Estudos anteriores em nosso laboratório demonstraram que pacientes portadores de DAC apresentam diferenças no metabolismo do CL e CE de uma nanoemulsão artificial rica em colesterol (LDE), nos quais o CL apresentou maior remoção plasmática e depósito arterial. Dando continuidade a esta linha de pesquisa, neste trabalho foram avaliadas a cinética plasmática, representada pela taxa fracional de remoção (TFR), e a captação do 3H-colesterol livre (3H - CL) e 14C - colesterol esterificado (14C - CE) da LDE por segmentos arteriais e por órgãos de coelhos normais (n=17) e coelhos submetidos à indução de aterosclerose por dieta rica em colesterol (1%) (n=13). Além disso, avaliou-se a captação in vitro do 3H CL e do 14C CE da LDE por células endoteliais aórticas de coelhos. Por último, foi avaliada a influência da inibição da enzima lecitina-colesterol aciltransferase (LCAT), e indiretamente, a esterificação do CL em ratos normais (n=9) e tratados com diazepam (n=9). Em coelhos que receberam dieta normal, não houve diferença entre a remoção plasmática do 3H - CL e do 14C - CE. Em coelhos que desenvolveram hiperlipidemia e aterosclerose através de dieta rica em colesterol, o 3H - CL foi removido mais rapidamente da circulação do que o 14C - CE (p<0,05), entretanto houve maior captação de 14C - CE do que de 3H - CL no arco aórtico (p<0,05). Em ambos os grupos, os principais órgãos captadores de colesterol da LDE foram fígado, pulmão, adrenais e baço (p<0,05). Tanto a TRF quanto a captação hepática de 3H - CL e 14C - CE foram menores no grupo que recebeu a dieta rica em colesterol. Em células endoteliais aórticas de coelhos, a captação de 3H - CL foi maior que a de 14C CE independente da massa de LDE incubada (p<0,01). Em ratos, não houve diferença entre a captação das duas formas de colesterol da LDE pela aorta no grupo controle, entretanto, quando a atividade da LCAT foi diminuída pelo tratamento com diazepam, a captação arterial de 3H - CL foi maior do que a de 14C - CE (p< 0,01). A hiperlipidemia e distúrbios no processo de estabilização do colesterol, favorecem a dissociação entre o CL e o CE das lipoproteínas, e podem elevar o risco de desenvolvimento da aterosclerose, assim como agravar o processo de aterogênese. / I n previously studies, it was shown that free cholesterol (FC) and cholesterol ester (CE) of a cholesterol-rich nanoemulsion (LDE) behaves differently in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The FC plasma clearance and arterial deposition is greater than CE. In the present study we evaluate the plasma kinetics, estimated by the fractional clearance rate (FCR), and the tissue uptake of 3H-free cholesterol (3H FC) and of 14C cholesterol ester (14C - CE) of LDE by arterial segments and organs of rabbits with (n=13) and without atherosclerosis (n=17). Furthermore, it was evaluated the in vitro uptake of 3H FC and 14C - CE by rabbit aortic endothelial cells. Finally, it was evaluated the inhibition of the enzyme lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), and indirectly, the FC esterification in rats non-treated (n=9) and treated with diazepam (n=9). In rabbits without atherosclerosis that received an standard diet there was no difference between the plasma clearance of 3H FC and 14C CE. In rabbits with hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis induced by the cholesterol-rich diet the 3H - FC was removed faster than 14C - CE (p<0.05), however the arch aortic uptake of 14C CE was greater than of 3H - FC (0p<0.05). In both groups, liver, lungs, adrenals and spleen were the principal sites of LDE cholesterol uptake. The FCR and tissue uptake were smaller in rabbits with than those without atherosclerosis. In rabbit aortic endothelial cells the 3H - FC uptake was greater than 14C CE independently of incubated LDE mass (p<0.01). In control rats there was no difference on the arterial uptake of both cholesterol forms of LDE, but when the LCAT activity was diminished by the diazepam treatment, the arterial uptake of 3H FC were greater than 14C CE (p< 0.01). The hyperlipidemia and cholesterol stability alterations may lead to dissociation between lipoproteins FC and CE. This dissociation may increase the risk for atherosclerosis and likewise enhance the severity of atherosclerosis.

