can be easily incorporated into future space suits to enable real time astronaut health monitoring. The focus of the work is on the radio-wave channel and associated antennas. We show that the space suit forms a unique propagation environment where the outer layers of the suit’s thermal micrometeoroid garment are largely radio opaque. This environment can be modeled as a coaxial one in which the body itself plays the role of the coax center conductor while the space suit shielding materials play the role of the outer shield. This model is then validated through simulations and experiments. Selecting the best frequency of operation is a complex mixture of requirements, including frequency allocations, attenuation in propagation, and antenna size. We investigate the propagation characteristics for various frequency bands from 315 MHz to 5.2 GHz. Signal attenuation is analyzed as a function of frequency for various communication pathways through 3D simulations and laboratory experiments. Small-scale radio channel results indicate that using lower frequency results in minimal path loss. On the other hand, measurements conducted on a full-scale model suggest that 433 MHz and 2400 MHz yield acceptable path loss values. Propagation between the left wrist and left ankle yielded the worst overall path loss, but signals were still above –100 dBm in raw measurements for a 0dBm transmission indicating that the intra-suit environment is conducive to wireless propagation. Our findings suggest that the UHF bands are best candidate bands since there is interplay between the body conductivity favoring lower frequencies, and the difficulty of coupling RF energy into and out of the channel using suitably sized antennas favoring higher frequencies. Finally, a new self-shielded folded bow-tie antenna is proposed that can be a promising choice for the general area of WBAN technologies as well as potential new space suit environments.

Before the introduction of the Euro many observers had expected an increase of inflationary pressures due to a de-coordination-shock to national wage bargaining. However, if anything systematically happened after the introduction of the Euro wage restraint increased (Posen and Gould 2006). A possible explanation for this finding is that a system of pattern bargaining has emerged with Germany figuring as a "centre of gravity" for European wage bargains (Traxler et al. 2008, Traxler and Brandl 2009). This paper studies wage and nominal unit labour cost spill-overs for the EMU for a panel over 13 manufacturing sectors from 1992-2005 and quantifies the effects of different countries. It turns out that there are strong interdependencies across EMU-members with regard to nominal wage growth. Indeed, a leading role accrues to Germany whose wage developments are twice as influential as those of the next important countries. Remarkably, the strong interdependence of wage growth is not reflected with regard to unit labour costs. Here, only the development in a core group composed of Austria, France, Germany and the Netherlands, is bound to each other. The development of nominal unit labour costs in other countries is largely independent from each other and especially from this core group. (author´s abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Economia / Doctoral in Economics / A constatação da existência de um desequilíbrio importante entre as vertentes política e económica do processo de integração europeia, com a primeira num clima de debilidade e a segunda quase no limite máximo, constitui o ponto de partida para a presente dissertação. Associando-se tal situação aos principais défices actuais da União Europeia (UE) de competitividade, crescimento e emprego, de peso político, de participação e legitimidade democrática, e de capacidade de decisão e acção e ao actual modelo de organização política, institucional e económica da União, argumenta-se a favor de uma profunda mudança no mesmo. Nesse contexto, são observados vários modelos sugeridos no passado recente, com base numa análise custo-benefício assente nas respostas dos mesmos aos binómios unidade/diversidade e flexibilidade/compromisso . Associando a essa análise alguns elementos históricos e o êxito do modelo federal em sociedades com larga diversidade, argumenta-se a favor da evolução da UE para uma Federação de Estados-Nação fortemente descentralizada, baseada numa Constituição e com organização institucional federal, cujas características básicas são descritas. Nota-se adicionalmente que a mudança para este modelo deverá ser acompanhada por alterações importantes ao nível económico. Confrontando a literatura do federalismo fiscal com a actual situação ao nível da definição e implementação das políticas orçamentais nacionais e ao nível da composição e aplicação do orçamento comunitário, conclui-se que a UE se encontra ainda bastante longe de uma situação de federalismo orçamental. Neste âmbito, procede-se a um conjunto de sugestões de mudança a dois níveis temporais distintos. No médio e longo prazo, aponta-se para a necessidade de alargamento da dimensão e de alterações no modo de financiamento do orçamento comunitário, incluindo-se a sugestão de criação de um novo recurso próprio assente na tributação do rendimento individual, como forma de possibilitar uma resposta eficiente aos novos desafios da União e de permitir algum exercício da função de estabilização macroeconómica ao nível central. No curto prazo, aponta-se para a necessidade de alteração ao enquadramento institucional relativo à coordenação das políticas macroeconómicas, de construção de um mecanismo limitado de absorção de choques assimétricos, e de uma reforma mais credível do Pacto de Estabilidade e Crescimento, incluindo a possibilidade de diferenciação temporária das regras de disciplina orçamental, em função da dimensão e do nível de desenvolvimento dos Estados-Membros, e de tratamento mais favorável dos incentivos à Investigação e Desenvolvimento, sugestões assentes na apresentação e resolução