Submitted by Gabriele Rodrigues (gabriele_r.valentim@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-02T14:38:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Nayana Yared Batista.pdf: 1996753 bytes, checksum: ddbc60f29af98e22319bafb8b3f957a0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-09-13T12:24:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Nayana Yared Batista.pdf: 1996753 bytes, checksum: ddbc60f29af98e22319bafb8b3f957a0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-09-13T12:29:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Nayana Yared Batista.pdf: 1996753 bytes, checksum: ddbc60f29af98e22319bafb8b3f957a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-13T12:29:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Nayana Yared Batista.pdf: 1996753 bytes, checksum: ddbc60f29af98e22319bafb8b3f957a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-15 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The use of natural products for the treatment of diseases is increasing among people and, over the years, it has been shown that certain plants may present dangerous substances, particularly when associated with other drugs. Therapeutic failure or intoxication of these associations are likely to occur and currently caught great interest from the scientific community due to serious problems related to this process. The majority of the interactions are based on interference in the metabolism step through induction or inhibition of key enzymes. In this study, two species, Paullinia cupana (guarana) and Eugenia punicifolia (pedra-ume-caá) were selected, for the evaluation of its effects on the pharmacokinetics of markers of enzyme activity of cytochrome P450 in rats since they are widely used by the Amazonian population and with great biotechnological potential. To ensure the quality of Raw Material Plant (RMP), quality control tests previously described by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia were performed, such as water and extractives content, presence of impurities, among others. In relation to in-vivo experiments, animals were pretreated with the extract of guarana seeds (14 days) or extract of pedra-ume-caá (single dose), and immediately after treatment, received theophylline and midazolam, respectively. Blood samples were collected at pre-determined times through a cannula inserted into the left carotid artery. Theophylline and midazolam plasma levels were quantified using previously validated methods employing HPLC-DAD technique, for determination of pharmacokinetic parameters such as plasma half-life, clearance, area under the curve, among others. Analysis of variance was applied to check for differences between groups by analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters obtained and the level of significance was set at 5% (p <0.05). The results for these species as quality control are in accordance with the parameters described in the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia, ensuring the quality of the constituents present in the extracts and safety in handling them. In pharmacokinetic analysis, a single dose of the extract E. punicifolia showed significant change in the kinetics of midazolam, indicating a probable enzyme inhibition, and may interfere in the pharmacological response of drugs metabolized by CYP3A. The subchronic treatment with the solution of P. cupana showed a significant change in the kinetics of theophylline, indicating a probable enzyme induction, and may interfere with the pharmacological response of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2. Thus, this study demonstrated changes in the pharmacokinetics of drugs in rats caused by the use of natural products and, therefore, additional studies should be conducted to elucidate the phenomenon observed. / O uso de produtos naturais no tratamento de doenças é cada vez mais frequente pela população e, ao longo dos anos, tem sido mostrado que determinadas plantas podem apresentar substâncias potencialmente tóxicas, principalmente quando associadas com outros fármacos. Falhas terapêuticas ou surgimento de intoxicações decorrentes dessas associações são possíveis de ocorrer e despertam, atualmente, grande interesse na comunidade