[pt] Emulsões podem ser utilizadas como agentes de controle de mobilidade em diferentes processos de recuperação melhorada de petróleo e armazenamento de carbono em reservatórios porosos. A aplicação desta técnica, com a escolha correta das características das emulsões injetadas e a determinação das condições de operação ótimas, requer um entendimento adequado do escoamento de emulsões em meios porosos. As características macroscópicas do fluxo de emulsões através de meios porosos estão diretamente ligadas ao escoamento bifásico na escala de poros. Modelos de rede de capilares permitem a implementação dos mecanismos de fluxo das gotas nas gargantas de poros e fornecem parâmetros macroscópicos do escoamento. Neste trabalho, o escoamento de emulsões em meios porosos é analisado através de um modelo dinâmico de rede de capilares tridimensional e não-estruturada. A distribuição de pressão nos poros, e consequentemente o fluxo em cada capilar da rede, é determinada pelo balanço de massa em cada poro. O efeito das gotas da fase dispersa no comportamento do escoamento em cada elemento da rede é descrito por um fator de bloqueio de fluxo baseado em resultados experimentais de escoamento de emulsões através de micro capilares com gargantas. O fator de bloqueio descreve a mudança da condutividade de cada elemento e é uma função da geometria da garganta, do tamanho e concentração volumétrica da fase dispersa e do número de capilaridade local. A distribuição de concentração da fase dispersa ao longo da rede é descrita através de uma equação de transporte de massa, permitindo assim o estudo do processo de filtragem de gotas nos poros e o estudo da injeção alternada de água e emulsão. A integração no tempo do modelo dinâmico é feita por um método semi-implícito e o sistema de equações não linear obtido a cada passo de tempo é resolvido através de um método iterativo. Os resultados apresentam a evolução da redução da permeabilidade e concentração de gotas na saída do meio poroso em função do tamanho das gotas, da vazão de injeção, da concentração da emulsão injetada e do volume injetado de emulsão. A análise da injeção alternada de água-emulsão mostra claramente o bloqueio de poros por gotas da emulsão e a alteração no padrão de escoamento após reiniciada a injeção de água. / [en] Emulsions can be used as mobility control agents in different enhanced oil recovery and carbon storage methods in oil reservoirs. The application of this technique, with the correct choice of the injected emulsion characteristics and the determination of optimal operating conditions, requires an adequate understanding of the emulsion flow in porous media. The macroscopic characteristics of the emulsion flow through porous media are directly linked to the two-phase flow at the pore scale. Capillary network models allow the implementation of the drop flow mechanisms in the pore throats and the determination of macroscopic flow parameters. In this work, emulsion flow in porous media is analyzed through an unstructured 3D dynamic network model. The pressure distribution, and consequently the flow rate in each capillary of the network, isdetermined by mass balance equation in each pore. The effects of the drops of dispersed phase in the flow behavior within each element of the network is described by a flow blocking factor based on experimental results on emulsion flow through single microcapillary tubes with throats. The blocking factor describes the changes in the conductivity of each element and it is a function of the throat geometry, the size and volumetric concentration of the dispersed phase and the local capillary number. The concentration distribution of the dispersed phase along the network is described by a mass transport equation, allowing the study of the filtration process of the drops in the pores and the analysis of the alternate injection of water and emulsion.Time integration in the dynamic model is performed by a semi-implicit method and the non-linear system of equations obtained in each time step is solved by an iterative method. The results illustrate the evolution of the permeability reduction and the effluent concentration of drops as a function of the drops size, injection flow rate, concentration of the injected emulsion and injected volume of emulsion. The analysis of the emulsion/water alternate injection clearly shows the pore blockage by the emulsion drops and the change in the flow pattern after the reinjection of water.