numérica de um modelo de união monetária a dois países. / The existence of an important disequilibrium between the two faces economic and political of the process of European integration is the departing point of this thesis. By associating such disequilibrium with the major present deficits in the EU of competitiveness, growth and employment; of political weight; of participation and democratic legitimacy; of capacity for decision and action and the present model of political, institutional and economic organisation, we argue for a profound change in such model. In this context, we analyse several models that have been suggested for the case of the EU in the last years. A cost-benefit analysis is thus carried and based on the capacity of these models to deal with two essential binomials unity/diversity and flexibility/compromise. By adding several elements from the European history and the success shown by federal models in societies with large diversity, we argue for an evolution of the EU towards a highly decentralised Federation of Nation-States . This Federation should be based on a true Constitution whose characteristics we describe, together with those of a federal organisation. We also note that the evolution towards this model should be accompanied with important changes at the economic level. By comparing the theory of fiscal federalism with the current situation in terms of the definition and implementation of national fiscal policies and of the composition and use of the European budget, we conclude that the EU is still far away from the case of fiscal federalism and that several changes should happen at two distinct temporal levels. In the medium to long term, we call for an important enlargement of the EU budget together with substantial changes in its financing, including the creation of a new own resource based on individual income taxation. This measure would raise the capacity of the EU to deal with its new challenges and allow the EU to have a significant role in terms of macroeconomic stabilisation. In the short run, we argue for a relevant change in the institutional framework for the coordination of macroeconomic policies, the creation of a limited shock-absorber mechanism and a more credible reform of the Stability and Growth Pact. This reform would allow for a temporary differentiation of fiscal discipline rules, by taking into account the economic dimension and level of development of the Member-Countries, and for a more favourable treatment of public expenses related to Research and Development, with these suggestions sustained by the numerical solution of a model of monetary union with two countries.

Our dissertation tried to gain insight on the possible implications of the euro behavior and the EMU economic activity on the economies of typical Sub-Saharan African countries in a bipolar international monetary system. Chapter 1 has built a three country model in which an interdependent monetary policy game between two big economies, especially that of the United States and the EMU, has an impact on outcomes of a small country monetary policy. It was found that cooperation between big country monetary policymakers is beneficial for the small country whenever the shocks affecting big country economies imply changes in the euro-dollar exchange rate. Chapter 2 has dealt with the issue of the sustainability of pegging an African currency to the euro as EMU monetary authorities pursue a ``low inflation' policy and asymmetric shocks affect the anchor and the pegging country. Our model indicated that the key factor of this longevity is the virtual convertibility granted by the French Treasury to the CFA franc. Moreover, it appears that structural asymmetries are likely to make the currency peg to the euro more restraining. In Chapter 3, the relationships between EMU and Sub-Saharan Africa's countries are empirically investigated. This chapter showed that despite the appealing theoretical relations suggested by trade flows, the EMU business cycle and the European product prices have a limited impact on African country economies. But in the monetary area, the European Central Bank monetary policy leads significantly that of African countries according to the available data. African inflation performances follow that of EMU after some lags. This result confirms the ``operation account' mechanism effect which allows African countries to momentarily have a worse inflation performance without any devaluation. Chapter 4 empirically tackles the possible impact of euro-dollar exchange rate variations on Sub-Saharan Africa's country trade balances. After providing a theoretical model of a typical Sub-Saharan African country trade balance that suggests an inverted J-curve--like effect, it is found that only the trade balance of Benin among ten countries is affected by the movements of the euro-dollar exchange rate. The result also suggests that the inverted J-curve effect works at least partially for this country. / Notre recherche a essayé d'appréhender les possibles implications des variations de la valeur de l'euro et de l'activité économique au sein de la zone euro pour les pays de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne. Ces implications sont considérées dans le contexte d'un système monétaire international bipolaire. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons construit un modèle à trois pays dans lequel l'interdépendance des politiques monétaires des deux grandes économies, désignant celle de l'Union Monétaire Européenne (UME) et celle des Etats-Unis, a un impact sur la mise en œuvre de la politique monétaire d'un petit pays. Nous avons montré que la coopération entre les deux grandes économies est bénéfique pour le petit pays si les chocs auxquels les grandes économies sont confrontées entraînent des variations du taux de change de l'euro par rapport au dollar. Le deuxième chapitre a traité du caractère soutenable de l'ancrage d'une monnaie africaine à l'euro dans la mesure où, d'une part les autorités monétaires de l'UME poursuivent une politique très restrictive et, d'autre part, des asymétries structurelles affectent le pays ancre et les pays africains. Notre modèle a expliqué la longévité de la zone CFA essentiellement par la convertibilité virtuelle du franc CFA que confère le Trésor Français. Par ailleurs, il en est ressorti que sans le mécanisme du « compte d'opérations », le processus de désinflation qui a accompagné la formation de l'UME est susceptible d'avoir accru le niveau des contraintes de l'ancrage d'une monnaie à l'euro. Il est également apparu que l'environnement politique et économique défavorable en Afrique est un facteur de renforcement des contraintes liées à l'ancrage à l'euro. Une étude empirique des relations économiques entre l'UME et les pays de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne a été menée dans le troisième chapitre. On y a découvert que, malgré les substantielles relations commerciales qui existent, le cycle économique de l'UME et les prix de gros européens n'ont qu'un impact limité sur les économies africaines. Néanmoins, sur le plan monétaire, la politique de la Banque Centrale Européenne influence significativement les politiques monétaires africaines. Le temps d'adaptation qui est constaté, avant que les performances en matière d'inflation ne se mettent au niveau des performances européennes, suggère que l'effet du compte des opérations est bien réel pour les pays de la zone CFA. Le quatrième chapitre a étudié l'éventuel impact des variations du taux de change de l'euro par rapport au dollar sur les balances commerciales des pays de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne. Après avoir mis en exergue le cadre théorique suggérant un mécanisme similaire à celui d'une courbe en J inversée, l'étude trouve que seul la balance commerciale du Benin, parmi les dix pays de l'échantillon, est affectée par les mouvements du taux de change de l'euro par rapport au dollar. Selon ces résultats, l'effet de la courbe en J inversée fonctionne au moins partiellement pour ce pays.

Why has not Britain joined euro until now? This is an attractive issue. The purpose of this paper is to realize the real reasons. Hence, this paper analyzes the euro policies of Thatcher Government, Major Government and Blair Government. Before interpreting British euro policies, this paper explains the process of British EU membership. In addition, this paper introduces the story of EMU which is relative to euro. Most importantly, here this paper takes ¡§Europeanization¡¨ framework as a study tool to examine British euro policies. Through ¡§Europeanization¡¨ framework, this paper proposes many factors affecting British euro policies, including ¡§goodness of fit,¡¨ ¡¨veto players,¡¨ ¡§timing,¡¨ ¡¨political beliefs and organizational cultures,¡¨ ¡§the costs of institution changing¡¨ and so on. Thus, this paper concludes that Britain hasn¡¦t joined euro until now owing to many factors.

The large majority of New Zealand's road network is constructed from thin surfaced unbound flexible pavements where a granular layer provides the main structural strength of the pavement. The current New Zealand empirical design theory states that permanent deformation should largely be attributed to the subgrade and that shape loss in the granular layers is simply a consequence of a previously deformed subgrade. However, recent research and field trials have indicated that basecourse shear strains may be a large contributor to rutting in unbound granular layers. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the shear strains induced under heavy vehicle loads can be accurately measured using in-situ induction coils and whether the shear strains are related to permanent pavement deformation. In this investigation a rosette configuration of free floating induction coils was designed to measure principal basecourse shear strains. The principal strains were then used to construct Mohr's circle of strain in order to calculate the maximum shear strain occurring in the granular layer. The rosettes were installed in two full scale test pavements at the Canterbury Accelerated Pavement Testing Indoor Facility (CAPTIF). The pavements were loaded with an 8 tonne dual wheel axle load for 1 million and 600,000 load applications respectively and strain and rut depth testing occurred periodically throughout the test life. The research showed that the rosette coil arrangement was a feasible and accurate device for measuring in-situ shear strains in granular pavement layers. Finite element modelling confirmed the accuracy of the system. The results from the two CAPTIF pavements showed that there was a strong linear relationship between the magnitude of the basecourse shear strain and the rut depth at the end of the post construction compaction period. The investigation also showed that shear strain magnitudes in the region of 5000µƐ result in rapid shear failure in the granular layer. In addition, after the post construction compaction period had finished, the rate of change of shear strain was proportional to the rate of change of rut development. The results indicated that there was approximately a 4:1 ratio between the rate of change in rut depth and the rate of change in shear strain after the initial post construction period. Investigations into the effect of load magnitude on the magnitude of the basecourse shear strain showed that a linear relationship existed between the two parameters. Further to this, load location testing revealed that for a dual wheel configuration, 50mm of lateral wheel variation either side of a point of interest was the maximum allowable movement that would result in similar strain measurements. The research highlighted the dominance of the longitudinal tensile strain and shear strain over the vertical compressive strain within granular layers. As a result, these pavement responses should be considered in further granular pavement research in addition to the commonly used vertical compressive strains.