científica devido aos sérios problemas relacionados a este processo. A grande maioria das interações é baseada em interferências na etapa de metabolismo através da indução ou inibição de enzimas-chave na farmacocinética. Neste projeto, foram selecionadas duas espécies vegetais, Paullinia cupana (guaraná) e Eugenia punicifolia (pedra-ume-caá), largamente utilizadas pela população Amazônica e com grande potencial biotecnológico, para avaliação de seus efeitos na farmacocinética de marcadores da atividade enzimática do citocromo P450 em ratos. Para assegurar a qualidade da Matéria Prima Vegetal (MPV), foram realizados ensaios de controle de qualidade, previamente descrito pela Farmacopéia Brasileira, como teor de umidade e extrativos, presença de impurezas, entre outras. Com relação à experimentação in vivo, os animais foram pré-tratados com o extrato das sementes de guaraná (14 dias) ou extrato das folhas de pedra-ume-caá (dose única) e, logo após o tratamento, receberam teofilina e midazolam, respectivamente. As amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas em tempos pré-determinados através de uma cânula introduzida na artéria carótida esquerda. Os níveis de teofilina e midazolam no plasma foram quantificados através de métodos previamente validados empregando a técnica de HPLC-DAD, a partir dos quais foram determinados os parâmetros farmacocinéticos, tais como, meia vida plasmática, clearence, área sob a curva, entre outros. A análise de variância foi aplicada para verificação de diferenças entre os grupos, obtidas a partir dos parâmetros farmacocinéticos, com nível de significância fixado em 5% (p < 0,05). Os resultados encontrados para essas espécies quanto a controle de qualidade estão em acordo com os parâmetros descritos na Farmacopéia Brasileira, garantindo assim a qualidade dos constituintes presentes nos extratos e segurança na manipulação dos mesmos. Na análise farmacocinética, a administração única do extrato E. punicifolia apresentou significativa alteração na cinética do midazolam, indicando uma provável inibição enzimática, podendo interferir na resposta farmacológica de medicamentos metabolizados pela CYP3A. A administração subcrônica da solução aquosa de P. cupana provocou significativa alteração na cinética da teofilina, indicando uma provável indução enzimática, podendo interferir na resposta farmacológica de medicamentos metabolizados pela CYP1A. Assim, este estudo verificou alterações na cinética de fármacos em ratos causadas pelo uso de produtos de origem vegetal e, portanto, estudos adicionais devem sem realizados para a elucidação dos fenômenos observados.

This paper examines the power producing dams along the Ume-river as an integral part of and a result from the urbanization process in Sweden during industrial capitalism. The aim of the paper is to contribute to the knowledge of the urbanization process in Sweden in general and of its traces along the Ume river in the county of Västerbotten in particular. The paper applies the theory of concentrated urbanization and extended urbanization put forward by Neil Brenner and Christian Schmid (2015) and argues that the building of power producing dams along the Ume-river is part of an extended urbanization process. This becomes particularly evident when examining the vast physical structures that is the dams, situated in an otherwise remote and sparsely populated area. These vast physical structures are also very well connected to a nation wide electric grid that has connections to bordering countries as well. Due to neo-liberal developments in Sweden the former state governed electrical market is now deregularized and exposed to corporate competition and capitalist speculation. This paper mainly contributes to the understanding of the urbanization process as a process not only taking place in large urban agglomerations but also affects and shapes by remote areas in physical, social and economic terms.

Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. / Includes an appendix of three papers and manuscripts, one co-authored with Per-Olov Johansson and Bengt Kriström. A second appendix reprints questionnaire used to elicit data for the three papers. Also issued electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.