<p>Stabilizatori na bazi biopolimera postaju posebno povoljna prirodna re&scaron;enja za primenu u kompleksnim sistemima, kao &scaron;to su emulzije tipa ulja u vodi. U ovoj disertaciji je ispitan individualni i kombinovani uticaj tri stabilizatora na bazi polisaharida (vlakna &scaron;ećerne repe, pektin &scaron;ećerne repe i OSA maltodekstrin) na formiranje i stabilnost emulzija kukuruznog ulja u vodi. Ispitan je uticaj četiri različite tehnike emulgovanja (ultrazvučna homogenizacija, visokopritisna homogenizacija, membransko emulgovanje i rotor-stator homogenizacija). Sveobuhvatna karakterizacija koja je obuhvatala ispitivanje fizičko-hemijskih, strukturnih, tenziometrijskih, konduktometrijskih, viskozimetrijskih osobina ispitivanih polisaharida je prikazana u ovoj disertaciji. Dobijeni rezultati veličine kapi emulzija i njihove fizičke stabilnosti ukazuju na dobra stabilizaciona svojstva ispitivanih polisaharida. Interakcije između primenjenih stabilizatora na bazi polisaharida rezultovale su značajnim promenama veličine kapi, zeta potencijala, kriming indeksa i strukture emulzije.</p> / <p>Biopolymer based stabilizers become particularly favorable natural solutions for use in complex systems, such as oil-in-water emulsions. In following dissertation, the individual and combined effects of three polysaccharide based stabilizers (sugar beet fibers, sugar beet pectin and OSA maltodextrin) on the formation and stability of corn oil emulsions in water were tested. The influence of four different emulsion techniques (ultrasonic homogenization, high-pressure homogenization, membrane emulsification and rotor-stator homogenization) were examined. A comprehensive characterization that included the examination of physico-chemical, structural, tensiometric, conductometric, viscometric characteristics of the polysaccharides examined is presented in this dissertation. The obtained results of the emulsion droplet size and their physical stability indicate good stabilization properties of the polysaccharides examined. The interactions between the applied polysaccharide-based stabilizers resulted in significant changes in the droplet size, zeta potential, creaming index and the structure of the emulsion.</p>

Les études épidémiologiques récentes montrent une consommation insuffisante d’acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) dans les pays occidentaux. Cependant, la sensibilité des AGPI à l’oxydation est l’une des premières causes de détérioration des qualités organoleptique et nutritionnelle dans les produits alimentaires. Parallèlement, les lipides présents dans les produits alimentaires se trouvent le plus souvent sous forme émulsionnée. Ainsi, les entreprises désirant formuler des produits alimentaires enrichis en AGPI adoptent des stratégies technologiques pour les stabiliser chimiquement et physiquement, tout en assurant leur biodisponibilité. Une de ces stratégie consiste à rechercher, dans la nature, des systèmes émulsifiés stables afin d’en extraire des molécules tensioactives d’intérêt et de mimer l’organisation des lipides. C’est dans ce contexte que des études portent, depuis quelques années, sur les corps lipidiques (Oil Bodies, OB), structures végétales naturelles de stockage des lipides des plantes oléagineuses, composées de phospholipides (PL) et de protéines (OBP).L’objectif général de ce projet de thèse vise à maitriser la formulation d’émulsions préparées uniquement à base de colza (huile, PL et OBP) par une meilleure connaissance des interactions PL : OBP, d’étudier la stabilité des émulsions d’un point de vue physicochimique en conditions de stockage et dans des conditions mimant les conditions gastro-intestinales et, enfin, d’évaluer l’influence de la composition de l’interface des émulsions sur la bioaccessibilité des acides gras insaturés in vivo chez le rat.Les études spectroscopiques des interactions PL modèles : OBP ont mis en évidence des interactions favorables à la stabilisation des émulsions entre les PL anioniques, les PL insaturés et les OBP. Ces résultats ont orienté le choix vers une lécithine de colza spécifique. Les interactions PL : OBP, modulées par le pH et le rapport PL : OBP, influencent la réalisation des émulsions, la quantité d’OBP adsorbées à l’interface et la stabilité physique des émulsions, avec un crémage prononcé pour les émulsions riches en protéines. La synergie PL : OBP à l’interface semble être un facteur décisif pour ralentir l’oxydation de l’huile de colza émulsifiée. Le comportement des émulsions, dans des conditions mimant celles du milieu gastro-intestinal, montre que la présence d’OBP à l’interface favorise la floculation des émulsions à pH acide (mimant celui de l’estomac), mais que cette floculation est réversible lorsque le pH est ramené à des valeurs proches de celle de l’intestin. La présence des OBP favorise l’activité de la lipase pancréatique in vitro. Finalement, l’interface composée de PL et d’OBP améliore la bioaccessibilité lymphatique des AGPI in vivo chez le rat.En conclusion, nous avons montré qu’il est possible de formuler des émulsions uniquement à base de colza. Elles pourraient présenter une alternative intéressante aux émulsions stabilisées par des émulsifiants d’origine synthétique (politique clean label) ou d’origine animale (alimentation végane). / Recent epidemiologic studies show an insufficient intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in occidental countries. Besides, the sensibility of PUFA to oxidation is one of the major causes of organoleptic and nutritional quality deterioration in food products. Moreover, lipids in food products are often in an emulsified stage. Therefore, industrials that care to formulate PUFA enriched food products adopt technological strategies to protect and stabilize the lipids while improving their bioavailability. One of those strategies consists in looking for stable emulsified systems that already exist in nature, extract tensioactive molecules of interest and mimic the lipid state. In this context, several studies deal with oil bodies (OB), that are natural occurring structures for lipid storage in oleaginous plants, composed of proteins (OBP) and phospholipids (PL).Therefore, the main objective of this PhD work is to manage emulsion formulation only based on canola (oil, PL and OBP). This goes through: 1) an understanding of the interactions between PL and OBP; 2) a study of the stability of the emulsions under storage and gastrointestinal conditions, and finally, 3) an investigation of the influence of the emulsion interfacial composition on the bioavailability of PUFA in rats.The spectroscopic studies of the model PL:OBP interactions showed favorable interactions for stabilizing the emulsions based on anionic PL, unsaturated PL and OBP. These results allowed choosing an adequate canola lecithin. The PL:OBP interactions, modulated by the pH and the PL:OB ratio, influences the formation of the emulsions, the quantity of OBP adsorbed at the interface and the physical stability of emulsions with a pronounced creaming in emulsions rich in proteins. The PL:OBP synergy at the interface seems to be a decisive factor to slow down the oxidation of the emulsified canola oil. The emulsion behavior in conditions that mimic that of the gastrointestinal track, shows that the presence of OBP at the interface favored the emulsion flocculation at acid pH (mimicking that of the stomach). However, the flocculation was reversible when the pH was adjusted to a value close to that of the intestine. OBP also increased the activity of the pancreatic lipase in vitro. Finally, the presence of PL and OBP at the interface increased the lymphatic bioaccessibility of the PUFA in rats.On the whole, we showed that it is possible to manage emulsion formulation only based on canola products. This could be of peculiar interest for clean labeling or vegan nutrition by subtracting synthetic emulsifiers or emulsifiers from animal origin, respectively.

acase@tulane.edu

Les hydrates de gaz sont des composés solides de type clathrate pouvant se former à partir de molécules de gaz hydrocarbonées sous pression et d'eau froide. Ces conditions sont réunies dans certaines conduites pétrolières et peuvent poser un problème de production. En effet, l'effluent pétrolier qui sort d'un puits de production contient toujours de l'eau et des molécules hydrocarbonées légères (méthane, éthane, propane) susceptibles de former un hydrate de gaz. Les hydrates de méthane ne sont pas naturellement présents dans les gisements de production car la température est beaucoup trop élevée (jusqu'à 200 °C). Par contre, le fluide pétrolier se refroidit lors de son transport dans une conduite, soit parce que la conduite est localisée dans une zone particulièrement froide, soit parce que la conduite est sous-marine, au contact avec de l'eau froide. Il peut alors se former des hydrates risquant d'obstruer les conduites. Pour prévenir leur cristallisation, la tendance actuelle est de coupler trois types d'approches: isolation des conduites, injection d'additif lors des phases critiques, réchauffement de la conduite par circulation d'eau chaude lors des bouchages accidentels. <br />Cette thèse participe à la modélisation des écoulements après formation d'hydrates. Il ne s'agit donc pas d'empêcher la cristallisation mais de s'intéresser à la rhéologie de l'écoulement après formation de cristaux. L'objectif à long terme est d'identifier l'origine de la transportabilité des coulis d'hydrates sous l'influence d'additifs dits « anti-agglomérants ».<br />Les mécanismes de cristallisation sont en effet très souvent couplés : germination, croissance, agglomération, attrition... La compréhension du mécanisme d'action d'un additif est donc une tache complexe, d'autant plus que la cristallisation est intimement liée au système physique dans lequel elle se développe. Les études cherchant à identifier les mécanismes de cristallisation, pour ensuite comprendre les effets d'additifs ont toutes (ou pratiquement) été effectuées dans des réacteurs fermés et systèmes simples (eau/gaz) (Herri (1996), Pic (2000)...). A l'inverse, des tests de validation d'additifs ont été effectués sur des boucles pilotes représentant un écoulement réel, donc complexe.