Submitted by Gabriele Rodrigues (gabriele_r.valentim@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-02T14:02:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Lílian Macedo Bastos.docm: 19811 bytes, checksum: 6a98ec84945cb73880c6232ba826979c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-09-12T18:32:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Lílian Macedo Bastos.docm: 19811 bytes, checksum: 6a98ec84945cb73880c6232ba826979c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-09-12T18:40:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Lílian Macedo Bastos.docm: 19811 bytes, checksum: 6a98ec84945cb73880c6232ba826979c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T18:40:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Lílian Macedo Bastos.docm: 19811 bytes, checksum: 6a98ec84945cb73880c6232ba826979c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-21 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Eugenia punicifolia is a species commonly known as pedra-ume-caá, widely used in the Amazon region, especially against glucose disorders, so it is essential the characterization for the establishment of parameters which are used for identification and determination of physico-chemical properties of raw material plant, as well as the development of an extractive solution with defined chemical and technological parameters. The objective of this study was to evaluate the technological feasibility of produce solid dosage form, containing high levels of spray dried extract product (PSA), prepared from an aqueous solution of Eugenia punicifolia. For this, the raw plant, consisting of leaves, was characterized using techniques described in the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia and official codes. The extractive solution was obtained by the method of infusion with a ratio of drug:solvent 7.5% w/V, it was characterized by dry residue. The extractive solution was dried using spray drying technique, without and with pharmaceutical adjuvants in order to improve operational efficiency and technological characteristics of the products obtained. The tablets were produced with granules of PSA (GPSA) obtained by dry granulations with three different concentrations 30%, 50% and 70% of PSA and co-processed adjuvants (GRADJ) produced by wet granulation with filler/binder and disintegrant. The formulations were composed of GPSA (71.4%), GRADJ (28.1%) and lubricant (0.5%). Tablets were produced on instrumented rotary compressing machine. The formulations showed viability of production of tablets, considering its mechanical properties adequate, uniformity of content and rapid dissolution. / A Eugenia punicifolia é uma espécie popularmente conhecida como pedra-ume-caá, amplamente utilizada na região amazônica, principalmente contra distúrbios glicêmicos, sendo imprescindível a sua caracterização visando o estabelecimento de parâmetros que sirvam para identificação e determinação das propriedades físico-químicas das matérias-primas vegetais, assim como o desenvolvimento de uma solução extrativa com parâmetros tecnológicos e químicos definidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade tecnológica de obtenção de forma farmacêutica sólida, contendo altos teores de produto seco por aspersão (PSA), obtido a partir de solução extrativa aquosa de Eugenia punicifolia. Para isso, a matéria-prima vegetal, constituída por folhas, foi caracterizada utilizando técnicas descritas na Farmacopeia Brasileira e nos códigos oficiais. A solução extrativa foi obtida por meio do método de infusão com uma relação droga:solvente de 7,5 % m/V e foi caracterizada através do resíduo seco. A solução extrativa foi seca através de técnica de secagem por aspersão, com e sem adjuvantes farmacêuticos, a fim de melhorar as características tecnológicas e o rendimento operacional dos produtos obtidos. Os comprimidos foram obtidos por granulação a partir de granulados de PSA (GPSA), produzidos por via seca contendo três concentrações diferentes de PSA (30, 50 e 70 %), e adjuvantes co-processados (GRADJ), produzidos por granulação via úmida com material de carga e enchimento e desintegrantes. As formulações foram constituídas de GPSA (71,4%), GRADJ (28,1%) e lubrificante (0,5%). Os comprimidos foram produzidos em máquina de comprimir rotativa instrumentalizada. As formulações mostraram viabilidade de produção de comprimidos em face às suas propriedades mecânicas, uniformidade de conteúdo e a rápida cedência.