<br />Notre travail se situe donc à mi-chemin des deux approches précédentes. Il s'agit de se rapprocher des conditions géométriques d'un écoulement pétrolier (boucle pilote) tout en conservant un système simple (eau/dodécane) avec pour objectif sur le long terme d'identifier le couplage : géométrie/cristallisation/influence des additifs.<br />Le dispositif expérimental (hauteur 12 m, largeur 3 m, longueur 6 m) réalisé dans le cadre de cette thèse est une boucle pilote de circulation reproduisant certaines conditions de l'écoulement d'un fluide pétrolier (émulsion eau dans huile) dans une conduite sous-marine, c'est-à-dire sous forte pression [1-10 MPa] et faible température [0-10 °C]. Les différentes parties de cet instrument sont :<br />· Le serpentin s'enroulant sur 3 niveaux,<br />· Le tube montant, plus souvent désigné dans sa terminologie anglosaxone par « riser ». A la base de ce tube est injecté du méthane de façon à alléger la colonne de fluide pour créer un effet ascenseur (terminologie anglosaxone « gaslift »). <br />· Le séparateur situé au sommet du riser sépare par gravité la partie gaz, de la partie liquide (eau, huile) qui redescend dans un tube parallèle au riser vers la boucle de circulation.<br />· Le système de recompression des gaz récupère les gaz du séparateur pour les réinjecter au bas du riser après augmentation de la pression.<br />Ce système expérimental est composé in fine de deux boucles circulant sur elles-mêmes : une boucle liquide et une boucle gaz. Ces deux boucles partagent une section commune composée du riser et du séparateur.<br />Ce dispositif a permis de réaliser des études rhéologiques sur la phase continue seule (dodécane) en fonction de la pression de méthane et sur des émulsions contenant diverses teneurs en eau et en additifs. Des études concernant la cristallisation des hydrates de méthane au sein des émulsions ont été réalisées en considérant l'influence de la teneur en eau puis celle de la teneur en additif sur la viscosité apparente des dispersions ainsi formées. Nous proposons enfin une modélisation reliant la cristallisation au comportement rhéologique.

Les émulsions très concentrées sont présentes dans de nombreux domaines tels que l'agroalimentaire ; la cosmétique ; la pétrochimie etc. L'enjeu de cette étude de thèse est de caractériser un nouveau type de mélangeur basse énergie appelé mélangeur à deux barreaux (MDB) permettant d'obtenir en une seule étape une émulsion très concentrée d'huile (91%) visqueuse dans de l'eau. Ce travail a permis de définir les grandes étapes et la cinétique de formation de ce type d'émulsion au sein de ce mélangeur deux barreaux en cuve (MDB-Cuv.). Il a également été montré que ce mélangeur permet de contrôler la taille des gouttes et donc les propriétés de l'émulsion formée tout en étant très compétitif d'un point de vue énergétique. Enfin, ce procédé en cuve a pu être adapté en continu (MDB-Cont.) tout en conservant ses principales caractéristiques : production contrôlée d'émulsion uni-modale à faible coût énergétique et sans échauffement des fluides. Mots clefs : Emulsions concentrées, Emulsification basse énergie, Procédé, Rhéologie des émulsions concentrées, Contrôle et caractérisation de la taille des gouttes, Intensification.

Within this work, three physicochemical methods for the hydrophobization of initially hydrophilic solid particles are investigated. The modified particles are then used for the stabilization of oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions. For all introduced methods electrostatic interactions between strongly or weakly charged groups in the system are es-sential. (i) Short chain alkylammonium bromides (C4 – C12) adsorb on oppositely charged solid particles. Macroscopic contact angle measurements of water droplets under air and hexane on flat silica surfaces in dependency of the surface charge density and alkylchain-length allow the calculation of the surface energy and give insights into the emulsification properties of solid particles modified with alkyltrimethylammonium bromides. The measure-ments show an increase of the contact angle with increasing surface charge density, due to the enhanced adsorp-tion of the oppositely charged alkylammonium bromides. Contact angles are higher for longer alkylchain lengths. The surface energy calculations show that in particular the surface-hexane or surface-air interfacial en-ergy is being lowered upon alkylammonium adsorption, while a significant increase of the surface-water interfa-cial energy occurs only at long alkyl chain lengths and high surface charge densities. (ii) The thickness and the charge density of an adsorbed weak polyelectrolyte layer (e.g. PMAA, PAH) influence the wettability of nanoparticles (e.g. alumina, silica, see Scheme 1(b)). Furthermore, the isoelectric point and the pH range of colloidal stability of particle-polyelectrolyte composites depend on the thickness of the weak polye-lectrolyte layer. Silica nanoparticles with adsorbed PAH and alumina nanoparticles with adsorbed PMAA be-come interfacially active and thus able to stabilize o/w emulsions when the degree of dissociation of the polye-lectrolyte layer is below 80 %. The average droplet size after emulsification of dodecane in water depends on the thickness and the degree of dissociation of the adsorbed PE-layer. The visualization of the particle-stabilized o/w emulsions by cryogenic SEM shows that for colloidally stable alumina-PMAA composites the oil-water interface is covered with a closely packed monolayer of particles, while for the colloidally unstable case closely packed aggregated particles deposit on the interface. (iii) By emulsifying a mixture of the corrosion inhibitor 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) and styrene with silica nanoparticles a highly stable o/w emulsion can be obtained in a narrow pH window. The amphoteric character of 8-HQ enables a pH dependent electrostatic interaction with silica nanoparticles, which can render them interfa-cially active. Depending on the concentration and the degree of dissociation of 8-HQ the adsorption onto silica results from electrostatic or aromatic interactions between 8-HQ and the particle-surface. At intermediate amounts of adsorbed 8-HQ the oil wettability of the particles becomes sufficient for stabilizing o/w emulsions. Cryogenic SEM visualization shows that the particles arrange then in a closely packed shell consisting of partly of aggregated domains on the droplet interface. For further increasing amounts of adsorbed 8-HQ the oil wet-tability is reduced again and the particles ability to stabilize emulsions decreases. By the addition of hexadecane to the oil phase the size of the droplets can be reduced down to 200 nm by in-creasing the silica mass fraction. Subsequent polymerization produces corrosion inhibitor filled (20 wt-%) poly-styrene-silica composite particles. The measurement of the release of 8-hydroxyquinoline shows a rapid increase of 8-hydroxyquinoline in a stirred aqueous solution indicating the release of the total content in less than 5 min-utes. The method is extended for the encapsulation of other organic corrosion inhibitors. The silica-polymer-inhibitor composite particles are then dispersed in a water based alkyd emulsion, and the dispersion is used to coat flat aluminium substrates. After drying and cross-linking the polmer-film Confocal Laser Scanning Micros-copy is employed revealing a homogeneous distribution of the particles in the film. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in aqueous electrolyte solutions shows that films with aggregated particle domains degrade with time and don’t provide long-term corrosion protection of the substrate. However, films with highly dispersed particles have high barrier properties for corrosive species. The comparison of films containing silica-polystyrene composite particles with and without 8-hydroxyquinoline shows higher electrochemical impedances when the inhibitor is present in the film. By applying the Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique the localized corrosion rate in the fractured area of scratched polymer films containing the silica-polymer-inhibitor composite particles is studied. Electrochemical corrosion cannot be suppressed but the rate is lowered when inhibitor filled composite particles are present in the film. By depositing six polyelectrolyte layers on particle stabilized emulsion droplets their surface morphology changes significantly as shown by SEM visualization. When the oil wettability of the outer polyelectrolyte layer increases, the polyelectrolyte coated droplets can act as emulsion stabilizers themselves by attaching onto bigger oil droplets in a closely packed arrangement. In the presence of 3 mM LaCl3 8-HQ hydrophobized silica particles aggregate strongly on the oil-water inter-face. The application of an ultrasonic field can remove two dimensional shell-compartments from the droplet surface, which are then found in the aqueous bulk phase. Their size ranges up to 1/4th of the spherical particle shell. / Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden drei Oberflächenmodifikationen zur Hydrophobierung von ursprünglich hydrophilen Feststoffpartikeln entwickelt. Die so modifizierten Partikel werden dann zur Stabilisierung von Öl-in-Wasser Emulsionen verwendet. Für sämtliche entwickelte Methoden sind elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen zwischen stark oder schwach dissoziierten chemischen Gruppen essentiell. (i) Kurzkettige Alkyltrimethylammonium Bromide (C4-C12) adsorbieren auf entgegengesetzt geladenen