Our dissertation tried to gain insight on the possible implications of the euro behavior and the EMU economic activity on the economies of typical Sub-Saharan African countries in a bipolar international monetary system. Chapter 1 has built a three country model in which an interdependent monetary policy game between two big economies, especially that of the United States and the EMU, has an impact on outcomes of a small country monetary policy. It was found that cooperation between big country monetary policymakers is beneficial for the small country whenever the shocks affecting big country economies imply changes in the euro-dollar exchange rate. Chapter 2 has dealt with the issue of the sustainability of pegging an African currency to the euro as EMU monetary authorities pursue a ``low inflation' policy and asymmetric shocks affect the anchor and the pegging country. Our model indicated that the key factor of this longevity is the virtual convertibility granted by the French Treasury to the CFA franc. Moreover, it appears that structural asymmetries are likely to make the currency peg to the euro more restraining. In Chapter 3, the relationships between EMU and Sub-Saharan Africa's countries are empirically investigated. This chapter showed that despite the appealing theoretical relations suggested by trade flows, the EMU business cycle and the European product prices have a limited impact on African country economies. But in the monetary area, the European Central Bank monetary policy leads significantly that of African countries according to the available data. African inflation performances follow that of EMU after some lags. This result confirms the ``operation account' mechanism effect which allows African countries to momentarily have a worse inflation performance without any devaluation. Chapter 4 empirically tackles the possible impact of euro-dollar exchange rate variations on Sub-Saharan Africa's country trade balances. After providing a theoretical model of a typical Sub-Saharan African country trade balance that suggests an inverted J-curve--like effect, it is found that only the trade balance of Benin among ten countries is affected by the movements of the euro-dollar exchange rate. The result also suggests that the inverted J-curve effect works at least partially for this country. / Notre recherche a essayé d'appréhender les possibles implications des variations de la valeur de l'euro et de l'activité économique au sein de la zone euro pour les pays de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne. Ces implications sont considérées dans le contexte d'un système monétaire international bipolaire. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons construit un modèle à trois pays dans lequel l'interdépendance des politiques monétaires des deux grandes économies, désignant celle de l'Union Monétaire Européenne (UME) et celle des Etats-Unis, a un impact sur la mise en œuvre de la politique monétaire d'un petit pays. Nous avons montré que la coopération entre les deux grandes économies est bénéfique pour le petit pays si les chocs auxquels les grandes économies sont confrontées entraînent des variations du taux de change de l'euro par rapport au dollar. Le deuxième chapitre a traité du caractère soutenable de l'ancrage d'une monnaie africaine à l'euro dans la mesure où, d'une part les autorités monétaires de l'UME poursuivent une politique très restrictive et, d'autre part, des asymétries structurelles affectent le pays ancre et les pays africains. Notre modèle a expliqué la longévité de la zone CFA essentiellement par la convertibilité virtuelle du franc CFA que confère le Trésor Français. Par ailleurs, il en est ressorti que sans le mécanisme du « compte d'opérations », le processus de désinflation qui a accompagné la formation de l'UME est susceptible d'avoir accru le niveau des contraintes de l'ancrage d'une monnaie à l'euro. Il est également apparu que l'environnement politique et économique défavorable en Afrique est un facteur de renforcement des contraintes liées à l'ancrage à l'euro. Une étude empirique des relations économiques entre l'UME et les pays de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne a été menée dans le troisième chapitre. On y a découvert que, malgré les substantielles relations commerciales qui existent, le cycle économique de l'UME et les prix de gros européens n'ont qu'un impact limité sur les économies africaines. Néanmoins, sur le plan monétaire, la politique de la Banque Centrale Européenne influence significativement les politiques monétaires africaines. Le temps d'adaptation qui est constaté, avant que les performances en matière d'inflation ne se mettent au niveau des performances européennes, suggère que l'effet du compte des opérations est bien réel pour les pays de la zone CFA. Le quatrième chapitre a étudié l'éventuel impact des variations du taux de change de l'euro par rapport au dollar sur les balances commerciales des pays de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne. Après avoir mis en exergue le cadre théorique suggérant un mécanisme similaire à celui d'une courbe en J inversée, l'étude trouve que seul la balance commerciale du Benin, parmi les dix pays de l'échantillon, est affectée par les mouvements du taux de change de l'euro par rapport au dollar. Selon ces résultats, l'effet de la courbe en J inversée fonctionne au moins partiellement pour ce pays.