Partikeln. Makroskopische Kontaktwinkelmessungen von Wasser Tropfen in Luft und Hexan auf flachen Siliziumoxid Oberflächen mit variabler Oberflächenladungsdichte und Alkylkettenlänge ermöglichen die Berechnung der Oberflächenenergie und geben Einblicke in die Emulgationseigenschaften von so modifizierten Feststoffpartikeln. Die Messungen zeigen einen Anstieg des Kontakwinkels mit steigender Oberflächenladungsdichte, bedingt durch die verstärkte Adsorption von entgegengesetzt geladenen Alkyltrimethylammonium Bromiden. Die Kontaktwinkel sind zudem größer für längerkettige Alkyltrimethylammonium Bromide. Die Berechnungen der Oberflächenenergie zeigen, dass besonders die Feststoff-Hexan oder Feststoff-Luft Grenzflächenenergie durch die Adsorption verringert wird, wohingegen die Feststoff-Wasser Oberflächenenergie nur bei längeren Alkylkettenlängen und hohen Oberflächenladungsdichten signifikant ansteigt. (ii) Die Schichtdicke und Ladungsdichte von adsorbierten schwachen Polyelektrolyten (z.B. PMAA, PAH) beeinflusst die Benetzbarkeit von Nanopartikeln (z.B. Aluminiumoxid, Siliziumoxid). Der isoelektrische Punkt und der pH Bereich für kolloidale Stabilität solcher Polyelektrolyt modifizierter Partikel hängt von der Dicke der Polyelektrolytschicht ab. Siliziumoxid und Aluminiumoxid Nanopartikel mit adsorbierten PAH bzw. PMAA werden Grenzflächenaktiv und dadurch befähigt Öl-in-Wasser Emulsionen zu stabilisieren, wenn der Dissoziationsgrad der Polyelektrolytschicht geringer als 80 % ist. Die durchschnittliche Tropfengröße von Dodecan-in-Wasser Emulsionen ist abhängig von der Polyelektrolytschichtdicke und dem Dissoziationsgrad. Die Visualisierung von Partikel stabilisierten Öl-in-Wasser Emulsionen durch kryogene REM zeigt, dass im Falle von kolloidal stabilen Aluminiumoxid-PMAA Partikeln die Öl-Tröpfchen mit einer dichtgepackten Partikelhülle belegt sind, während für kolloidal destabilisierte Partikel eine Hülle aus aggregierten Partikeln gefunden wird. (iii) Durch das Emulgieren einer Lösung des Korrosionsinhibitors 8-Hydroxychinolins (8HQ) in Styrol mit Siliziumoxid Nanopartikeln können stabile Öl-in-Wasser Emulsionen in einem pH Fenster von 4 - 6 hergestellt werden. Der amphoterische Charakter von 8HQ ermöglicht eine pH abhängige elektrostatische Wechselwirkung mit den Siliziumdioxid Nanopartikeln, welche diese Grenzflächenaktiv werden lässt. In Abhängigkeit der Konzentration und des Dissoziationsgrads von 8HQ folgt die Adsorption auf Siliziumdioxid aus elektrostatischen oder aromatischen Wechselwirkungen zwischen 8HQ und der Partikeloberfläche. Bei mittleren adsorbierten Mengen wird die Öl Benetzbarkeit der Partikel ausreichend erhöht um Öl-in-Wasser Emulsionen zu stabilisieren. Kryogene REM zeigt, dass die Partikel dann in dicht gepackte Hüllen, mit teilweise aggregierten Domänen auf der Öltröpfchenoberfläche vorliegen. Durch weiter ansteigende adsorbierte 8HQ Mengen wird die Öl-Benetzbarkeit wieder zurückgesetzt und die Emulgationsfähigkeit der Partikel aufgehoben. Durch die Zugabe von Hexadecan zur Öl Phase kann die Tropfengröße durch Erhöhung des Siliziumdioxid Anteils auf 200 nm herabgesetzt werden. Anschließende Polymerisation des Styrols generiert Korrosionsinhibitor gefüllte (20 Gew-%) Polystyrol-Silizumoxid Komposite. Die Messung der Freisetzungsrate von 8HQ zeigt einen schnellen Anstieg der 8HQ Konzentration in einer gerührten wässrigen Lösung innerhalb von 5 Minuten. Die Verkapselungsmethode wird auch für andere organische Korrosionsinhibitoren erweitert. Die Komposite werden dann in einer wasserbasierten Alkydpräpolymeremulsion dispergiert und diese Mischung wird zur Beschichtung von flachen Aluminiumplatten genutzt. Nach Trocknung und Quervernetzung des Films wird Konfokale Laser Mikroskopie dazu verwendet um die räumliche Verteilung der Composite im Film zu visualisieren. Elektrochemische Impedanzspektroskopie zeigt, dass die Barriereeigenschaften des Films durch die Anwesenheit der Komposite verbessert sind. Raster Vibrationselektroden Messungen zeigen, dass die Korrosionsrate in einem Kratzer des Films durch die Anwesenheit der Inhibitor efüllten Komposite reduziert ist. Durch die Ablagerung von 6 Polyelektroytschichten auf Feststoffstabilisierten Emulsionströpfchen verändert sich deren Oberflächenmorphologie deutlich (gezeigt durch REM). Wenn die Ölbenetzbarkeit der äußeren Polyelektrolytschicht ansteigt, dann können solche Polyelektolytbeschichteten Feststoffstabilisierte Emulsionströpfchen selber als Emulsionsstabilisatoren verwendet werden. Diese lagern sich dann in einer dicht gepackten Schicht auf der Oberfläche von größeren Emulsionstropfen ab. In der Gegenwart von 3 mM LaCl3 aggregieren 8HQ modifizierte Siliziumoxid Partikel stark auf der Öl-Wasser Grenzfläche. Der Einsatz von Ultraschall kann aggregierte Schalenbestandteile von der Tropfenoberfläche wegreißen. Diese Wracks können bis zu einem Viertel der Kugelhülle ausmachen und liegen dann als kolloidale Schalen im Wasser vor.

Stimulus-responsive colloidosomes which completely dissolve upon a mild pH change are developed. pH-Responsive nanoparticles that dissolve upon a mild pH increase are synthesized by a nanoprecipitation method and are used as stabilizers for a double water-in-oil-in-water Pickering emulsion. These emulsions serve as templates for the production of pH-responsive colloidosomes. Removal of the middle oil phase produces water-core colloidosomes that have a shell made of pH-responsive nanoparticles, which rapidly dissolve above pH 7. The permeability of these capsules is assessed by FRAP, whereby the diffusion of a fluorescent tracer through the capsule shell is monitored. Three methods for tuning the permeability of the pH-responsive colloidosomes were developed: ethanol consolidation, layer-by-layer assembly and the generation of PLGA-pH-responsive nanoparticle hybrid colloidosomes. The resulting colloidosomes have different responses to the pH stimulus, as well as different pre-release permeability values. Additionally, fundamental studies regarding the role of particle surface roughness on Pickering emulsification are also shown. The pH-responsive nanoparticles were used as a coating for larger silica particles, producing rough raspberry-like particles. Partial dissolution of the nanoparticle coating allows tuning of the substrate surface roughness while retaining the same surface chemistry. The results obtained show that surface roughness increases the emulsion stability of decane-water systems (to almost twice), but only up to a certain point, where extremely rough particles produced less stable emulsions presumably due to a Cassie-Baxter wetting regime. Additionally, in an octanol-water system, surface roughness was shown to affect the type of emulsion generated. These results are of exceptional importance since they are the first controlled experimental evidence regarding the role of particle surface roughness on Pickering emulsification, thus clarifying some conflicting ideas that exist regarding this issue.

The identification of stopping charged particles in G.5 nuclear emulsion by using a residual range ionization method has been investigated in this experiment using a large stack of ILFord, G.5 nuclear emulsion pellicles exposed to 450 and 435 Me V/c K ˉ mesons at the Berkeley Bevatron.The restricted rate of energy loss vs kinetic energy for protons has been calculated theoretically, and given in Barkas(9). Then for given values of B , we calculated the restricted rate of energy loss vs the kinetic energy of muon, pion, kaon, and sigma particles.The measurement of the residual range and the counting of blobs in each residual range segment were carried out for four known stopping pions tracks. A second degree polynomial computer fit program was used to interpret the plot of residual range vs blobs/100 μ m. Then a particular point on the plot was chosen as a reference for normalizing the relative grain density (g*), theoretically and experimentally. Next, theoretical tables of residual range (R) vs relative grain density (g*theo) were calculated for muons, pions, kaons, protons, and sigmas. Those portions of the latter tables, for which (g*theo) was less than - 2, were used for the above mentioned theoretical plot of residual range (R) vs relative grain density (g* theo). The theoretically predicted curves were then tested by experimentally measuring the residual range and counting the blobs of each range segment of two selected stopping particle (primary) tracks which we suspected to be stopping kaon tracks. Then the second degree polynomial computer fit to the plotted data of the measured residual range vs blobs/l00 μm was carried out for each of the two suspected stopping kaon particles. Three points from each curve were picked and superimposed on the theoretical curves. The results were good but showed that it is necessary to measure a sufficiently long residual range, and more than one segment of blob-counts should be used along the measured residual range for accurate identification of the given particle.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306