Les S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) sont considérés comme des stocks circulant de monoxyde d'azote (NO) et qui ont de nombreux rôles in vivo. Une variation de la proportion des taux de RSNOs a été démontrée dans de nombreuses maladies. Il est donc important de pouvoir identifier et quantifier chaque RSNO dans les fluides biologiques pour la réalisation de diagnostics médicaux. Il devient alors intéressant de développer des outils analytiques pour la détermination des RSNOs, en utilisant de faibles volumes d'échantillons biologiques. Ce travail de thèse a ainsi été orienté vers le développement d'outils analytiques miniaturisés pour l'analyse des RSNOs dans les fluides biologiques, en se focalisant sur la conception de micro-dispositifs (laboratoires sur puce), intégrant toutes les étapes de l'analyse, à savoir l'injection, la séparation, la décomposition et la détection sur un seul et même dispositif pour l'identification et la quantification des RSNOs. Pour cela, chaque étape a dû être optimisée. Ainsi, une meilleure compréhension de la réactivité des RSNOs, en terme de voies de décomposition et de cinétique, a été étudiée en développant deux méthodologies basées sur l'électrophorèse capillaire (CE) couplée soit à la spectrométrie de masse (MS) soit à une détection par mesure de conductivité sans contact à couplage capacitif (C4D). Par la suite, les conditions de décomposition et la détection sensible du NO libéré ont été réalisées en utilisant des microcapteurs électrochimiques à NO. Sur la base des résultats obtenus, deux stratégies originales ont été développées pour la détection de la totalité des RSNOs présents dans le plasma (i) via la décomposition des RSNOs en utilisant des nanoparticules d’or couplées à des microcapteurs NO et (ii) via la conception d’un dispositif miniaturisé de diagnostic sur papier. Finalement, grâce à l’optimisation des étapes de décomposition, de séparation et de détection, une étude préliminaire a été menée pour concevoir une micropuce d’électrophorèse intégrant la décomposition des RSNOs et une détection électrochimique afin de quantifier indépendamment différents RSNOs. / S- nitrosothiols (RSNOs) are considered as biological circulating stock of nitric oxide (NO) that have many roles in vivo. The variation of RSNOs proportion has been recognized in many diseases, so that the identification and quantitation of each RSNO in biological fluids is of prime importance. There is thus interest for the development of analytical tools for their determination, using low biological sample volumes. This PhD work was thus orientated towards the development of miniaturized analytical tools for the analysis of RSNOs in biological fluids, with a focus on microdevices (lab-on-a-chip), by integrating the injection, separation, decomposition and detection steps for the simultaneous identification and quantitation of various RSNOs. To this aim, a better understanding of RSNO reactivity, in terms of decomposition, was necessary and was assessed by developing two methodologies based on capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to different detection techniques: mass spectrometry (MS) and capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D). Then, the conditions for RSNOs decomposition and further sensitive detection of released NO by miniaturized electrochemical NO-sensors were determined. Finally, two original strategies were developed for the detection of the total amount of RSNOs in plasma (i) decomposition using gold nanoparticles and (ii) conception of miniaturized paper-based point of care device. Thanks to the optimization of decomposition, separation and detection steps, preliminary work was conducted to develop a microchip electrophoresis coupled to RSNOs decomposition to quantify separately the different RSNOs.

Diese Arbeit präsentiert eine einfache eine einfache, auf Photolithographie basierende Methode zur Darstellung einer isolierten Graphenkante (oder GrEdge) einer Monolage als Nanoelektrode auf einem isolierenden Substrat vorgestellt. Trotz ihrer Millimeter-Länge verhält sich die nur einen Nanometer breite GrEdge-Elektrode wie ein Nanodraht mit einem hohen Seitenverhältnis von 1000000 zu 1. Des Weiteren wird der Einsatz von elektrochemischer Modifikation (ECM) demonstriert, um die GrEdge selektiv mit Metall-Nanopartikeln und organischen Schichten nicht-kovalente oder kovalente zu funktionalisieren, wodurch die Chemie der Kante verändert werden kann. Durch die Anbringung von Metall-Nanopartikeln kann zusätzlich oberflächenverstärkte Raman-Spektroskopie (SERS) genutzt werden, um die chemische Beschaffenheit sowohl der unberührten als auch der funktionalisierten GrEdge zu charakterisieren. Die GrEdge weist sehr hohe Mass-entransportraten auf, was charakteristisch für Nanoelektroden ist. Dementsprechend wird die voltammetrische Antwort von der Kinetik des heterogenen Elektrontransfers (HET) diktiert. An der GrEdge-Elektrode werden hohe HET-Raten beobachtet: mindestens 14 cm/s für Außensphäre sonde Ferrocenmethanol (FcMeOH) mit einem quasi-Nernst'schen Verhalten und 0,06 cm/s oder höher für innere Sphäre sonde Ferricyanide ([Fe(CN)6]3-) mit einer kinetisch kontrollierten Reaktion. Nach der selektiven Modifikation der Kante mit Goldnanopartikeln erweist sich der HET als reversibel, mit einer massentransportbegrenztes Nernst‘sches Verhalten aufweisen für beide Redoxmoleküle. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht die schnelle HET-Kinetik die Detektion der reduzierten Form von Nicotinamid-Adenin-Dinukleotid (NADH) und Flavin-Adenin-Dinukleotid (FAD) mit niedrigen Ansatzpotentialen und hinunter bis zu niedrigen mikromolaren Konzentrationen. Entsprechend verbessert die vorliegende Arbeit das Verständnis der Kante von Graphen und deren Chemie. / This thesis presents a simple photolithography-based method to realize the isolated monolayer graphene edge (or GrEdge) nanoelectrode on an insulating substrate. The millimeter-long and a nanometer-wide GrEdge is found to behave like a nanowire with a high aspect ratio of 1000000-to-1. Further, the use of electrochemical modification (ECM) is demonstrated to selectively functionalize the GrEdge with metal nanoparticles and organic moieties in a non-covalent/ covalent manner to tune the chemistry of the edge. The attachment of metal nanoparticles was used to exploit surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to characterize the chemistry of both the pristine and the functionalized GrEdge. The GrEdge electrodes were found to exhibit very high mass transport rates, characteristic of nanoelectrodes. Accordingly, the voltammetric response is found to be dictated by the kinetics of heterogeneous electron transfer (HET), attributed to the nanoscale geometry and a unique diffusional profile at such electrodes. At the GrEdge electrode, high HET rates are observed: at least 14 cm/s for outer-sphere probe, ferrocenemethanol (FcMeOH) with a quasi-Nernstian behavior; and 0.06 cm/s or higher for inner-sphere probe, ferricyanide ([Fe(CN)6]3-) with a kinetically controlled response. Upon selective modification of the edge with gold nanoparticles, the HET is found to be reversible, with a mass-transport-limited Nernstian response for both probes. Furthermore, the fast HET kinetics enables the sensing of the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) with low onset potentials and down to low micromolar concentrations. Hence, this thesis improves the understanding of the edges of graphene and their chemistry. It also realizes isolated GrEdge as a new class of nanoelectrode which forms an important basis within the fields of fundamental electrochemistry and analytical sciences.

Les techniques électrochimiques locales comme la microscopie électrochimique à balayage (SECM) permettent, au moyen d'une ultramicroélectrode utilisée comme sonde locale, de caractériser la topographie ou la réactivité locale de la surface d'un substrat. Cependant, il faut noter que la SECM a largement été utilisée dans des conditions stationnaires.<br /><br /> L'objectif de ce travail a été de développer la technique SECM en mode courant alternatif (ac-SECM) tant d'un point de vue expérimental que théorique. Le mode ac-SECM a tout d'abord été utilisé pour caractériser un processus électrochimique simple (le ferri/ferrocyanure en solution aqueuse) afin de calibrer la contribution spécifique du transport de matière entre la sonde et le substrat et les processus se déroulant au niveau du substrat.<br /><br /> Dans une seconde étape, cette nouvelle approche a été utilisée pour la caractérisation des processus d'adsorption lors de la réaction de dégagement d'hydrogène (HER) dans une solution d'acide sulfurique. Il a été montré que cette technique permet l'analyse quantitative des processus d'adsorption, et les mesures de la capacité différentielle en fonctionde la fréquence ont pu ête obtenus. La constante de temps pour la relaxation de l'hydrogène adsorbé est d'environ 2 Hz, et l'analyse du diagramme de Nyquist permet une évaluation directe de la charge impliquée. En outre, la comparaison des impédances électrochimique traditionnelles et des résultats de ac-SECM obtenus simultanément permet la caractérisation des processus qui se produisent à la surface et en solution.<br /><br />

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Umeå, 1985. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 280-285).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Umeå, 1985. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 280-285).